Distance Relay Setting Research Articles

Innovative probabilistic approach to reduce zone-2 time delay setting of distance relays

The time delay of distance relay zone-2 has considerable impacts on the protection system performance. Traditional deterministic techniques for adjustment of this parameter only consider the worst cases, even with a low probability of occurrence. This leads to the increment of the fault clearing time for most of the high-probability scenarios and endangers the system's stability. To diminish this issue and achieve a suitable tradeoff between protection system selectivity and operation time, a novel probabilistic framework is proposed in this paper for proper adjustment of zone-2 time delay. This framework includes two major parts; the fault and protection system are appropriately modeled in the first part, and then in the second part, the Monte Carlo method is employed as the computational engine for analyzing the system attributes under different conditions considering local and pilot protection schemes. Finally, two indices are proposed for the quantitative assessment of operation speed and selectivity of the protection system. The simulation studies fairly reveal that the operation speed of zone-2 is significantly improved using the proposed settings. In addition, the obtained results indicate that the proposed probabilistic approach not only improves the dependability, but also does not endanger the security of the protection system.

Analisa Koordinasi Proteksi Relay Jarak Dengan Software Digsilent Pada Gi Sukolilo Ke Gi Kenjeran Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy

The electromagnetic distance relay at the Sukolilo substation has been replaced with a digital relay equipped with a recloser. If there is a disturbance, the relay will trip and reconnect automatically. The setting values have changed as a result of this replacement. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the distance relay setting at the Sukolilo substation using traditional calculations, which would then be implemented in a computer program developed by PLN Ltd. It also found out the results of calculations per zone included in the distance relay zone. This study employed a fuzzy method with digsilent software. The research data comprised data on SUTT installed at the Sukolilo substation, data on conductor relay settings at the Sukolilo substation, data on short circuit currents, and transformer ratios. The simulation results in this study indicated that the distance relay had a setting value that was not in accordance with the standard in the old setting of the Sukolilo substation zone 1 for protection (175.42%), while the calculation results showed that zone 1 protected 58.44%. The new impedance setting covered zone 1 = 0.338, zone 2 = 0.862, and zone 3 = 1.488, whereas the old impedance setting showed zone 1 = 0.1126, zone 2 = 0.2924, and zone 3 = 0.4128. The old setting time and the new setting showed a big difference in that the old setting time was 0.25 seconds with a range of 175.42% while the new setting time was 0.25 seconds with a range of 58.44%.

Investigation of distance relay settings under normal and stressed conditions in a wind farm environment

This paper presents an adaptive methodology for setting distance relays connected to a network integrated with a wind farm system. The proposed trip boundary setting is capable of automatic adjustment with varying system conditions making the relay more reliable, faster and more accurate. A wind farm system delivers power according to the wind speed and penetration level at that instant. Distance relays having fixed trip boundary setting may underperform in such conditions as trip boundaries need to be varied according to the wind speed, penetration level, voltage ratio, power angle, system impedance and frequency. These variations in ideal trip boundaries, due to changing conditions, have been investigated. Furthermore, a smart coordination scheme is proposed for the improvement of backup protection (Zone 3) provided by distance relays. Inaccurate sensing of fault in Zone 3 due to load encroachment results in false tripping and makes the relay unreliable. The new scheme enables discrimination between fault inception and false tripping. A typical 400 kV system has been considered for simulation and testing in Matlab®/Simulink™ environment.

A new adaptive coordination scheme of distance relays in DFIG ‐ based wind farm collector lines and transmission line compensated by STATCOM

This paper proposes an adaptive characteristic for eliminating the adverse effects of fault resistance and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) on the performance of distance relays in transmission line and collector lines of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms in the case of single-phase-to-ground resistive faults. The proposed method improves the performance in distance relaying and maintains the coordination between relay pairs in the transmission line and wind farm collector lines. In this method, an adaptive coefficient that can modify the zone settings of conventional distance relays is added to their characteristic to improve the accuracy and coordination under the mentioned conditions. Using analytical relationships and numerical results from simulations in Matlab/Simulink environment, the efficiency of the proposed method is confirmed.

A comprehensive distance protection strategy for solar-powered textile microgrid

The power demand in textile industries is fulfilled by the utility grid and diesel generators. However, due to the low reliability and high cost of power from these resources, the industries now install solar-powered microgrids on their premises. The issues such as bidirectional power flow and changing fault current level are obvious with PV installations. The protection system in traditional textile grids employs overcurrent relays, but these relays are not suitable for PV integrated systems. Furthermore, in industrial microgrids sensitivity and selectivity are two essential requirements, which are not available in overcurrent relays. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes a comprehensive distance protection strategy for PV-powered textile microgrids. The proposed scheme utilizes a backward and forward configuration of distance relays, tested for different types of faults and variable fault currents in different scenarios. It is observed that the designed strategy gives the best performance for any kind of fault, and there is no overlapping of protection zones during the operation. The paper also presents the distance relay setting criteria to provide the full-proof protection of textile microgrids.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF DISTANCE RELAY SETTING ON AIR LINE HIGH VOLTAGE 150 KV AGAINST HVCRC WIRE 1x310 mm² and ACCC 1x310 mm²

The faults Overhead line is generally caused by short circuit, overload, lightning surge, and tree. Distance relay is one of the protection equipments over the overhead line, and as the main protection by measuring fault impedance magnitude and comparing it to intended impedance. Distance relay setting has wide working area ranging from zone-1, zone-2, and zone-3. The setting must be adjusted when the equipment replacement exists. The replacement of overhead line conductor wire of ACSR 1 x 240 mm² into HVCRC 1 x 310 mm² and ACCC 1 x 310 mm² causing the necessity of re-setting adjustment in purpose of obtaining the appropriate one. This thesis is done by quantitative method which needs parameters in term of number. According to the calculation, the setting is obtained that zone-1 = 41,29257 Ω by t1 = instantaneous, zone-2 = 58,82457 Ω by t2 = 0,8 second, and zone-3 = 69,34377 Ω by t3 = 1,6 second.

STUDI KOORDINASI KERJA RELAI JARAK SEBAGAI PENGAMAN CADANGAN PADA SALURAN 150 KV GIS PESANGGARAN-GI NUSA DUA

The development of Pesanggaran Conventional Substation into the Pesanggaran GasInsulated Switchgear (GIS) as a form of increasing the reliability of the electric power system inBali which led to changes in the protection system configuration on the transmission lineconnecting the GIS Pesanggaran and Nusa Dua Substation. The distance relay that waspreviously functioning as a primary protection was changed to backup protection due to the lackof selectivity of the distance relay in isolate the disruption and as the backup protection if themain protection experiencing a failure. Simulation testing using power system analysis softwareafter determining the value of the distance relay setting and tested with short circuit at 110%and 180% of the transmission line length shows the distance relay has worked according to theP3B JB regulation No. 211/151/P3B/2010 and distance relay can detect disruption in zone 2with a delay time of 0,815 seconds and detect disruption in zone 3 with a delay time of 1,615seconds.

Adaptive distance protection for grid-connected wind farms based on optimal quadrilateral characteristics

Wind farms are generally connected to a power grid through transmission lines. The length of the transmission line depends on the rated capacity and the location of the wind farms. The fault level of the grid to which the wind farm is connected may change as the source impedance varies based on the number of wind generators (WGs) in service. This study shows that the distance relays in wind-integrated substations with conventional settings mal-operate during fault intervals depending on the operating conditions of the wind farm. The generalized characteristics of the distance relays require modification under such circumstances. In this work, an adaptive protection scheme is proposed to calculate the optimal settings of the quadrilateral distance relays according to variations in wind-power penetration. The algorithm is then validated through case studies in the laboratory using the IEEE 30-bus test system, a typical wind-integrated substation, and an experimental setup.

Impact of STATCOM and BFCL on the performance of distance relay and its improvement by adaptive setting for grid‐interactive offshore wind and marine current farm

This study explores the impact of the dynamic impedance of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and bridge type fault current limiter (BFCL) on the performance of distance relay and its improvement by adaptive setting for Grid Interactive Offshore Wind and Marine-Current Farm. For assessments, analytical results are presented under different STATCOM settings, low voltage ride through (LVRT) condition, and different types of fault conditions. Moreover, the presence of STATCOM and BFCL significantly changes the apparent impedance characteristic of the studied system. It is also seen that the presence of STATCOM likely to induce an under reach and overreach problem of distance relay. Further, the LVRT capability is significantly affected as STATCOM supplies reactive power to offshore wind generators during a short circuit on the grid side. It is found that the grid integration of OWF and MCF with STATCOM and BFCL is likely to induce mis-coordination and subsequently deteriorate the performance of distance relay, leading to system security problems. Therefore, this study proposed an adaptive setting in order to eliminate the simultaneous influence upon the dynamic impedance due to incorporation of STATCOM and BFCL on the distance relay setting. The simulation results show the efficacy of the proposed adaptive setting.

Adaptive distance relay algorithm to detect and discriminate third zone faults from system stressed conditions

This paper presents an adaptive approach for distance relay third zone setting. The proposed method uses variational mode decomposition (VMD) approach to decompose the local end current signal into different modes. The signal extracted from the third mode is used to calculate the energy index. The apparent impedance and energy index are used to detect symmetrical and asymmetrical faults in the third zone of the distance relay. The proposed logic also helps the distance relay to operate securely during power swing, voltage instability, load encroachment, generator outage, line outage, and single-pole tripping. The effectiveness of the proposed method is tested using the simulated data generated from the IEEE 39-test bus system model and Indian Power network. EMTDC/PSCAD software is used for simulating the models. Results ensure that the presence of noise in the signal, high resistance fault path and higher sampling frequency has a negligible impact on the performance of the proposed method.

Adaptive Distance Relaying for Distribution Lines Connecting Inverter-Interfaced Solar PV Plant

Distribution lines are generally protected by overcurrent relays. With the integration of an inverter-interfaced solar photovoltaic (PV) plant having a current-limiting feature, the fault current seen by the relay on the PV side of that feeder becomes comparable to the load current. The conventional overcurrent relaying principle is not suitable for distribution line protection. Distance relay may be a viable option for protection of distribution lines connecting the solar PV plant. However, positive- and negative-sequence source impedances of the PV plant depend on an inverter controller, which results in limited performance of fixed setting distance relay. This article proposes an adaptive distance relay setting to protect distribution line connecting the PV plant, using prefault voltage and current data at the relaying point. The method calculates positive- and negative-sequence PV source impedances for boundary setting of distance relay at the PV side. The proposed trip boundary is modified adaptively with the change in prefault conditions of the PV plant. Performance of the proposed method is tested for different control strategies and operating capacities of the PV plant and variation in the grid source impedance on a 34-bus distribution system. Real-time application of the proposed method is validated in hardware-in-the-loop using OPAL-RT simulators with IEC 61850 as the communication protocol and found to be accurate.

DISTANCE RELAY PROTECTION COORDINATION ANALYSIS OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE 150 KV LOMBOK POWER SYSTEM

Lombok electrical system has been operating a 150kV high voltage transmission line and has been developing continuously. High voltage transmission line construction is an effort to improve electrical system quality and reliability. Thus, good protection is needed to maintain the distribution reliability of electrical power. One of the relays used in the Lombok electrical protection system is a distance relay. Distance relay works as the main protection in the transmission system by measuring fault impedance value based on current and voltage detected by the relay. 
 This study illustrates how to calculate distance relay setting impedance in Z1pri, Z2pri and Z3pri then held a short-circuit simulation in software ETAP 7.5 to examine it. 
 Setting calculation result of distance relay in Ampenan for Ampenan – Jeranjang line protection, with 3,25 Ω (7.543 km)line impedance, is Z1pri = 2.6057 Ω (6.0345 km), t1 = 0 second, Z2pri = 13.7056 Ω (31.7406 km), t2 = 0.4 second, Z3pri = 24.7209 Ω (57.2508 km), t3 = 1.2 second. Relay’s setting impedance is larger than fault impedance detected by the relay, so that distance relay has been able to protect the system. This study may also show graphic of setting impedance and time coordination from distance relay for every protection area section.

ANALISIS PENENTUAN SETTING DISTANCE RELAY PENGHANTAR SUTT 150 KV GIS PESANGGARAN – GI PEMECUTAN KELOD

The addition of UGC cable (Under Ground Cable) and equipment rating’s change for the reconfiguration from Air Insulated Swichgear into Gas Insulated Switchgear at Pesanggaran substation. Therefore need to reset distance relay settings so that relays can work more selectively and reliably. Using manual and simulation calculations, the results obtained from distance relay reset GIS Pesanggaran - GI Pemecutan Kelod, with impedance value 1 = 2.055 ?, zone 2 = 5.73 ? and zone 3 = 11.01 ? with time delay at zone 1 = 0 seconds, zone 2 = 0.4 seconds and zone 3 = 1.6 seconds. This setting shows that the reload setting value can secure the line from the 3 phase short circuit fault obtained from the simulation results.

Supervisory Protection of Islanded Network Using Synchrophasor Data

Managing network following islanding in a grid is challenging. High frequency oscillation results in such a network because of low inertia and load-generation mismatch. Distance relay settings for a network are obtained considering system operating parameters. However, changes in network conditions following islanding may lead to maloperation of such relays. To avoid this, the existing techniques consider rate of change of network variables such as impedance, frequency, etc. which have limitations for fast oscillation (7–10 Hz). A method based on synchronized data is proposed in this paper to identify a fault correctly in an islanded system. Decision by this method is not affected by the high oscillation frequency and changes in network configurations. Two indices are formulated for the proposed fault detection technique. These indices are calculated using the relation between power flow through a line and angle difference between bus voltages. The method is used for supervision of both primary and backup distance relaying operations. The performance of the proposed method in improving the protection decision in islanded system is evaluated on New England 39 bus system and results have been compared with available techniques.

Enhancing the performance of distance protection relays using interactive control system

Recently improvement of automation systems for electrical power system network became essential for increasing the realiability of power transmission during any disturbance. In a substations the setting of Distance Relays (DRs) are set manually which depends on human experience which may be led to undesirable operation. Any power transmission system may subjected to shortens and loss of adjusting its protection setting, DRs in protection systems are responsible for protected a High voltage transmission lines from short circuit, power swing, and load encroachment, A proposes automation system architecture is introduced to cover the setting and coordination of protection scheme based on DIgSILENT power factory, SIMATIC manger, and WinCC programs.

PMU based adaptive zone settings of distance relays for protection of multi-terminal transmission lines

This paper proposes Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) based adaptive zone settings of distance relays (PAZSD) methodology for protection of multi-terminal transmission lines (MTL). The PAZSD methodology employs current coefficients to adjust the zone settings of the relays during infeed situation. These coefficients are calculated in phasor data concentrator (PDC) at system protection center (SPC) using the current phasors obtained from PMUs. The functioning of the distance relays during infeed condition with and without the proposed methodology has been illustrated through a four-bus model implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC environment. Further, the performance of the proposed methodology has been validated in real-time, on a laboratory prototype of Extra High Voltage multi-terminal transmission lines (EHV MTL). The phasors are estimated in PMUs using NI cRIO-9063 chassis embedded with data acquisition sensors in conjunction with LabVIEW software. The simulation and hardware results prove the efficacy of the proposed methodology in enhancing the performance and reliability of conventional distance protection system in real-time EHV MTLs.

Adaptive Zone-1 Setting Following Structural and Operational Changes in Power System

Change in the network structure or operating condition in a power system affects the impedance as calculated by the distance relay during fault. Such changes may lead to malfunction of the distance relay at times. In this paper, an adaptive distance relay setting method using local data is proposed to prevent zone-1 malfunction following structural and operational changes. The performance of the proposed adaptive setting method is tested on a 39-bus New England system and a generic 12-bus power system using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation data, and a comparative assessment is also provided.

Enhanced real time coordination of distance and user defined over current relays

Faults on the transmission lines are primarily cleared by pilot wire differential protection as well as from zone-1 and zone-2 of distance relays, depending upon their location on the lines. If the main distance relays fails to operate, then standard time inverse directional over current (DOCR) relays are set as backup protection in coordination with main distance relays. The desired coordination time margins between main distance relays and backup standard time inverse over current relays should be maintained at start of zone-1 and zone-2 of distance relays. Coordination of fixed zone-2 setting of distance relays with standard time inverse relays results in poor tripping time of backup DOCR.In this research article, zone -2 setting of distance relays are made adaptive, so that minimum coordination time margin is maintained for complete reach of distance relays. User defined time inverse over current relays are proposed in conjugation with flexible feature of zone-2 setting of distance for improving the operating time of backup DOCRs. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated in real time simulation with hardware in loop testing of numerical distance and user defined DOCR. From hardware in loop simulation results, it is observed that the performance of the proposed combined distance &DOCR coordination algorithm is in close concurrence with simulated results. The sensitivity of proposed algorithm is checked for different phase as well as ground faults with different fault resistance and it is also observed that the proposed algorithm is highly robust for different fault conditions.

Study of Coordination on Protection Relay in High Voltage Transmission 150 kV (Payakumbuh – Koto Padang, West Sumatra)

The disturbance of the high voltage transmission can be caused by a short circuit, overload, lightning surge, and other natural disturbances. That disturbance can lead to disruption of the distribution of electricity and damage to the electric power system installation equipment. A reliable protection system that can identify the disturbance quickly and also can securing affected parts of the system from other parts that can still operate normally are needed. Protection system operation may fail due to various factors; therefore, in addition to primary protection required backup protection that can work as primary protection fails to work. Distance relays can be used as primary protection as well as remote backup protection on high-voltage transmission. While overcurrent relay (OCR) and ground fault relay (GFR) is used as a local backup if distance relay failed to work. This research conducted a study of protection relays coordination for primary protection or backup protection on the high-voltage transmission that connects to Payakumbuh substation and Koto Panjang substation. Coordination is done by calculating the distance relay settings that use as primary protection as well as remote backup protection relay settings and calculating the overcurrent and ground fault relay that used as local backup protection. From the calculation, we get setting time to coordinate distance relay, overcurrent relay, and ground fault relay. Setting time was conducted to the first zone of the distance relay within 0 sec, and the second zone within 0.4 sec and third zone within 1.2 sec. For overcurrent relay and ground fault relay use time delay 1 second where the value is above the value that used in the second zone of distance relay. Distance relay can be coordinated with the auto-reclose relay to close the circuit breaker automatically sometime after a temporary disturbance. Setting that use to auto reclose relay is dead time 1 second and reclaim time 40 second. The coordination between the distance relay with auto-reclose relay can improve the quality of distribution of electrical energy.

Research on a Distance Relay-Based Wide-Area Backup Protection Algorithm for Transmission Lines

In this paper, a distance relay-based wide-area backup protection (WABP) algorithm for transmission lines is presented. The proposed WABP collects the statuses of zone 2 and zone 3 distance relays in local substation and immediate neighboring substations. When a fault has occurred, the WABP decides whether the fault is on the protected transmission line or somewhere else. Then, it determines the appropriate time delay of tripping and acts in coordination with conventional distance relays. With the proposed WABP equipped, the setting of conventional distance relays can be simplified. The requirement of coordination between the conventional relays can be loosened and the difficulty of setting calculation can be reduced. Simulation results show that the proposed WABP can coordinate with conventional distance relays set by different methods, and it can correctly detect faults and help to reduce blackout area with fault tolerance.