Service In Poland Research Articles

Developing the awareness in the field of safety of school youth taking as example the activities held in the educational rooms within the structures of the State Fire Service – a 2-year observation study

Background. Analysis of the activities of educational rooms in the State Fire Service, taking into account the distribution and accessibility in relation to the number of inhabitants of voivodeships and the number of primary school students. Matherial and methods. A two-year analysis (years 2020-2021) comprised the functioning of Ognik educational rooms which were created in the State Fire Service (SFS) organizational units. The data pertinent to the number of rooms in Poland, participants trai­ned, both minor and adult acting as tutors of the respective groups, dates of opening of a spe­cific room, and address were taken from the website: http//www.gov.pl ›web›kgpsp›wykaz-sal-edukacyjnych Results. The organizational structure of the State Fire Service in Poland is 335 poviat head­quarters (PH) and municipal headquarters (MH). There are 105 educational rooms in these entities, as of January 19, 2022. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (2020-2021) 63,892 people (schoolchildren and adults who look after the groups) were trained in educational rooms at the State Fire Service. This result could be better if it were not for the epidemic restrictions on schools (remote learning, which was not possible in interactive educational rooms) Conclusions. The educational rooms in the SFS constitute a valuable tool for teaching the safety rules among school youth. The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic has influenced the number of persons trained; during the subsequent epidemic waves, in the educational rooms were held no training courses.

Appointing and Dismissing a District Commandant of the State Fire Service in Poland

The article is the first, original and only scientific study of the issue of appointing and dismissing district commandants of the State Fire Service in Poland. Thus it fills a gap in the science of law, which can be a reference point for judicial decisions. The article deals with such issues as the administrative nature of the appointment and dismissal, the prerequisites for the appointment and dismissal of the commandant and their proof, the procedure for the appointment and dismissal and the participation in them of the organs of the State Fire Service and the organs of public administration, the importance of the starost’s opinion in these procedures, the importance of the loss of confidence in the appointment and dismissal of the commandant. The issue of the application of the Code of Administrative Procedure raised in the article plays an important role in these procedures. The article is based on the current legal status, exhaustively analyzed and applied judicial decisions and views of the science of law. The paper also refers to the views occurring in the procedures for appointing and dismissing commandants in other uniformed services.

Evaluation of the abilities of the staff to perform medical rescue procedures at the advanced level in the State Fire Service in Poland in connection with an update of the Principles of Medical Rescue Organisation in the National Emergency and Fire System

Introduction: Analysis of the medical education of State Fire Service (SFS) officers in terms of the possibility to perform medical emergency procedures at the advanced level in connection with an update of the Rules of Medical Rescue Organisation in National Emergency and Fire System (NEFS). Material and methods: An analysis was conducted of the nationwide staff-related data on the medical education of SFS officers, both in the day-based and shift-based system. The analysis also covered additional qualifications for the pursuit of the profession of a physician, nurse and medical emergency worker among the firefighters/medical emergency workers in Poland, satisfaction of the obligation of professional training and additional employment in healthcare facilities. Results: 2220 officers with medical education work in the organisational units of SFS. Nearly 40% of the officers with medical education in SFS additionally work in healthcare units and more than a half pursues the statutory professional training. To ensure one medical emergency worker per professional shift on the ready, every SFS EFU should have ca. 5.6 full-time positions for medical emergency workers — this is a coefficient including absences of leave, sickness absences and other variables. Therefore, the above calculations indicate that to ensure one medical emergency worker per professional shift in one SFS EFU (E ≈ 5.6), ca. 2817 officers with medical education should be employed. With the current staff level (SRM = 2220), ca. 597 officers should be employed to fill the demand (Mrt) if the advanced level is to be achieved Conclusions: The medical rescue in SFS as one of the disciplines of medicine requires continual development in terms of solutions for the system, equipment and first of all the staff. A higher number of medical emergency workers in SFS may have a positive effect on the quality of the medical procedures carried out during isolated emergency medical incidents. The organisational units of SFS in most voivodeships in Poland face a shortage of medical emergency workers on duty, which has a negative effect on the possibility to perform Medical Rescue Procedures at the advanced level.

Blood transfusion service in Poland in 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to present the basic aspects of the activity of Polish blood transfusion service (hereinafter referred to as Centers) in 2020, taking into account the conditions related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: Analysis of data forwarded to the Institute by the Polish Blood Transfusion Centers (Centers). Results: In 2020, 23 Centers and 136 local collection sites operated in Poland. Blood and blood components were also collected during 10,432 mobile collections. The overall number of blood donors was estimated at 569,914, the majority of which were non-remunerated donors (569,566, including 50,012 responders to donation appeals) as well as 25 remunerated donors and 323 autologous donors. Most frequent were whole blood collections (1,105,434) and the least frequent — granulocyte concentrate collections (82) and RBC collections by apheresis (16). Whole blood was collected mostly in local collection sites (46.84%), less frequently in Centers (30.62%) and mobile collection sites (22.54%). The most frequently prepared blood components were RBCs (1,089,978 units) and FFP (1,264,654 units). COVID-19 convalescent plasma was also collected (57 708 units). In 2020, a total of 77,485 units of PCs pooled from whole blood and 52,030 units of PCs from apheresis were prepared. Additional processing methods (leukocyte depletion, irradiation) were more frequently applied to PCs (55.47% leukodepleted, 44.53% both leuko-depleted and irradiated), than to RBC (21.03% leukodepleted, 9.85% both leukodepleted and irradiated, 0.06% irradiated). Pathogen inactivation technologies were applied to 14.21% of FFP units issued for clinical use and 11.01% of PCs. For various reasons the following amounts of blood components were wasted in 2020: 11,430 units of whole blood, 29,530 units of RBCs, 53,946 units of FFP, 1,691 units of apheresis PCs, 5,455 units of pooled PCs and 1,381 units of cryoprecipitate. As compared to the previous years, in 2020 almost all the indicators of the activity of the blood transfusion service in Poland have markedly decreased. Conclusions: The data presented in this study point to the significant impact that the COVID- 19 pandemic had on blood donation in Poland in 2020. The data may serve as a starting point for the analysis of issues related to the activity of organizational units of the Polish blood transfusion service and contribute to practical benchmarking. This in turn may prove beneficial to the transfusion community as a whole.

Hazard of chemical substances contamination of protective clothing for firefighters - a survey on use and maintenance.

The objective of the work was to analyze the impact of selected factors concerning the use and maintenance of firefighters' protective clothing worn during rescue operations on the hazard of contamination by chemical substances. The participants were firefighters (N = 688) from rescue and firefighting units of the State Fire Service in Poland, aged <30, 31-40, 41-50 or >60 years, with different seniority: up to >21 years of service. The survey questionnaire developed by the authors was used. The questionnaire was available online. The Statistica 10.0 statistical package using the χ2 test was applied in the analysis of the significance of the results. As reported by the vast majority (>60%) of the firefighters, the maintenance was carried out after recording an average or a high level of contamination. It was pointed out that removal of the contaminants from protective clothing was difficult (83%). The surfaces of the legs and sleeves of protective clothing were the most contaminated areas. A feeling of discomfort was observed (90%) after returning from firefighting operations due to fire, smoke, or combustion residues. It is necessary to conduct training and information actions concerning the use and maintenance of protective clothing and the harmfulness of chemicals contaminating the garments used by firefighters. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(2):235-48.

Administrative reforms in Eastern Europe: A comparative legal analysis

The objective of the article was to analyze the legal regulation of the decentralization reform in Eastern Europe and its impact on the unemployment rate. Methodologically, statistical analysis, hypothetical-deductive method and correlation were used. It was found that the first stage of the reform of the New Civil Service in Poland, Ukraine, Romania, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Latvia, and Bulgaria began in 1990, but can be called an informal preparatory stage. It is determined that the process of implementation of administrative reforms is influenced by a series of factors: historical, economic, geographical. It is concluded that there is no positive correlation between the effectiveness of public administration and the effectiveness of local self-government in all the countries studied. The reform of decentralization has been shown to have a negative impact on employment. In addition, it found that Poland is the most stable country among those studied, with a high level of efficiency of local self-government. La more negative correlation between the efficiency index of local self-government and employment, and the most positive correlation between local and unemployment rate.

Current status and achievements of Polish transfusion medicine

Transfusion of blood and blood components is one of the widely used medical procedures. The responsibility for provision of blood and blood components lies with Polish blood transfusion centers (CKiK) substantively supervised by the Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine. Hospital based blood banks, hospital wards, immunohematology laboratories are supervised by CKiK. Every year approximately 600 thousand people donate blood, more than 75% of which are regular donors. The annual number of donations is maintained at a constant level of about 1.3 million. The aim of this position paper is to present the current status, achievements and advancement in collection, preparation and testing procedures and methods used to obtain the best possible quality blood components dedicated for clinical use. The aim is also to show the structure of blood transfusion service in Poland. Collaboration of all organizational units involved in transfusion medicine is crucial for providing high quality health care for patients. Polish transfusiologists and blood transfusion officers have largely contributed to transfusion science with numerous publications and significant research work. The implementation of novel methods and ongoing research positions Polish blood transfusion service among those of highly developed countries.

Cooperation of the censorship apparatus with the security service in Poland in the years 1945–1989 — selected issues

The assumption of the article is to give the sense of the scope and forms of cooperation of the censorship apparatus (at the central and district level) with the Security Service in Poland in the years 1945–1989. This article has been based on archival material collected in the Archives of New Files, the Institute of National Remembrance, Archives of the Literature Institute “Culture” in Maisons-Laffitte, and Archives of the “Karta” Center in Warsaw. Also, the article consists of the memoirs of Tomasz Strzyżewski, a former employee of the Krakow delegation of GUKPPiW, obtained by the author of the text, and a censor from GUKPPiW and the office in Opole.

Factors Affecting the Regional Inequalities in Pediatricians Workload and the Regional Disparities in Access to Pediatric Healthcare Service in Poland

Objective: The decreasing number of physicians is a serious problem in Poland. The purpose of this study was to identify the principal factors that determine the differences in the workload distribution of pediatricians and access to the public pediatric healthcare service in Poland. Methods: Using a range of attributive variables such as population size, socio-economic status, and pediatric service supply, the numerical changes that occurred in the workload of pediatricians (2010 to 2017) in 16 provinces (voivodeships) throughout Poland were analysed. Principal component analysis on the standardized attributive variables of voivodeships was performed and multiple regressions were undertaken. The index of accessibility to pediatricians was determined and its spatial diversity examined. Results: A moderate variation of the pediatrician workload in the period of 2010 to 2017 was found and the clubs convergence of the investigated phenomenon was observed. We identified two principal components: one that reflected the level of socio-economic status and second reflected degree of urbanization. The first component scores was negatively correlated with the number of treated patients per pediatrician. The study confirmed positive correlation between index of accessibility to pediatricians and disposable income per capita (0.672, p=0.004) and negative one with the number of treated patients per pediatrician (-0.663, p=0.005). Conclusion: The regional diversity of pediatrician's workload is governed by the rules of club convergence. An insufficient number of physicians and their high workload may have a significant impact on the quality of treatment provided.

Some aspects of improving the legal regulation of civil service in Ukraine

The article studies some aspects of improving the legal regulation of civil service in Ukraine. Domestic norms that provide for the application of restrictions on civil servants in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On Purification of Government” were analyzed. Moreover, it was found that such restrictions violate a person’s right to respect for private life. The procedure for assessing the performance of civil servants was studied. It was substantiated that the application of dismissal of civil servants as a result of receiving a negative assessment after the performance appraisal does not meet the principles of individuality, objectivity and proportionality when deciding on dismissal and general norms concerning disciplinary liability of civil servants provided by the Law of Ukraine “About civil service”.&#x0D; The experience of legal regulation of civil service in Poland, Moldova and Germany was analyzed. It was determined that the improvement of domestic legal regulation of civil service in some part may occur through the borrowing of those peculiarities of civil service, which are found in the legislation of the abovementioned countries. For example, the experience of the Republic of Poland is useful for borrowing in terms of improving the performance appraisal of civil servants. Moldova’s experience shows the successful use of polygraph testing of civil servants. The German experience is useful for Ukraine in terms of training and retraining of civil servants. Proposals were presented to improve the legislation on the civil service, namely the application of reprimands, rather than dismissal due to a negative assessment of the results of the civil servant’s performance appraisal. It is suggested to amend the lustration legislation, which would provide for an individual approach to a person who will be lustrated if his guilt in making decisions, committing acts that contributed to the undemocratic regime of Viktor Yanukovych is proved.

Robo-doradztwo. Profesjonalna budowa i zarządzanie portfelem inwestycyjnym

Przedmiot badań: Przedmiotem badań jest usługa robo-doradztwa inwestycyjnego w kontekście jej idei, atrybutów, dostępności w wybranych krajach oraz roli w profesjonalnej budowie i za­rządzaniu portfelem inwestycyjnym. Przedmiotem badania ankietowego jest analiza znajomości usługi robo-doradztwa w Polsce i jej akceptacji wśród respondentów.&#x0D; Cele badawcze: Cel 1: Charakterystyka robo-doradztwa. Cel 2: Rola robo-doradztwa w profesjo­nalnym budowaniu oraz zarządzaniu portfelem inwestycyjnym dla nieprofesjonalnych uczestni­ków rynku. Cel 3: Przegląd dostępnych usług robo-doradztwa inwestycyjnego w wybranych kra­jach europejskich i USA. Cel 4: Prezentacja wyników badań ankietowych nt. znajomości usługi robo-doradztwa inwestycyjnego w Polsce i jej akceptacji wśród respondentów.&#x0D; Metoda badawcza: Metoda 1: Analiza porównawcza 18 usług robo-doradczych z wybranych kra­jów. Metoda 2: Badanie ankietowe, dotyczące usługi robo-doradztwa w Polsce, zrealizowane techniką CAWI. 1&#x0D; Wyniki: Obszary wchodzące w zakres usługi robo-doradztwa to m.in. profilowanie, doradztwo, równoważenie oraz indeksowanie. Wszystkie wymienione obszary są równie istotne w budowie oraz zarządzaniu portfelem inwestycyjnym. Robo-doradztwo może zminimalizować lub nawet wyeliminować wiele ryzyk na etapie identyfikacji celów inwestora, podziału portfela na klasy aktywów, wyboru aktywów do portfela czy też monitorowaniu składu portfela. Wykonana analiza porównawcza potwierdziła szeroką dostępność usług robo-doradczych na rynku europejskim oraz USA. Analizowane platformy różnią się między sobą głównie na płaszczyźnie kosztów, minimal­nych poziomów wpłat czy też dostępności doradcy, która nie jest tak oczywista. Usługi robo-do­radcze posiadają również wspólne cechy, w postaci szerokiej dostępności funduszy typu ETF, które można wykorzystać do budowy portfeli inwestycyjnych. W Polsce oferta usług robo-do­radztwa inwestycyjnego jest bardzo wąska. Z badań wynika niewielka znajomość oraz doświad­czenie ankietowanych w obszarze usług robo-doradczych. Ankietowani mający doświadczenie z doradcą oraz robo-doradcą ocenili robo-doradcę lepiej o 0,62 pkt. (w skali 1–5) od doradcy. W badaniach respondenci dostrzegli zarówno zalety, jak i wady usługi robo-doradczej. Samą usługę należy traktować nie jako zagrożenie dla dotychczasowych doradców, ale ich uzupełnie­nie sprawiające, że model hybrydowy łączący fizycznego doradcę wspomaganego rozwiązaniami technologicznymi stanie się modelem najbardziej prawdopodobnym.

Blood transfusion service in Poland in 2019

Background: In this study we evaluated the basic aspects of the activity of the Polish Blood Transfusion Service (hereinafter referred to as Centers) in 2019. Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of the 2019-data supplied by the Centers. Results: In 2019, blood and blood components were collected in 21 Polish Centers and 129 local collection sites as well as during 13 048 mobile collections. The overall number of blood donors was estimated at 590 893, the majority of which were non-remunerated donors (590 280 — including 40 738 responders to donation appeals), as well as 57 remunerated donors and 556 autologous donors. Most frequent were whole blood collections (1 202 079) and least frequent — granulocyte concentrate collections (94) and RBCs collections by apheresis (48 donations). Whole blood was collected mostly in local collection sites (45.25%), in Centers (28.75%) and mobile collection sites (26%). Most frequently prepared blood components were RBCs — 1 180 333 units) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP — 1 344 092 units, 21.42% dedicated for clinical use). Platelet concentrates (PCs) collected by apheresis amounted to 53 379 units and 81 905 were whole blood-derived. Additional processing methods (leukocyte depletion, irradiation) were more frequently applied to PCs (43.34% leukocyte-depleted, 0.04% irradiated, 54.63% both leukocyte-depleted and irradiated) than to RBCs (18.71% leukocyte-depleted, 0.06% irradiated, 9.17% both leukocytedepleted and irradiated). Pathogen reduction technologies were applied to 20.76% of FFP units issued for clinical use (transfusion) and 11.87% of PCs. In 2019 — for a variety of reasons — 14 013 units of whole blood, 32 798 units of RBCs, 49 285 units of FFP, 1334 units of cryoprecipitate, 4778 units of pooled PCs and 1279 of apheresis PCs were wasted. Conclusions: Our study data may be considered as starting point for assessment of the tendencies observed in the Polish blood transfusion service and may serve practical-benchmarking with benefit to the transfusion community as a whole.

The penal narratives of community sentence and the role of probation: The case of the Wrocław model of community service

This article draws on Robinson, McNeill and Maruna’s argument about the adaptability of community sanctions and measures, observed through four distinctive penal narratives, in order to shed light on the regional development of community service in Wrocław, Poland. While the managerial adaptation of community sanctions is underpinned by an inter-agency cooperation to fulfil the goals of the system, the contemporary rehabilitation iteration has become a toolkit of measures predominantly phrased around risk management, the reparative discourse seeks various means to repair harm and the punitive orientation represents the turn to desert-based and populist sentencing frameworks. In this article, the first three are reflected upon along with the emerging, restorative adaptation of community sanctions. The last one is added to expand on the findings of this author’s previous research, which suggests the viability of the restorative orientation for community service in Poland. A brief discussion of how punishment, probation and restorative justice can be reconciled is followed by the introduction of Polish probation and the role of probation officers in delivering community service in Poland. Although the penal narratives are visible in the Wrocław model to different degrees and in various combinations, more research is required to evaluate the viability of a progressive orientation to punishment during a gradual optimisation of community orders.

Quality cost management in the SMEs of Poland

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to examine the research problem that represents an attempt to approximate the importance of quality costing in managing a modern enterprise using the selected enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland.Design/methodology/approachThe primary goal of the research is a need to acquire knowledge about the use of quality cost accounts in enterprises operating in Poland. The research has been conducted in the SMEs of production and services. From October 2018 to December 2018, survey-based research was carried out in the selected SMEs of production and service in Poland. The targeted participants of the study are from the medium-sized enterprises, employing 50–250 people.FindingsThe pilot studies conducted in companies indicate that modern enterprises are focused on quality. Many enterprises declare to be continuously improving quality system and quality costing. However, generally, these are large companies that have implemented ISO standards, often part of international corporations. The survey result of the study shows that medium-sized enterprises still make little use of modern cost accounting variants. Based on the study, only 9.75% (39 enterprises) from a representative group of 400 companies from the sectors of manufacturing, services and production as well as service companies apply quality costing. Some of the other enterprises are only taking measures to implement quality cost accounting.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has been conducted in randomly selected SMEs in the form of a questionnaire interview. In order to further analyze the construction of quality cost management (QCM) systems and the use of information from QCM by enterprises, case study method should be used more widely.Practical implicationsThe results of the study provide useful help for companies that are quality-oriented and want to implement quality costing. The survey has been conducted in 400 enterprises, and the survey results of considered SMEs reveal the most important aspects of the application of quality costing.Originality/valueThe questionnaire used, the answers provided and the resulting conclusions fill the identified research gap. In the author's opinion, findings of research are relevant and useful, not only for accounting practice but also for theory. They show that although TQM and quality costing have been very popular in the literature since the 1990s, the degree of application of quality costing in practice (except for large, often international companies) is too low. So, the suitability of QCM in managing a modern enterprise from the SMEs should be promoted.

Znaczenie aktu ślubowania w służbie cywilnej w kontekście nabycia praw i obowiązków przez urzędnika

Skargi indywidualne składane przez osoby pokrzywdzone naruszeniem praw człowieka w zakresie ograniczenia wolności wypowiedzi i wyrażania swoich opinii zajmują ważne miejsce w systemie orzeczniczym Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. Przyjmując subsydiarny system ochrony wolności i praw jednostek w zakresie wolności wypowiedzi i wyrażania swoich poglądów, ETPC bada zarzuty stawiane państwu-stronie Europejskiej konwencji praw człowieka i wydaje orzeczenie z uwzględnieniem standardów wynikających z instrumentów odpowiedniej i skutecznej ochrony przez nadużyciami władz państw-stron konwencji. Rzeczpospolita przystąpiła do Europejskiej konwencji praw człowieka 26 listopada 1991 roku, ratyfikowała ją 29 stycznia 1993 roku, a następnie w drodze postanowień art. 9, 87 i 91 Konstytucji RP z 2 kwietnia 1997 roku ostatecznie ugruntowała jej miejsce w systemie powszechnie obowiązującego prawa. Konwencja stała się tym samym dokumentem zapewniającym skuteczną ochronę samodzielnego dochodzenia roszczeń przed sądami polskimi, a orzecznictwo ETPC w konkretnych sprawach znalazło odbicie nie tylko w orzeczeniach wydawanych przez sądy powszechne i administracyjne, lecz także przez Sąd Najwyższy i Trybunał Konstytucyjny.

Risk Assessment in Road Transport. Operational Perspective of the Fire Service in Poland

The paper presents a fire service determined picture of road safety in Poland in its operational (non-system and system) dimensions. It focuses on the road risk assessment, using data related to interventions conducted in 2015-2019 by entities of the State Firefighting Rescue System. The database of the Main Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Poland is adopted and 661,775 emergency road interventions are taken into account.The results state general framework for procedures, resource allocation and training for fire services. The framework is determined by the riskiest kinds of events on the Polish roads. It refers to micro scale (in relation to operational procedures, tactics and strategies, allocation of equipment and training programs) and macro scale (regarding to emergency system, central-planned equipment procurements and training framework).

The evolution of the Polish civil service since 1989

The aim of the article is to characterize the changes which have taken place in the Polish civil service since 1989. By using the neo-institutional method, the author discusses the political, social and economic conditions in which the Polish civil service functioned, as well as their influence on its shape and the direction of its activities. The author demonstrates how the civil service in Poland has undergone a succession of alterations under successive political administrations, which instead of developing the civil service as an instrument for the effective management of the state, had instead treated it as political loot. To prove this thesis, the author attempts to analyze particular stages of the formation of the civil service, and the consequences of those changes for the effectiveness and transparency of the state.

Process of Obtaining Authorization for Placing TSI-Compliant Railway Vehicles in Service in Poland

The article discusses the legal acts applicable to the process of obtaining authorization for placing TSI-compliant railway vehicles in service. The procedure in the case of applying for the first authorization for a railway vehicle is also outlined. The procedure concerning a vehicle that is authorized for placement in service in another Member State, but that will also be used in Poland, is presented, as well. Keywords: authorization, railway vehicles

Miłosierdzie Boże szansą ożywienia posługi charytatywnej Kościoła w Polsce

Ogłoszony przez papieża Franciszka Rok Miłosierdzia niewątpliwie przyczynił się do intensywniejszego głoszenia prawdy o miłosierdziu Bożym oraz do rozwoju różnych form kultu miłosierdzia Bożego w Kościele. W kontekście tego wydarzenia rodzi się inne pytanie, w jaki sposób ów jubileusz mógł się przyczynić do ożywienia posługi charytatywnej Kościoła w Polsce? Próbę odpowiedzi na to pytanie stanowi niniejsze opracowanie, a jego źródłem podstawowym są współczesne dokumenty Kościoła, szczególnie nauczanie papieża Franciszka. Autor przedstawia najpierw miłosierdzie jako zasadę duszpasterstwa, gdyż miłosierdzie ma przenikać wszystkie funkcje podstawowe Kościoła (kerygma-marytria, leiturgia, diakonia). Następnie na podstawie danych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego w Warszawie analizuje aktualny stan ubóstwa w Polsce. W finalnej części artykułu wskazuje kryteria Kościoła służebnego. W przekonaniu autora stosowanie tych kryteriów jest warunkiem pomyślnej realizacji posługi charytatywnej Kościoła w Polsce.

History of the State Medical Rescue Service in Poland

The State Medical Rescue Service in Poland dates back to 1891, when the first ambulance service was established in Cracow. Over 129 years, the system has been fully transformed, starting with medical staff, through numbers, equipment, and modern information and communication systems for emergency calls and assistance during interventions, and medical records. Emergency medical services in Poland had their breakthrough when the current Act of 8 September 2006 on the National Medical Rescue Service was introduced, which is the foundation for the modern organisation of medical rescue and emergency medicine in Poland. According to the Ministry of Health, the total number of Emergency Medical Services Teams operating in 2019 was 1585, including those operating on a seasonal basis.