Service In Poland Research Articles

The ocular findings among young males: a 12‐year prevalence study of the military service in Poland

Abstract Purpose To determine the prevalence of ocular diseases among young males and to assess the main ocular causes reflecting discharge from military service in Poland. Methods A retrospective review of the medical records, of the 105017 men preliminary examined to military service during the period 1993‐2004. All of them were of European Caucasian origin. Sample size for the study was calculated with 99% confidence, within an error bound of 5%. Data regarding the vision status was assessed in 1938 eyes of 969 subjects. Based on the age of subjects they were divided into two groups; group I aged 18‐24 and group II aged 25‐34. Results Presenting visual impairment (VA <20/40) followed by color vision defects was the commonest ocular disorder and accounted for 13.21%. There were statistically significant differences of uncorrected visual acuity as well as of rates of particular refractive errors, in between age groups (p<0.05). Orthoptic problems, including various types of strabismus, were recorded in 3.61% subjects. Totally, 302(31.17%) males failed their medical examination and were temporally or permanently discharged from duty. Of them 52 (17.22%) subjects were discharged due to various ocular disorders. High refractive errors followed by chronic and recurrent diseases of posterior eye segment were the commonest ocular causes and accounted for 38.46%. Conclusion Prevalence of ocular disorders among young males in unselected military population was closer to the results obtained in other population‐based studies comprising both males and females in the same age group. High refractive errors followed by chronic and recurrent diseases of posterior eye segment are important causes of medical discharges from military service.

Organizational Attachment of Interns in Poland to Healthcare System

Despite the profound structural reform of the health service in Poland, the present organizational system of health care is subject to severe criticism. It is described as unjust and enhancing malpractice as well as migration of young doctors abroad. The commonly expressed disapproval and own observations on the organization and functions of health care are expected to affect future performance of medical interns and suppress their motivation to pursue professional career. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the extent to which the interns approve the present healthcare system as a measure of their organizational attachment. Questionnaire survey was conducted in 992 interns (mean age 26 years) in 2004 and responses were evaluated using a specially designed scale of approval. The majority of interns expressed high disapproval of the healthcare system. This disapproval can be regarded as an indirect measure of the lack of organizational attachment on the part of the interns. These findings may have negative consequences for the future functions of healthcare in Poland. Therefore, measures should be undertaken to promote positive attitudes among medical students and interns. The disapproval of the system is a personal attitude independent of the social and economic characteristics. One should note that the personnel mobility opportunities do not seem to be playing the role of an effective "safety valve" to diminish the disapproval of the system by medical interns.

Urgent emergency issue in Poland

The paper refers to the problem of emergency medical service in Poland, which is the only European Union Member State not having activated the emergency phone number 112. This fact has caused the threat of European Union sanctions. In this context, we try to discuss the chances of finalizing reform of the dramatically inefficient Polish emergency services. Except for the lack of the integrated emergency call centres, there is no appropriate network of emergency hospital departments in Poland and no clear regulations concerning emergency professions. The necessary law was enacted in 2001, but it did not come into force. The threat of European Union sanctions may hasten its implementation; however, the weak position of the present government may cause a further delay of the reform.

Developing GIS applications for the national hydro‐meteorological service in Poland

The Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMWM) manages the national hydrological-meteorological service, which maintains the measurement network, processes data, and issues warnings, reports and announcements. There are five divisions of IMWM located around Poland. Each division includes numerous stations and scientific-research departments. The data gathered, processed and analysed by IMWM are space-related; therefore spatial information systems are indispensable for data processing and visualisation. In this paper we discuss the development of the model for GIS applications in the national hydro-meteorological service in Poland (IMWM).

Social Science Information Service in Poland: an attempt to present the state of art

Social Science Information Service in Poland: an attempt to present the state of art

Social Science Information Service in Poland: an attempt to present the state of art

Social Science Information Service in Poland: an attempt to present the state of art

The History of the Military Medical Service in Poland

The History of the Military Medical Service in Poland

Contracts in Cultures

A cross-cultural comparative study of socially compelling expectations and obligations including the cultural context of gift-giving, bribing and return service in Poland, Russia, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Egypt, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand, using causal loop analysis where applicable.

Dental hygienists as a new element in the oral health service in Poland.

A comparison of the number, employment, utilization and activities of dental hygienists in Poland between 1977 and 1982 is described. In spite of a distinct increase in number and better distribution in the country, the employment of hygienists in the oral health service is still low. However, the majority of dental hygienists are employed in the oral health service for children, working mostly as dental assistants doing fluoride prophylaxis and dental health education in addition. The percentage of operating dental hygienists is also low. The need for their preventive activity is great, as the dental caries rate in Polish children is generally high.

Role of Anesthesiology in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in Poland

Improvements of results in emergency care of critically ill patients can be realized if EMS organizations are properly based on local conditions. The Emergency Medical Unit is the first of three parts of the Integrated Health Service in Poland. The second part is in-hospital treatment. The third part is outpatient care. In most hospitals, the head of the department of anesthesiology and intensive therapy coordinates each emergency medical unit. Each unit consists of ambulances (mobile intensive care units), admission (emergency) rooms, and an intensive medical care unit (ICU). A specialization program was created and physicians who complete this type of training obtain the title “specialist in anesthesiology and intensive therapy.”This four year specialization program contains the educational elements necessary to administer all types of modern anesthesia, and provides full preparation for work in mobile and stationary intensive medical care units as well. Such training has also given these specialists the chance to initiate treatment methods for chronic pain. An examination consisting of practical tests, multiple choice written knowledge tests, and oral tests completes the program. The latter is a conversation with a commission, consisting of full professors and associate professors in anesthesiology and intensive therapy.

Nová polská sladovna o kapacitě 50 tis. tun sladu ročně.

Nová polská sladovna o kapacitě 50 tis. tun sladu ročně.

The Veterinary Service in Poland (1928)

The Veterinary Service in Poland (1928)