Serum Adenosine Deaminase Activity Research Articles

Adenosine Deaminase as a Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a serious infectious disease caused by the Dabie bandavirus, with a high mortality rate. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or specific treatments for SFTS. Early diagnosis and accurate severity assessment are crucial. This study included 171 cases of SFTS, COVID-19, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients and healthy controls. We compared the serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity across these groups. The diagnostic and prognostic efficiency of serum ADA for SFTS was evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We also examined the correlation between serum ADA in SFTS patients and clinical lab parameters as well as serum cytokines. SFTS patients had significantly higher serum ADA activity than those of COVID-19, HBV patients, and healthy controls. Nonsurvivor SFTS patients had notably higher ADA than survivors. ROC analysis indicated ADA as an effective SFTS diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. ADA correlated with prognosis, viral load, APTT, PT, AST, ferritin, negatively with HDL-c and LDL-c, and positively with cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Multiorgan failure patients showed significant ADA increase. Elevated serum ADA activity in SFTS patients is linked with disease severity and prognosis, showing potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for SFTS.

Assessing Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using Bandim Tuberculosis and Karnofsky Performance Scale Scores with Serum Adenosine Deaminase Levels.

Elevated pulmonary serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels signify lung tissue damage and severe tuberculosis (TB). Serum ADA assays can be used as an additional criterion for assessing TB treatment response and as a prognostic marker in patients with pulmonary TB. The Bandim TB and Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) scores were developed based on available clinical data and investigations to allow physicians to evaluate disease treatment and response. This study examined the use of a clinical scoring system (Bandim TB and KPS scores) in the context of serum ADA activity. Forty adults (aged >18 years) diagnosed with pulmonary TB by Ziehl-Neelsen staining for acid-fast bacilli and/or cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test were recruited. Standardized questionnaires were used to record Bandim TB and KPS scores. Serum ADA levels were estimated using a commercial kit. The Bandim TB score was positively associated (ρ=0.74, P≤0.001) and the KPS score was negatively associated (ρ=-0.69, P≤0.001) with serum ADA levels. Subjective and objective clinical scores of pulmonary TB were strongly correlated with serum ADA levels. Knowledge of clinical scores corresponding to serum ADA levels could help physicians understand stage and progression of the disease which may aid in early detection and better management, and reduce disease transmission in a TB-endemic country.

The predictive role of combined adenosine deaminase activity in Serum and body fluids to diagnose extrapulmonary tuberculosis

EPTB comprises 10-15% of all TB cases in developing countries. Diagnosis of TB from body fluids like pleural, peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is challenging as all these fluid samples possess very few bacilli.: To determine the role of adenosine deaminase (ADA) assay for reliable prediction of EPTB from different body fluids, particularly in low-resource areas with high disease prevalence. This prospective study was out in a rural medical college hospital. An enzymatic deamination method in a kinetic manner was used to monitor the ADA activity. The study processed 100 serum samples from 50 Suspected TB patients and 50 from the control group and 100 samples of body fluids from 50 Suspected TB patients and 50 control samples. Data were recorded in MS Excel sheets, and statistical analysis was performed using MS Office software. Out of 50 serum samples from the suspected TB patient and control groups, 48 (96%) and 17 (34%) were positive for ADA, respectively. Out of 50 samples of body fluids obtained from both suspected TB patients and the control group, 16 (32%) and 3 (06%) were positive for ADA, respectively.Serum ADA positivity was significantly high in suspected TB patients as compared to the control group In our study,observations suggest that serum and serosal fluid Adenosine deaminase (ADA) measurement has good prediction potential for EPTB. Hence, it can be used as a supportive surrogate marker for challenging to diagnose extrapulmonary TB. ADA activity in body fluids is also a sensitive biomarker, especially when combined with serum ADA levels and may become a routine investigation for early detection of extrapulmonary TB. Serum and serosal fluid Adenosine deaminase (ADA) measurements have good prediction potential for PTB & EPTB.

Safety and efficacy of elapegademase in patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency: A multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 3, and postmarketing clinical study.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is an ultrarare inherited purine metabolism disorder characterized by severe combined immunodeficiency. Elapegademase-lvlr is a new pegylated recombinant bovine ADA used in enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) for ADA deficiency. Therefore, replacement with the new drug may eliminate the infectious risks associated with the currently used bovine intestinal-derived product, pegademase. We conducted a multicenter, single-arm, open-label, phase 3, and postmarketing clinical study of elapegademase for patients with ADA deficiency. The following biochemical markers were monitored to determine an appropriate dose of elapegademase: the trough deoxyadenosine nucleotide (dAXP) level ≤0.02 μmol/mL in erythrocytes or whole blood and the trough serum ADA activity ≥1100 U/L (equivalent to plasma levels ≥15 μmol/h/mL) indicated sufficient enzyme activity and detoxification as efficacy endpoints and monitored adverse events during the study as safety endpoints. A total of four patients (aged 0-25 years) were enrolled. One infant patient died of pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus infection whereas the other three completed the study and have been observed in the study period over 3 years. The infant patient had received elapegademase at 0.4 mg/kg/week until decease and the others received elapegademase at maximum doses of 0.3 mg/kg/week for 164-169 weeks. As a result, all four patients achieved undetectable levels of dAXPs together with sufficient enzyme activity, increased T and B cell numbers, and slightly elevated and maintained IgM and IgA immunoglobulin levels. Serious adverse events occurred in three patients, all of which were assessed as unrelated to elapegademase. This study showed that elapegademase had comparable safety and efficacy to pegademase as ERT for ADA deficiency by demonstrating stable maintenance of sufficient ADA activity and lowering dAXP to undetectable levels, while no drug-related adverse events were reported (Trial registration: JapicCTI-163204).

Correlation of serum adenosine deaminase activity with disease activity in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome

BackgroundPrimary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease primarily affecting the exocrine glands, which has a variety of clinical manifestations and unclear pathogenic mechanisms. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of purines, and changes in its activity have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationship between serum ADA activity and disease activity in patients with pSS. MethodsIn this study, 196 patients with pSS and 196 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum ADA activity and clinical laboratory parameters were collected and analyzed in both groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between ADA activity and clinical laboratory parameters, as well as the correlation between ADA activity and the disease activity score. ResultsCompared with healthy controls, the activity of ADA in the serum of pSS patients was significantly increased (P < 0.0001), and the ADA activity was significantly decreased after immunosuppressive treatment (P < 0.0001). Correlation analysis revealed that the activity of ADA was significantly positively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (r = 0.3, P < 0.0001) and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels (r = 0.5, P < 0.0001), and significantly negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (r = −0.4, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between ADA activity and the disease activity score as measured by the Sjögren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index (SSDAI) (r = 0.4, P < 0.0001). ConclusionThis study found that patients with pSS have higher activity of ADA in serum, which is associated with disease activity as measured by SSDAI. These results suggest that ADA activity may be a potential biomarker for evaluating disease activity and treatment efficacy in pSS patients. Additionally, ADA may be a potential target for the treatment of pSS patients.

Adenosine Deaminase values of serum and erythrocytes in patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and healthy subjects in Nineveh state population

Cross sectional, hospital based study was carried out on 46 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis patients (25 males and 21 females) and fifty four healthy volunteers were investigated to serve as normal subjects. Serum and erythrocytes Adenosine Deaminase activity was assessed spectrophotometerically by using colorimetric method. Serum and erythrocytes Adenosine Deaminase activity of Leishmaniasis-patienats were highly significant (p&lt; 0.005) and higher (38.8 ± 2.5 and 188.1 ± 23.3 U/L) than that values of healthy individuals ( 14.8 ± 1.4 and 64.1 ± 7.5 U/L respectively). No significant difference values were found in blood ADA activity according age and sex. In conclusion serum and erythrocytes ADA values may be used in the follow up of patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis together with clinical and other laboratory findings.

Increased activity of enzymes involved in purine metabolism as one of the factors of rectal cancer pathogenesis

Aim: to study changes in the activities of purine nucleotide degradation enzymes – adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) in patients with rectum cancer (RC).Material and Methods. The activity of purine nucleotide degradation enzymes was studied in blood plasma and tissue homogenates: tumor tissue and normal rectal mucosa in 70 patients with stage I–IV RC. The histological type of RC was adenocarcinoma. The levels of ADA and XO activities were measured using spectrophotometry.Results. The activity of ADA and XO in blood serum of RC patients was significantly higher than that of healthy people. A significant increase in the activity of ADA and XO in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue was also found. The relationship between the activities of the enzymes of purine catabolism in blood plasma and tissues were revealed. An increase in purine catabolism depending on the stage of RC was found.Conclusion. The increased ADA and XO activities indicated the enhanced purine catabolism not only in malignant transformation, but also in tumor progression.

Is adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in saliva and serum a more accurate disease detection tool than traditional redox balance parameters in early-lactating dairy cows?

Enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a marker of inflammation in domestic animals, but it is unclear whether it is a reliable marker of oxidative stress, especially in the transition period in dairy cows. This study aims to assess if ADA and redox status measurements in saliva provide the same utility to detect disease condition as that obtained from serum. Sixty-eight multiparous Holstein cows, between 2 and 3 weeks postpartum were selected. Five study groups were established: control (healthy), and cows with ketosis, mastitis, laminitis, and metritis. The parameters measured were ADA activity, total oxidants (TOS), antioxidants (TAC), and OSi ratio.Regarding redox status, no significant differences arise in both saliva and serum being the correlations negative and not significant. In saliva, ADA activity in healthy cows differs from those with pathological processes, having the lowest activities. In serum, ADA activity is similar in the healthy and ketosis cows, showing the lowest activities meanwhile animals with mastitis, laminitis, or metritis have significantly higher activities. In conclusion, the measurement of ADA activities and redox status in saliva does not give consistent results, being preferable to measure them in serum during the transition period.

Synthesis of Pd nanoparticle and study the effect on Adenosine amino hydrolase (ADA) enzyme activity in blood serum

Chemical reduction with trisodium citrate as the reducing agent resulted in the successful formation of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs), and all of the material's components were synthesised in double-distilled water. UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, with Transmission Electron Microscopy were all utilised to investigate the Pd nanoparticles. According to TEM investigations, the average size of the Pd nanoparticles formed was 13.5 - 45 nm. Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in atherosclerosis patients was tested to see if Pd NPs had any effect. Serum ADA activity was considerably higher in individuals with atherosclerotic disease, both in those treated with Pd nanoparticles and in those who were not (P&lt;0.01). Pd nanoparticles significantly lowered blood levels of ADA activity in atherosclerotic disease patients compared to those who did not receive Pd nanoparticles.

Role of serum and pleural adenosine deaminase activity compared to pleural fluid analysis in patients with pleural effusion of various etiology

Role of serum and pleural adenosine deaminase activity compared to pleural fluid analysis in patients with pleural effusion of various etiology

Serum adenosine deaminase activity and acute cerebral infarction: a retrospective case-control study based on 7913 participants.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of adenosine into inosine, which eventually decomposes into uric acid (UA). A body of papers have reported that adenosine and UA are closely related to cerebrovascular events. However, the association between serum ADA activity and acute cerebral infarction (ACI) remains unclear. 7913 subjects were enrolled, including 3968 ACI patients and 3945 controls, in this study. An automatic biochemistry analyzer was used to determine serum activity. Serum ADA activity was found that was significantly decreased in patients with ACI (10.10 ± 3.72 U/L) compared to those without ACI (11.07 ± 2.85 U/L, p < 0.001). After Logistic regression analysis, ADA concentrations were negatively correlated with ACI (OR = 1.161, 95% CI: 1.140-1.183, p < 0.001). Smoking and alcohol consumption decreased serum ADA concentrations in patients with ACI, whereas diabetes and hypertension had the opposite effect. Serum ADA concentrations in patients with ACI are markedly decreased, suggesting that the decreased ADA concentrations may be involved in the pathogenesis of ACI. We hypothesized that decreased ADA activity may be an adaptive mechanism to maintain adenosine levels and protect against ischemic brain injury.

Evaluation of serum adenosine deaminase activity with reference to dyslipidemia in ischemic heart disease

Ischemic health disease is a major health and a modern epidemic which is increasing in India. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Serum adenosine deaminase activity is associated with coronary artery disease.The present work was done to understand the relation of serum adenosine deaminase activity with dyslipidemia in ischaemic heart disease.This cross-sectional study comprised 200 subjects; healthy and myocardial infarction. Serum ADA and lipids were estimated. Obtained data was statistically analysed.Increase in serum ADA activity correlating with dyslipidemia was found in Myocardial infarction subjects.Increased ADA has role in LDL oxidation, dyslipidemia, foam cell transformation etc. leading to atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Adenosine deaminase has a crucial role in the evolution of ischemic heart disease through dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease.

Serum adenosine deaminase activity: A novel test for early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis - What about efficacy?

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is a tremendous public health problem, increasing significantly, especially in developing countries. Getting a TB-free globe appears to be not more than a dream. Mycobacterial culturing is the gold standard for precise diagnosis but requires six-week time, in the meantime, patients remain a source of inadvertent disease dissemination in the community. The unavailability of sputum also poses a challenge several times. As adenosine deaminase level measurement is easy, rapid and independent of a sputum sample, this study was conducted to determine the diagnostic efficacy of adenosine deaminase activity for pulmonary tuberculosis.Patients and methods: This prospective study was conducted at Pulmonology-OPD, Gulab Devi Chest Hospital, Lahore, from 01-01-2019 to 30-06-2019. A total of 300 sputum smear-positive patients with clinical and radiological evidence consistent with diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and 30 normal participants without any clinical, radiological or haematological evidence of tuberculosis were included. While, smear-negative patients and those having any evidence of hepatic disease, hematopoietic malignancy, infectious mononucleosis, typhoid or pregnancy were excluded. The serum ADA level of each participant was determined. All patients were subjected to AFB culture. Diagnostic accuracy was determined by considering sputum culture as a gold standard.Results: At cut-off value of &gt;15 IU/L, a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of 98.30%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 85.71%, 98.46% respectively were defined. Conclusion: Serum ADA level, having excellent sensitivity and specificity, can diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis even if sputum sample is not available.

SERUM ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION:A NEW DIMENSION IN MODERN DAY DIAGNOSTICS.

Objective:-Myocardial infarction is characterised by widespread irreversible cellular necrosis &amp; death due to ischaemic injury.Atherosclerotic plaques &amp; their role in bringing about ischaemic injury forms an integral component of the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction.An immune link in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques has been reported by few researchers.The enzyme adenosine deaminase is a key player in the immune system.This study intends to estimate adenosine deaminase(ADA) activity in serum,Troponin I &amp; other cardiac enzymes in patients with myocardial infarction. Methods:-The study comprised of 40 patients with myocardial infarction alongwith 20 age &amp; sex matched healthy controls.Serum ADA,Troponin I &amp; cardiac enzymes [CPK-MB,LDH,AST] were estimated. Results:- An appreciable rise in serum ADA activity was observed alongwith elevated titres of cardiac enzymes &amp; Troponin I in patients with myocardial infarction. Conclusion:- ADA is a key player in immune system &amp; is a marker of T-lymphocyte activation.Raised titres of ADA in myocardial infarction patients as was observed in this study provide evidence in favour of T-lymphocyte activation &amp; proliferation in myocardial infarction thereby opening a new dimension in understanding of the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction.This nding also suggests possible use of serum ADA activity as a marker in elucidating the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction

Increased serum adenosine deaminase activity in patients with adult-onset Still's disease

BackgroundAdult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, lacking specific diagnosis and disease activity evaluation indicators. This study will analyze the activity and clinical significance of Adenosine deaminase (ADA) in AOSD patients.MethodsTotally 53 AOSD patients, 60 patients with other autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), sjogren syndrome (SS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as 60 healthy subjects were included in this study. AOSD activity was determined by Pouchot score. We analyzed the correlation between ADA activity and clinical parameters. In addition, the correlation between ADA activity and disease activity score was also analyzed.ResultsThis study showed that the activity of ADA in AOSD patients was significantly higher than that of healthy controls, SLE, SS and RA patient groups (p < 0.0001). The ADA activity of AOSD patients decreased significantly after systemic treatment (p < 0.0001). Correlation analysis showed that ADA activity was positively correlated with ALT(r = 0.54, p < 0.0001), AST (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001) and serum ferritin (r = 0.67, p < 0.001). ADA activity was negatively correlated with white blood cell (r = − 0.42, p = 0.002) and platelet counts (r = − 0.44, p = 0.001). We also found a significant positive correlation between the activity of ADA and Pouchot score in AOSD patients (r = 0.51, p = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that ADA activity had a sensitivity of 93.3%, and a specificity of 83% for the diagnosis of AOSD, with an area under the curve of 0.93.ConclusionThis study showed that serum ADA activity can be used as a potential biomarker for AOSD diagnosis and disease activity assessment.

Adenosine deaminase activity in serum and pleural fluid of patients with tuberculosis and those without tuberculosis

Background Adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been considered as a marker for cell-mediated immunity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of ADA as a biomarker in diagnosis of pleural effusion in tuberculosis (TB).Patients and methods Forty patients from Abbasia Chest Hospital who were suspected to have exudative pleural effusion and prepared for pleural biopsy were enrolled in the study. ADA in pleural fluid and serum was measured for all of them, and then data were reported and analyzed.Results Of the 40 patients included in the study, most of the 20 patients with TB pleurisy were diagnosed mainly by thoracoscope (16/20), whereas the rest four cases were diagnosed by sonar-guided biopsy. The other 20 patients, diagnosed as non-TB pleural effusion (6/20), mesothelioma (8/20), pneumonia, and adenocarcinoma (6/20). There were significant statistical difference between both groups regarding age, total leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and tuberculin skin test, whereas no significant association regarding sex, clinical presentation, and radiological finding within any groups. ADA in effusion, serum, and index had a significant statistical difference between the two groups, with cutoff point value in effusion and serum of ∼31.4 and 29.5 U/l, respectively, and 1.1 for the index, with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of ∼100, 90, 90, 100, and 95%, respectively, for ADA in effusion and serum, whereas for the index of ∼80, 65, 69, 76, and 73%, respectively.Conclusion Serum and pleural fluid ADA level significantly increases in patients with TB pleural effusion than non-TB pleural effusion with higher sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy in prediction.

Study of Serum Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Activity in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients of Indian Subpopulation

Background Adenosine deaminase ADA activity has largely been studied using sputum and effusion fluids for diagnosing tuberculosis TB in the affected patients. However it is not feasible to access these specimens for continuous monitoring. The purpose of this study was to monitor the activity of ADA using serum in pulmonary TB PTB patients.Objectives The study was proposed to estimate the levels of serum ADA in PTB patients and to correlate these levels with normal healthy individuals.Methodology A total of 60 participants comprising of thirty subjects with PTB and thirty healthy subjects with age ge18 years were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein from each participant and serum samples were used for the estimation of ADA levels using enzymatic method.Result Mean serum level of ADA in PTB patients was 12.6plusmn5.1 UL and control group was 3.2plusmn2.2 UL. PTB patients showed significant elevated levels of serum ADA p lt0.001.Conclusion Serum ADA levels significantly increased in PTB patients compared to healthy individuals. The biological reference interval obtained in the study was different from the one provided by the manufacturer.nbsp

Changes of adenosine deaminase activity in serum and saliva around parturition in sows with and without postpartum dysgalactia syndrome

BackgroundPostpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PDS) is associated with a significantly higher activation of the inflammatory and stress response at parturition than in the healthy sow. Therefore, reliable and possibly non-invasive biomarkers for substantial increases of inflammation are searched to support the PDS diagnosis. This report studies the possible changes of the inflammatory marker enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) in serum and saliva of 38 PDS positive sows (PDS+) and 38 healthy sows (PDS-). Sampling was performed every 24 h from 60 h before to 36 h after parturition. Isoenzyme 1 (ADA1) and isoenzyme 2 (ADA2), as well as total ADA (tADA), were measured and their statistical association with several serum and saliva biomarkers of inflammation and stress was investigated.ResultsCompared to a baseline (60 to 36h prepartum), salivary activities of ADA1, ADA2 and tADA increased significantly over time in both PDS+ and PDS- sows, reaching their peaks after parturition. In serum from PDS- sows, no changes were observed over time in either ADA1, ADA2 or tADA. In PDS+ sows, serum ADA2 activity decreased temporarily after parturition followed by a significant increase compared to baseline. ADA1, ADA2 and tADA were all significantly associated with several inflammatory biomarkers and ADA1 in serum was associated with serum cortisol. Although serum activity was higher in PDS+ than in PDS- sows, the differences were not statistically significant. Further, no difference was noted between the groups in the analyses of saliva.ConclusionsSalivary ADA1 and ADA2 increased in all sows after parturition, potentially as a response to the postpartum inflammation. However, no difference in the activity of ADA1, ADA2 and tADA were found between PDS+ and PDS- sows indicating inability to diagnose PDS under the conditions described in this report.

Prenatal chronic exposure to electromagnetic fields modulated adenosine deaminase activity in serum and brain of Wistar rats’ offspring

Considering the importance of the embryonic stage, we investigated the brain and serum ADA of offspring chronically exposed to low and high frequency electromagnetic field (EMF-LF/HF) during their embryonic period. Male and female rats were randomly selected for mating. After mating, the females were divided into four groups. The first group was exposed to extremely EMF-LF (50 Hz) through a solenoid for 30 minutes per day, the second group was constantly exposed to EMF-HF (900 MHz) via a cell phone, the third group (sham) was placed inside solenoid without any exposure, and the last group (control) was placed in their cage. The brain and serum samples of offspring (6 females and 6 males in each group) were collected four weeks after birth. ADA was measured by a specific enzymatic kit and a spectrophotometer. Exposure to EMF-LF (1.5 mT) was significantly increased the brain ADA activity in both male and female offspring. In addition, long-term HF exposure significantly enhanced serum ADA activity in males in compared with control group but, the brain ADA level was increased significantly in both genders(p < 0.01). The present study revealed alterations in the serum and brain ADA following embryonic exposure to HF and ELF. These alterations depended on gender, frequency and wave intensity.

Effect of blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum) extract on depressive-like behavior and metabolic serum alterations in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice.

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of blueberry extract on behavioral, biochemical, and morphological changes in an experimental model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive behavior. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with the vehicle, fluoxetine (20mg/kg), or Vaccinium virgatum extract (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg) for seven days. On day 7, the animals were administered an LPS injection (0.83mg/kg) or vehicle. Pretreatment with blueberry extract prevented LPS-induced depressive-like behavior. Moreover, LPS increased serum levels of total cholesterol; however, V. virgatum did not prevent the increase in total cholesterol levels. Furthermore, the extract prevented the LPS-induced elevation in serum reactive oxygen species. Also, V. virgatum extract increased the HDL cholesterol levels. Additionally, this extract prevented the LPS-induced decrease in glucose levels and serum adenosine deaminase activity. Collectively, V. virgatum extract has a potential protective effect against changes similar to those observed in patients with depression. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Vaccinium virgatum, popularly known as blueberry, has been effective in preventing or treating neuropsychiatric diseases owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Fluoxetine is a known drug used to treat depression; however, its adverse effects result in therapeutic non-adherence. Thus, the search for new natural compounds possessing antidepressant activities while lacking adverse effects is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic alternatives against depression.