Sensor For Detection Of Dopamine Research Articles

Enhanced dopamine detection using Ti3C2Tx/rGO/Pt ternary composite synthesized via microwave-assisted hydrothermal method

A novel electrochemical sensing platform for dopamine (DA) detection was developed by fabricating the ternary composite of Ti3C2Tx MXene (M) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) through microwave-assisted hydrothermal heating. The exceptional electrical conductivity and rich surface chemistry of MXene provide abundant active catalytic sites for electrochemical reactions, while the large surface area of rGO facilitates ion and electron pathways. The integration of rGO in the MXene sheet, forming MXene-rGO (M_rGO) heterostructure composite, imparts long-term stability to the 2D heterostructure while providing additional electron pathways and significantly enhancing conductivity. Pt NPs synergistically increased the electrocatalytic activity of the electrochemical sensor's performance. Ternary nanocomposites were fabricated with different weight percentages (wt.%) of Pt NPs, ranging from 5 to 20. Characterizations of the samples (rGO, M, M_rGO, and 5–20 wt% Pt@M_rGO) were conducted through X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), and X-ray spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical evaluations of the samples were investigated in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analyses. The analysis revealed that the ternary composite with 5 wt% of Pt NPs (5% Pt@M_rGO) exhibited a uniform well-distribution of Pt NPs and the highest oxidation peak for DA oxidation in CV studies. The presence of metal nanoparticles, aided by the synergistic effects between the MXene and rGO, resulted in an excellent DA sensor with a 0.147 μM detection limit from 1 to 14 μM linearity range. The sensor demonstrated outstanding selectivity, reproducibility (RSD values of 8.10%), repeatability (RSD value of 2.46%) and, excellent stability over 14 days. In human urine samples, the sensor exhibited excellent DA recovery (88.62–110.65%). This study significantly advances the development of electrochemical sensors for DA detection by introducing a rapid, facile and, efficient method for fabricating ternary composites. The fabricated sensor exhibited high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and robust electrochemical performance, offering valuable insights into human and behavioral health advancements.

Effect of protein adsorption on hyaluronic acid/curcumin/multi-walled carbon nanotube based electrochemical sensor for detection of dopamine

Resisting protein adsorption on electrode surfaces is one of pivotal challenges in the electrochemical analysis of small bioactive molecules. In this work, we constructed a novel electrochemical sensing electrode modified with hydrophilic hyaluronic acid (HA) and curcumin/multi-walled carbon nanotube (CM/MWCNTs). The modified electrodes were comprehensively characterized for dopamine detection including the sensing sensitivity, selectivity and stability. The constructed electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection exhibited remarkable resistance to protein adsorption because of the inherent hydrophilicity of HA, and synergistically, the superior electrochemical behavior of the CM/MWCNTs composite (quinone/hydroquinone redox couples enabled superior electrochemical behavior). The HA/CM/MWCNTs/GCE performed about 5.0 folds, 3.5 folds and 2.4 folds higher electrocatalytic current for dopamine than that revealed at bare GCE, MWCNTs/GCE, and CM/MWCNTs/GCE, respectively. In addition, the HA/CM/MWCNTs-based sensor demonstrated excellent sensing performance with a low detection limit of 0.009 μM (S/N = 3) within the concentration range from 50 to 200 μM. The constructed HA/CM/MWCNTs-modified glassy carbon electrodes offered a reliable platform for the real-time monitoring of dopamine with no protein absorption.

Tailored multi-layer graphene arrays for precision detection of neurotransmitter

The development of sensitive dopamine (DA) sensors has significantly contributed to our understanding of DA-related disorders and has enabled advancements in medical diagnostics and neuroscience research. Therefore, in the present work, a novel electrochemical sensing platform was developed using multi-layer graphene arrays (MGA) modified electrodes for the selective detection of DA. The preparation of high-quality MGA was achieved using the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) method and was confirmed using various physiochemical techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The modified electrode, made of MGA, was utilized for the electrochemical detection of DA using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry i-t methods. DA’s electrochemical oxidation response and sensitivity at the MGA electrode were ≈9 and 3 times higher than observed with unmodified and commercially available multi-layer graphene-modified electrodes. The MGA sensor exhibited excellent analytical parameters for DA detection, including a wide linear range of up to 172.1 μM and a low detection limit of 1.3 nM. The sensor also demonstrated remarkable sensitivity, storage stability, and selectivity for DA detection, making it highly suitable for accurately detecting DA in medical diagnostics and neuroscience research. Furthermore, the practical application of the MGA sensor for DA detection was demonstrated in various real samples.

The layer-by-layer assembled ERGO+/ERGO− multilayer modified electrode for sensitive detection of dopamine

Graphene materials represented by graphene oxide (GO) have been widely regarded as functional coatings or films to modify surface of the electrode for detecting dopamine molecules. However, interfacial material properties for detection sensitivity, film stability, and applicability to electrodes are still highly desired. Herein, we first present a screen-printing carbon electrode (SPCE) coated with an electrochemically reduced layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled multilayer driven by an electrostatic interaction between positively charged polyethyleneimine-modified GO with amine groups (ERGO+) and negatively charged carboxyl-functionalized GO (ERGO−), which is briefly described as (ERGO+/ERGO−)n/SPCE. Firstly, without using conventional glassy carbon and gold electrodes, SPCE was tried to make coatings adapt to more flexible and unstable electrodes, simultaneously guaranteeing higher detection performance. Secondly, although a variety of electrochemical sensors such as GO−/SPCE and ERGO−/SPCE were obtained through the drop-casting technique, as-prepared (ERGO+/ERGO−)n/SPCE showed much higher electrocatalytic activities with enhanced peak current signals and reduced charge transfer resistance. Finally, excellent electrochemical properties and sensing performances of the (ERGO+/ERGO−)n/SPCE sensor for detection of dopamine were demonstrated, especially having a linear range of 1 μM to 1000 μM. Meanwhile, the detection limit is as low as 0.39 μM and S/N is equal to 3. The present work offers a potential direction to develop GO modified electrodes for sensitive biomolecular detection.

BSA nanoclusters-based sensor for detection of dopamine in schizophrenia from biofluids

Objective To develop nontoxic and stable fluorescent emission B-Cu nanoclusters (NCs) for the specific detection of dopamine at low concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Significance Fluorescent gold and copper NCs conjugated with proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), offer photostability and healthcare potential. This study focused on fabricating B-Cu NCs that exhibited superior characteristics for sensitive dopamine detection. Methods The study employed various instrumental techniques including attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), spectrofluorometry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize the formulated B-Cu NCs. The NCs were synthesized, resulting in particle size ∼300 nm. The highest observed fluorescence was recorded at 24542.81 relative fluorescence units (RFU). Results The introduction of dopamine at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 ng/mL led to decreased fluorescence in both B-Au and B-Cu NCs due to an electron transport system. This reduction in fluorescence allowed dopamine concentration analysis in phosphate buffer and biological fluids such as blood plasma and CSF. B-Cu NCs showed potential as a biosensing system for point-of-care (POC) applications, specifically for diagnosing schizophrenia. Conclusion The study successfully synthesized stable and nontoxic B-Cu NCs with enhanced fluorescent emission properties. These NCs exhibited the capacity to detect dopamine at low concentrations in CSF. The study’s findings hold promise for future applications, particularly in the development of a B-Cu NCs-based biosensing system for convenient POC detection of schizophrenia by both patients and clinicians. The potential impact of this technology on healthcare and biomedical fields is substantial.

A new type of portable pohotoelectrochemical sensor with polarity-switchable photocurrent for dopamine detection

The construction of accurate sensing method for dopamine (DA) is significant for the early diagnosis of some neurological diseases. Previous studies show that the concentration of DA in human body ranges from a few pM to several mM, depending on the sample species. Herein, a portable and sensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for DA detection has been constructed, which is homogeneously deposited by thiophene-doped graphitic carbon nitride on the films of single-walled carbon nanotubes via vacuum filtration. In contrast to other PEC sensors for DA detections, our sensor shows polarity-switchable photocurrent with increasing DA concentration. Based on the polarity-switchable current response, the proposed PEC sensor exhibits good selectivity and a relatively wide detection range of 2.5-50 μM with the detection limit of 0.36 μM for DA. Furthermore, the applicability of the sensor was also tested for biological samples. The proposed PEC sensor holds much better potential applications in on-site disease monitoring.

A novel dopamine electrochemical sensor based on a β-cyclodextrin/Ni-MOF/glassy carbon electrode

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter in human’s brain, which has direct connection to diseases like Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, etc. Therefore, the sensitive and rapid quantitative detection of DA is essential for medical diagnosis and disease prevention. To construct a novel electrochemical sensor for DA detection, nickel-based metal–organic frameworks (Ni–MOF) were synthesized through a hydrothermal method and combined with β-cyclodextrin. Under optimal experimental conditions, the sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range (0.7–310.2 μM) and a low detection limit (0.227 μM). Furthermore, the sensor exhibited satisfactory stability and accuracy in an electrochemical study involving human serum and dopamine hydrochloride injection samples containing DA, and the redox mechanism of the sensor was elucidated. Overall, this study presents a novel electrochemical sensor based on cyclodextrins and MOFs for DA detection.

Unlocking the future of brain research: MOFs, TMOs, and MOFs/TMOs for electrochemical NTMs detection and analysis

The central nervous system relies heavily on neurotransmitters (NTMs), and NTM imbalances have been linked to a wide range of neurological conditions. Thus, the development of reliable detection techniques is essential for advancing brain studies. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), transition metal oxides (TMOs), and MOFs-derived TMOs (MOFs/TMOs) as materials for electrochemical (EC) sensors targeting the detection of key NTMs, specifically dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), and serotonin (SR). The unique properties and diverse families of MOFs and TMOs, along with their nanostructured hybrids, are discussed in the context of EC sensing. The review also addresses the challenges in detecting NTMs and proposes a systematic approach to tackle these obstacles. Despite the vast amount of research on MOFs and TMOs-based EC sensors for DA detection, the review highlights the gaps in the literature for MOFs/TMOs-based EC sensors specifically for EP and SR detection, as well as the limited research on microneedles (MNs)-based EC sensors modified with MOFs, TMOs, and MOFs/TMOs for NTMs detection. This review serves as a foundation to encourage researchers to further explore the potential applications of MOFs, TMOs, and MOFs/TMOs-based EC sensors in the context of neurological disorders and other health conditions related to NTMs imbalances.

Optofluidic laser sensor for the detection of dopamine

Dopamine (DA) is a biomarker of many psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Most current DA detection research adopts electrochemical method, which suffers interferences caused by many analogs with similar structures or redox potentials. To realize highly sensitive and selective DA sensing, herein we propose an optofluidic-laser-based DA sensor. Via the competitive adsorption mechanism, rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) is fixed on graphene oxide (GO) and replaced by DA in the sample, with the re-excited Rh6G serving as the gain medium of the optofluidic laser. As the DA concentration increases, more Rh6G is released into the sample, which induces an increase in the relative slope efficiency of the optofluidic laser and a reduction in the laser threshold. Both the relative slope efficiency and threshold attain a suitable linear relationship with the DA concentration within the 5–800 μM range. Under ideal circumstances, the detection limit of the biosensor is 0.3 µM. Moreover, the optofluidic laser-based biosensor achieves favorable selectivity for DA detection, proving the advantages of using optical laser sensors for DA detection in complex samples.

Single-Atom Indium Boosts Electrochemical Dopamine Sensing.

A rational design of high-efficiency electrocatalysts and thus achieving sensitive electrochemical sensing remains a great challenge. In this work, single-atom indium anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon (In1-N-C) with an In-N4 configuration is prepared successfully through a high-temperature annealing strategy; the product can serve as an advanced electrocatalyst for sensitive electrochemical sensing of dopamine (DA). Compared with In nanoparticle catalysts, In1-N-C exhibits high catalytic performance for DA oxidation. The theoretical calculation reveals that In1-N-C has high adsorption energy for hydroxy groups and a low energy barrier in the process of DA oxidation compared to In nanoparticles, indicating that In1-N-C with atomically dispersed In-N4 sites possesses enhanced intrinsic activity. An electrochemical sensor for DA detection is established as a concept application with high sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, we also verify the feasibility of In1-N-C catalysts for the simultaneous detection of uric acid, ascorbic acid, and DA. This work extends the application prospect of p-block metal single-atom catalysts in electrochemical sensing.

Porous NiCoP Nanowire Arrays on the Surface of Ti3C2Tx-Modified Carbon Cloth for Sensitive Determination of Dopamine

Dopamine (DA) is a small biological molecule that causes a variety of diseases when its concentration is abnormal. Therefore, highly sensitive detection of DA is very important for the development of biomedicine and monitoring of human health. Herein, we prepared a carbon cloth (CC)/Ti3C2Tx/NiCoP composite as a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for DA detection. Porous NiCoP was grown on the surface of CC and Ti3C2Tx by hydrothermal and phosphating treatments. The composite integrated the advantages of large specific surface area of zero-dimensional NiCoP quantum dots, rich electrochemical active sites of one-dimensional porous NiCoP nanowires, hydrophilicity of two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, and high conductivity of three-dimensional CC substrates. The sensor has high sensitivity (31.4101 μA μM–1 cm–2), wide detection range (0.17–784.55 μM), low detection limit (0.18 nM), elevated stability, and anti-interference ability. By analyzing the conductivity, hydrophilicity, and electrochemically active surface area of the CC/Ti3C2Tx/NiCoP composite, the reasons for its excellent performances are revealed for DA detection. At present, the research on NiCoP mainly focuses on hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and supercapacitor. This research provides a regulatory strategy for the application of phosphide materials in sensors.

Dopamin ve Ürik Asit Tayini İçin 2-Boyutlu MoSe2 Bazlı Elektrokimyasal Sensör Geliştirilmesi

İki boyutlu (2D) geçiş metal dikalkojenit (TMD) malzemeler sundukları üstün özelliklerden dolayı son yıllarda çok dikkat çekmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, TMD malzemelerin önemli bir üyesi olan molibden diselenür (MoSe2) hidrotermal yöntem ile sentezlenmiş ve çeşitli yöntemlerle yapısal ve morfolojik açıdan incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, MoSe2’ün birkaç katmanlı formda elde edildiğini göstermiştir. MoSe2 daha sonra elektrot modifikasyonunda kullanılmış ve dopamin (DA) ve ürik asitin (UA) eş zamanlı elektrokimyasal tayininde uygulanmıştır. Diferansiyel puls voltametri (DPV) ile gerçekleştirilen tayin çalışmalarından DA için 9.98 – 155 µM arasında ve UA için 19.96 – 310 µM arasında lineer tayin aralıkları belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda, geliştirilen sensör askorbik asit (AA) girişiminden etkilenmemekte, kararlı ve tekrar üretilebilir özelliklere sahiptir.

The high sensitive and selective detection of dopamine based on its electropolymerization by electrochemical surface plasmon resonance

Dopamine (DA) plays vital role in diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disease. It is of high clinical relevance for developing simple, sensitive and selective DA detection method. But the electrochemical detection of DA still faces the problem of insufficient sensitivity, and generally need the complex material synthesis process to realize the selective detection of DA. In this work, we established a simple electrochemical surface plasmon resonance sensor for DA detection based on its electropolymerization property. The main interfering molecules of uric acid and ascorbic acid cannot undergo electropolymerization, while DA can produce polydopamine precipitation on the surface of Au film. The formation of polydopamine precipitation could amplify the SPR signal, and ensures the high selectivity and sensitivity of DA detection. The linear range is 0.01–1000 nM and the detection limit is as low as 1.4 pM. At the same time, this sensor has high selectivity for DA detection even in the presence of 50000-fold higher concentration of ascorbic acid and uric acid. Finally, the sensor was successfully applied to determine DA content in urine samples and DA released from PC12 cells under the stimulation of K+, demonstrating great potential in clinical applications.

Graphene Oxide Decorated Tin Sulphide Quantum Dots for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine and Tyrosine

The current study highlights the design and construction of a sensitive and selective sensor for detection of dopamine and tyrosine using a GO-SnS2 quantum dots by a drop casting method on glassy carbon electrode. Highly porous nano-crystalline GO-SnS2 quantum dots were synthesized by using ultrasonication followed by hydrothermal method in a facile manner. XRD, SEM, XPS, TEM, and pore size distribution techniques were used to characterize the quantum dots that were produced. The newly fabricated electrode was evaluated for EIS (Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), CV (cyclic voltammetry) and chronoamperometric methods. The observed limit of detection of dopamine was observed to be 26 nM. High selectivity and sensitivity were observed for electrochemical detection of dopamine and tyrosine.

Hydrophilic antifouling 3D porous MXene/holey graphene nanocomposites for electrochemical determination of dopamine

Dopamine (DA) detection is essential for diagnosis and evaluation of diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer and schizophrenia. However, conventional electrochemical sensors are vulnerable to biofouling in complex biological fluids, which leads to significant decrease in sensor performance. Ti3C2Tx MXene, a novel 2D material with excellent conductivity and hydrophilicity, is a potential antifouling material for electrodes. But oxidation can strongly influence the performance of MXene. In this work, an antifouling electrochemical sensor for DA detection was fabricated by combining MXene and holey graphene (HG). Multilayer MXene (M−MXene) and single-layer MXene (S-MXene) were combined with HG to form a 3D porous network. HG not only prevented the restacking of MXene but it also improved the stability of MXene. Owing to the excellent conductivity and large surface area, S-MXene/HG modified electrode had a fast electron transfer and excellent electrocatalytic activity for DA compared with M−MXene/HG. Furthermore, S-MXene/HG possessed higher surface hydrophilicity and enhanced biofouling resistance than M−MXene/HG and HG modified electrode. S-MXene sensor displayed excellent analytical performance for DA and antifouling ability in complex fluids. It offers new promising possibilities for its clinical application.

Barium Titanate Nanocubes as a Dual Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Dopamine and Acetaminophen

In the present work, we report on the development of a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for the rapid detection of dopamine, and acetaminophen molecules based on barium titanate nanocubes deposited on a glassy carbon electrode. The as-synthesized barium titanate nanocubes were characterized using X-ray diffraction measurements, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The electrochemical performances of the as synthesised nanomaterials were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. A linear response was exhibited by the modified electrode for both dopamine, and acetaminophen in the range 10–100 μM, and the detection limit (S/N=3) was calculated to be 0.35 μM, 0.23 μM respectively. Under the optimised conditions, highly stable, sensitive, selective, and reproducible performances were exhibited by the electrochemical sensor. Furthermore, the as developed sensor also showed acceptable recoveries for the analysis of real samples.

Direct and Sensitive Detection of Dopamine Using Carbon Quantum Dots Based Refractive Index Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor.

Abnormality of dopamine (DA), a vital neurotransmitter in the brain’s neuronal pathways, causes several neurological diseases. Rapid and sensitive sensors for DA detection are required for early diagnosis of such disorders. Herein, a carbon quantum dot (CQD)-based refractive index surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor was designed. The sensor performance was evaluated for various concentrations of DA. Increasing DA levels yielded blue-shifted SPR dips. The experimental findings revealed an excellent sensitivity response of 0.138°/pM in a linear range from 0.001 to 100 pM and a high binding affinity of 6.234 TM−1. The effects of varied concentrations of DA on the optical characteristics of CQD thin film were further proved theoretically. Increased DA levels decreased the thickness and real part of the refractive index of CQD film, according to fitting results. Furthermore, the observed reduction in surface roughness using AFM demonstrated that DA was bound to the sensor layer. This, in turn, explained the blue shift in SPR reflectance curves. This optical sensor offers great potential as a trustworthy solution for direct measurement due to its simple construction, high sensitivity, and other sensing features.

Microwave-assisted facile synthesis of layered reduced graphene oxide-tungsten disulfide sandwiched Fe3O4 nanocomposite as effective and sensitive sensor for detection of dopamine

The exceptional properties of two-dimensional (2D) organic/inorganic layered materials make them a promising candidate for use in electrochemical sensing application. In this research study, the combination of two different layered materials as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets and tungsten disulfide (WS2) separated by Fe3O4 nanoparticles, have been synthesized by microwave irradiation method for the detection of dopamine. Microwave-assisted synthesis of heterostructure rGO-WS2@Fe3O4 nanocomposite is a simple, cost-effective, high-yield and short-reaction time approach. The phase formation, surface morphology and structural properties of the nanocomposite show that the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in between separated layers of rGO and WS2 nanosheets prevent the agglomeration of nanoparticles as well as the restacking of the 2D layered materials. Due to well-defined morphologies and crystallinity, as-synthesized rGO-WS2@Fe3O4 nanocomposite was used as an efficient biosensor for the detection of dopamine, a neurotransmitter. The rGO-WS2@Fe3O4 nanocomposite was found to show a low limit of detection (LOD) i.e., 2.74 μM with the sensitivity of 3.18 μA μM−1 cm−2 for dopamine at a low potential of 0.2 V. Therefore, it is expected that the microwave-assisted cost-effective route can be developed for rGO combined with other inorganic layered materials to design electrochemical sensors for the determination of biological and pharmaceutical samples.

Carboxyl functionalized graphene oxide based electrochemical sensor for detection of dopamine in presence of ascorbic acid, uric acid and synthetic cerebrospinal fluid

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter and plays a vital role in the proper functioning of human metabolism. Therefore, fabrication of a sensitive sensor for the detection of dopamine is crucial. The work reports detection of dopamine in presence of interfering ascorbic acid, uric acid, Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , urea and glucose. The linear range for the detection of dopamine is observed from 1.07×10 -4 M to 2.19×10 -4 M in presence of 1.00×10 -3 M ascorbic acid and 1.00×10 -3 M uric acid. The detection limit is estimated to be 1.46×10 -8 M.

A visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical sensing platform based on the BiVO4/FeOOH photoanode for dopamine detection

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) analysis technique provides a unique route for sensitive biomolecular detection. In this paper, a novel visible-light-driven PEC sensor for detection of dopamine (DA) was fabricated based on ultrathin FeOOH cocatalyst modified nanoporous BiVO4 photoanode. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique was employed to characterize the photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared photoanodes surfaces, and the first-order heterogenous electron transfer rate constants (Keff) were evaluated, which further revealed the photocatalytic performance of the modified photoanodes in water oxidation and the PEC sensing mechanism. A remarkable water oxidation photocurrent on the ITO/BiVO4/FeOOH photoanode could be achieved and served as anodic photocurrent of blank sample for PEC sensing dopamine (DA), which showed linearly range of 0.2–40 μM and 40–1400 μM with a detection limit of 0.09 μM. This method showed simplicity, high sensitivity and selectivity, high stability and wide linearity range, which provided a promising platform for the development of PEC sensor and offered an insight into the exploitation of BiVO4-based photolysis water materials for PEC bioanalytical purposes.