Sensitive Detection Of Hydrazine Research Articles

D-π-A Carbzazole Based Reactive Cyano-Substituted C = C bond Probe for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Hydrazine in Aqueous Media.

This work established a newly designed and synthesized carbazole N-phenyl π-conjugated vinyl malononitrile (CPM) fluorescent sensor, which showed typical and remarkable redshift emission properties with different polarity index solvents. Investigative probe CPM is colorimetric and fluorimetric ultrafast and ultrasensitive detection of hazardous hydrazine in an aqueous medium. Furthermore, CPM showed colorimetric and fluorometric responses to interference tests with other amines and high selectivity for detecting hydrazine without interference with other amines in colorimetric and fluorimetric methods. This probe CPM for hydrazine was as low as the lower detection limit value of 2.21 × 10- 8 M. The probe CPM expects significant attention due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness in detecting hazardous hydrazine. UV-vis, PL, NMR, and MS spectra confirmed the mechanism of probe CPM detection of hazardous hydrazine. However, making a piece test kit attractive for practical hydrazine vapor leak-detection applications is easy. This study can be applied to many pipeline gas transmission industries and transportation facility sectors.

A paper-based colorimetric sensor using Au/Ag nanocages for sensitive detection of hydrazine in water samples by smartphone

In this work, Au/Ag nanocages have been used as an effective platform for sensitive colorimetric detection of hydrazine. By adding hydrazine together with silver ions to the hollow Au/Ag nanocages, they undergo a morphological transformation to closed nanoboxes. This leads to a noticeable blue shift in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak position and a distinct color change from blue to purple in the solution. The extent of shift in the LSPR peak of the Au/Ag nanocages exhibited a direct correlation with the concentration of hydrazine within the range of 0.1 to 10.0 µM. The limit of detection (LOD) achieved was 0.03 µM, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.7% at a concentration of 0.5 µM. Furthermore, we developed a paper-based sensor with smartphone readout for hydrazine detection within the range of 0.5 to 10.0 µM, with an LOD of 0.3 µM and an RSD of 3.3% at a concentration of 2.0 µM. The effectiveness of the sensor was successfully demonstrated in the analysis of hydrazine in environmental samples. This is the first time that Au/Ag nanocages are used for simple paper-based assay. With its high sensitivity, low cost, and rapid analysis time, this method offers a promising solution for the quantitative measurement of hydrazine in environmental samples by portable paper-based test strips.

Coumarin-based fluorescent probe synthesized by one-step reaction for sensitive detection of hydrazine and its application

Abstract A coumarin-derivative fluorescent probe 3-(2-naphthyl)-7-acetoxycoumarin (TTAM) for hydrazine detection was successfully designed and synthesized. Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry showed that the nucleophilic substitution that occurred between hydrazine and the acyl oxide group of TTAM led to the probe fluorescence intensity increasing significantly and a remarkable color change that could be distinguished by using the naked eye. The reaction could be finished in 120 s and the detection limit was only 3.1 × 10−8 M. Moreover, a simple test paper was successfully developed that could be applied for the rapid detection of hydrazine in water samples.

Highly sensitive hydrazine detection through a novel Raman scattering quenching mechanism enabled by a crystalline and noble metal-free polyoxometalate substrate

In the field of Raman spectroscopy detection, the quest for a non-noble metal, recyclable, and highly sensitive detection substrate is of utmost importance. In this work, a new crystalline and noble metal-free substrate of [Bi(DMF)8][PMo12O40] (Bi-PMo12) is designed, which is composed of [PMo12O40]3− and solvated [Bi(DMF)8]3+ cations. Mechanistic studies have revealed that Raman scattering quenching phenomenon arises from two main factors. Firstly, it arises from the absorption of the scattered light due to the transition of a single electron in the reduced state of MoV between 4d orbitals. Secondly, after the interaction between the substrate and hydrazine, the surface undergoes varying degrees of roughening, leading to an impact on the scattered light intensity. These two effects collectively contribute to the detection of low concentrations of N2H4. As a result, Bi-PMo12 opens up a novel Raman scattering quenching mechanism to realize the detection of reduced N2H4 small molecules. A remarkably low detection limit of 4.5 × 10−9 ppm for N2H4 is achieved on the Bi-PMo12 substrate. This detection has a lower concentration than the currently known SERS detection of N2H4. Moreover, Bi-PMo12 can be recovered and reused through recrystallization, achieving a recovery rate of up to ca. 51%. This study reveals the underlying potential of crystalline polyoxometalate materials in the field of Raman detection, thus opening up new avenues for highly sensitive analysis using Raman techniques.

Exploring alkyl-diamine chain length effects on electrochemical behavior of AuNPs fabricated electrodes: Influence of linkers on the sensitive detection of hydrazine

In this electrochemical exploration, we scrutinized the influence of alkyl-diamine (AD) chain length as crucial linkers between glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) and citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (Cit-AuNPs), focusing on their conductive behavior and sensing proficiency, particularly in hydrazine detection. Meticulous examination of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed by three distinct ADs, namely 1,6-hexanediamine (HDA), 1,8-octanediamine (ODA) and 1,10-decanediamine (DDA) unfolded over GC surfaces revealed a precise adherence to Langmuir adsorption kinetics during the SAM formation process. Utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the electrochemical activity of the [Ru(NH₃)₆]³⁺/²⁺ redox pair at electrodes modified with ADs was investigated. The proposed mechanism involves a Michael-like nucleophilic addition process at the GC surface/diamine solution interface during the SAM formation. Analysis across various techniques underscored the compact nature of the DDA-formed SAM in comparison to HDA and ODA. Exploiting the free amine functional groups on the SAMs, the as-synthesized Cit-AuNPs were attached on the electrode surface and investigated comprehensively through CV, EIS, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Remarkably, Cit-AuNPs attached DDA-SAM/GC electrode offered superior electro active surface area, establishing an advanced electrochemical platform for carcinogenic hydrazine determination. The DDA/Cit-AuNPs electrode demonstrated a linear determination range of 0.003–1 mM, limits of detection at 11 nM, and sensitivity of 1080 µA mM−1 cm−2. This study gives a complete picture of how AD chain lengths, SAM formation, Cit-AuNPs attachment, and electrocatalytic performance work together to make an advanced electrochemical sensing scaffold for environmental pollutants determination.

Unique Reaction-Based Polynorbornene Sensing Probes for Ultrasensitive Detection of Hydrazine in Both Environmental and Biological Systems.

Hydrazine-mediated formation of 1,4-phthalazinedione analogues from phthalimide-like components has been utilized to formulate fluorescent probe NorTh. A turn-on fluorescent process has been evaluated to detect hydrazine in a highly selective manner by a small molecular probe NorTh and its homopolymer Poly-NorTh. Both these probes have been evaluated as excellent candidates for nanomolar level detection of hydrazine with a time frame of <15 min, which is rapid in terms of real application. Due to the reaction-based detection process, we have achieved high selectivity for our probes toward the identification of hydrazine in the presence of metal ions, anions, amino acids, and various amines. Limit of detection values are 16 and 35 nM for NorTh and Poly-NorTh, respectively, which are well below the permissible limit given by WHO and EPA. Poly-NorTh has been utilized to detect hydrazine in environmental water samples, soil samples, and biological samples to establish the applicability of our probes in real-field scenarios. We introduce an easy-to-synthesize, cheap, and small molecular probe and its polymer for ultrafast, highly selective, and sensitive detection of hydrazine in all possible mediums to counter the hydrazine toxicity through fluorescence turn-on signal output.

A responsive organic probe based photoelectrochemical sensor for hydrazine detection

This study developed a new photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor for the detection of the hydrazine (N2H4, HZ) based on a donor-π-bridge-acceptor (D-π-A) configuration organic photoactive dye (Dye-HZ). The dye was covalently immobilized on an FTO/TiO2 (FTO: fluorine-doped tin oxide) substrate, resulting in a photoanode FTO/TiO2/Dye-HZ that exhibits a specific PEC response to N2H4. Hydrazine reacts with the acetyl group in the Dye-HZ molecule, leading to its removal and the formation of a hydroxy group. The hydroxy group dissociates a hydrogen ion, forming a phenoxide anion with strong electron-donating characteristics. As a result, the dye molecule exhibits a strong intramolecular charge transfer effect, significantly enhancing absorbance and photoelectric response under visible light irradiation, leading to a remarkable increase in photocurrent and enabling highly sensitive detection of hydrazine. Furthermore, the PEC sensor demonstrates excellent selectivity and can be applied for the detection of hydrazine in real water samples. This study presents an innovative PEC sensing approach for hydrazine based on responsive photoactive molecules, providing new insights for PEC detection of other environmental pollutants.

Cinnamyl Chalcone Based AIE Fluorescent Probes for Sensitive Detection of Hydrazine and its Application in Living Cells.

Widely utilized in the chemical industry and agriculture, hydrazine is easily absorbed by living things and can cause physical harm when in touch for an extended period of time. As a result, a novel cinnamaldehyde chalcone C5 was produced by Friedel Crafts process and aldol condensation reaction. Triphenylamine was used as the raw material for hydrazine determination in both reactions. Chalcone C5 exhibits significant AIE behavior in a mixed mixture of ethanol and water in addition to having great selectivity and a low detection limit (0.119nm) for hydrazine. The solvent effect test revealed a linear relationship between the Stokes shift of C5 in the solvent and the rise in solvent orientation polarization. It is important to note that C5 is not harmful to MCF-7 cells, mouse kidney cells, or pig kidney cells. Furthermore, research on cell imaging has demonstrated that probe C5 may be utilized to image the fluorescence of hydrazine in active MCF-7 cells.

Sensitive hydrazine detection and quantification with a fluorescent benzothiadiazole sensor: selective lipid droplets and in vivo imaging.

In this work, we describe the design, synthesis, characterization, photophysical evaluation, DFT calculations, and application of two novel fluorescent benzothiadiazole (BTD) sensors for hydrazine detection and quantification at the cellular and multicellular (in vivo) levels. The two probes were fully characterized, and their photophysical properties were evaluated. We tested the designed fluorogenic dye (named BTD-CHO) as a selective sensor for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of hydrazine. When treated with N2H4, the probe affords a new derivative named BTD-HZN, releasing water as the only byproduct. BTD-CHO exhibited a preference for lipid droplets (LDs) and accumulated inside these organelles. Hydrazine detection in LDs could be carried out by the in situ formation of BTD-HZN inside live cells. We efficiently visualized the lipids of a challenging cellular model, microalgae (Chlorella sorokiniana), using these sensors. In vivo experiments indicated rapid and efficient detection of the analyte using C. elegans and zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the multicellular models.

Self-assembled ZnO microspheres coated with carbon dot-doped CoNi LDH wrinkled films as electrochemical sensors for highly sensitive detection of hydrazine.

In this study, a 3D surface-folded composite was prepared in situ as a hydrazine sensor by loading a hybrid film of CoNi-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with nitrogen-doped carbon dots on self-assembled ZnO microspheres. The nanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the electrochemical behavior of the sensors was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), amperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that ZnO microspheres with nitrogen-doped carbon dots strongly coupled with LDHs can significantly reduce the charge transfer resistance, accelerate the oxidation kinetics of hydrazine, and effectively increase the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA). The sensor achieved ultra-sensitive (13 040 μA mM-1 cm-2 (S/N = 3)) detection of hydrazine in the concentration range of 0.7 μM to 4 mM, exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility and high stability, and was successfully applied to the determination of hydrazine in actual environmental water samples and landfill leachate samples.

Acid-base responsive multifunctional poly(formyl sulfide)s through a facile catalyst-free click polymerization of aldehyde-activated internal diynes and dithiols.

Acid-base equilibria play a critical role in biological processes and environmental systems. The development of innovative fluorescent polymeric materials to monitor acid-base equilibria is highly desirable. Herein, a novel catalyst-free click polymerization of aldehyde-activated internal diynes and dithiols was established, and exclusively Markovnikov poly(formyl sulfide)s (PFSs) with high molecular weights and moderate stereoregularity were produced in high yields. Because of the aromatic units and sulfur atoms in their main chains, these polymers possessed high refractive index values. By introducing the fluorene and aldehyde moieties, the resulting PFSs could act as a fluorescent sensor for sensitive hydrazine detection. Taking advantage of the reaction of the aldehyde group and hydrazine, imino-PFSs with remarkable and reversible fluorescence change through alternating fumigation with HCl and NH3 were easily acquired and further applied in multicolor patterning, a rewritable material and quadruple-mode information encryption. Additionally, a test strip of protonated imino-polymer for the tracking of bioamines in situ generated from marine product spoilage was also demonstrated. Collectively, this work not only provides a powerful click polymerization to enrich the multiplicity of sulfur-containing materials, but also opens up enormous opportunities for these functional polysulfides in diverse applications.

A flavonol-derived fluorescent probe for highly specific and sensitive detection of hydrazine in actual environmental samples and living zebrafish

Hydrazine (N2H4) is a significant chemical reagent and widely applied in industrial field, which can bring potential risk to environmental safety and human health due to its high toxicity and potential carcinogenicity. In this paper, a flavonol-derived fluorescent probe named TB-N2H4 was rationally developed for detecting N2H4 based on the excited intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) principle. TB-N2H4 exhibited a remarkable fluorescence turn-on response toward N2H4 with a large Stokes shift of 191 nm. Moreover, TB-N2H4 could selectively recognize N2H4 over other competitive analytes, and displayed high sensitivity toward N2H4 with a low detection limit of 0.117 μM. The sensing mechanism of the probe TB-N2H4 for N2H4 was confirmed by theoretical calculation and HRMS analysis. This probe was able to quantitatively determine N2H4 in environmental water and soil samples. Additionally, TB-N2H4 was also successfully utilized for real-time tracking of the distribution of N2H4 in living zebrafish.

Coumarin functionalized cellulose-based fluorescent probe for detection of hydrazine and its applications in environmental analysis

Hydrazine is a kind of widely used chemical reagent, which has the harmfulness to human health and ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of hydrazine. In this work, a novel cellulose-based fluorescent probe (ACBC-CA) was rationally developed for the selective and sensitive detection of hydrazine. ACBC-CA was synthesized by using cellulose acetate as skeleton and coumarin-based derivative as the fluorophore. ACBC-CA exhibited a significant “turn-on” fluorescence response to hydrazine, accompanied by a distinct fluorescence color change from colorless to bright yellow. The detection limit of ACBC-CA for hydrazine was calculated to be 1.2 × 10−7 M. Furthermore, ACBC-CA was successfully applied to determine hydrazine in real environmental water and soil samples.

Facile pyrolysis synthesis of Pt-PtFe nanoparticles/3D porous N-doped carbon nanoflowers for highly sensitive detection of hydrazine and bisphenol A

It is still challenging for synthesis of advanced nanomaterials and explores their electrocatalytic detection of hydrazine (N2H4) and bisphenol A (BPA). Herein, Pt-PtFe nanoparticles/three-dimensional (3D) porous N-doped carbon nanoflowers (Pt-PtFe/N-CNFs) were successfully prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis. The structures and properties of the nanocomposite were strictly investigated by various characterization techniques. The Pt-PtFe/N-CNFs displayed high-efficiency electrocatalytic activity for oxidation of N2H4 and BPA. Under the optimal conditions, the Pt-PtFe/N-CNFs based sensor exhibited the wide linear ranges: 0.5–559.5 μM and 559.5–2659.5 μM for detection of N2H4 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.19 μM (S/N = 3), coupled with a broad scope of 0.3–70 μM and a LOD of 0.043 μM for BPA. The developed sensor has promising applications in environmental and industrial samples.

Robust ERα-Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Selective Hydrazine Imaging in Breast Cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and may become worse when a high concentration of hydrazine is absorbed from the environment or drug metabolite. Therefore, rapid and sensitive detection of hydrazine in vivo is beneficial for people's health. In this work, a novel estrogen receptor α (ERα)-targeted near-infrared fluorescence probe was designed to detect hydrazine levels. The probe showed good ERα affinity and an excellent fluorescence response toward hydrazine. Selectivity experiments demonstrated that the probe had a strong anti-interference ability. Mechanistic studies, including mass spectrometry (MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, indicated that intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) progress was hindered when the probe reacted with hydrazine, resulting in fluorescent quenching. In addition, the probe could selectively bind to MCF-7 breast cancer cells with excellent biocompatibility. The in vivo and ex vivo imaging studies demonstrated that the probe could rapidly visualize hydrazine with high contrast in MCF-7 xenograft tumors. Therefore, this probe can serve as a potential tool to robustly monitor hydrazine levels in vivo.

Constructing and electrochemical performance of AuNPs decorated MIL-53 (Fe, Ni) MOFs–derived nanostructures for highly sensitive hydrazine detection

A novel hydrazine electrochemical sensor with superior sensing capabilities was fabricated by using electrodepositing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the surface of MIL-53 (Fe, Ni) MOFs–derived nanostructures on nickel foam (NF) supporter by solvothermal method. The crystal phase, morphology structure, surface elemental composition and chemical state of AuNPs decorated NiFe2O4/NF products were studied using different characteristic techniques. To improve the electrochemical performances, various parameters of the AuNPs@NiFe2O4/NF sensor were systematically optimized to encompass the reaction time, deposition content of Au NPs and PBS solution pH. Our results demonstrate that the as-fabricated electrochemical sensor based on Au90NPs@NiFe2O4/NF presents excellent electrochemical performances, which includes high sensitivity with 9220 μA·mM−1·cm−2, a wide linear range of 0.3–150 μM and within a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.05 μM, good selectivity as well as reliable stability and reproducibility. Meanwhile, it is feasible to apply the developed Au90NPs@NiFe2O4/NF sensor for highly sensitive hydrazine detection in the tap water with recoveries between 97.2 and 104.2%. The measured RSD is less than 2.77%, which exhibits high potential for the sensor’s practical applications.

Electrochemical sensitive detection of hydrazine through cobalt-doped cerium oxide nanostructured platform

Chemically synthesized cobalt-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2: Co NPs) were successfully prepared by complexed based co-precipitation process. The structural, morphological, chemical composition, optical properties, and electrocatalytic properties were determined by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), UV/visible absorption spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Owing to the wide-spread applications of CeO2 NPs in various fields of applied material sciences, transition metal ion-doped CeO2: Co NPs exhibited excellent electrocatalytic properties. Outstanding physiochemical properties of CeO2, such as reversible oxidation states, high ionic mobility, large oxygen storage ability, effective large specific surface area, and the excellent current response, were observed in the electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine. The presence of transition metal ions (cobalt) improves the oxidation potential of hydrazine. Cyclic voltammetry was analog with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results, which revealed the enhanced with rapid sensing response against hydrazine. The electrocatalytic results of the CeO2: Co NPs electrode exhibited excellent voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy performance towards the hydrazine oxidation. The fabricated chemical sensor shows a wide linear detection range from 7.18 to 1000 µM, a low detection limit 7.2 µM, and sensitivity of 2.42 µAmLµM−1 cm−2. The fabricated sensing electrode demonstrated long-term steadiness, resulting in high sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability/reproducibility, and rapid detection of hydrazine.

Electrochemical sensor based on nitrogen-enriched metal–organic framework for selective and sensitive detection of hydrazine and hydrogen peroxide

The fabrication of novel sensors for the selective and sensitive detection of hazardous analytes is of great significance. Herein, we describe the development of a nitrogen-doped Co metal–organic framework-based material (N-Co-MOF) for the selective electrochemical detection of hydrazine (HZ) and hydrogen peroxide (HP). The as-synthesized material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. N-Co-MOF displayed uniform rhombic dodecahedron morphology with high surface area (1585.51 m2 g−1) and superior activity for the electrochemical detection of HZ and HP. The designed sensor showed wide linear ranges of 20–380 and 10–190 µM with low detection limits of 0.072 and 0.04 µM for the detection of HZ and HP, respectively. The introduction of hetero atoms improved the dispersion stability and electrocatalytic activity. This result may pioneer the development of PVP-assisted MOF materials for the electrochemical detection of hazardous analytes.

Phthalimide conjugation turns the AIE-active tetraphenylethylene unit non-emissive: its use in turn-on sensing of hydrazine in solution and the solid- and vapour-phase.

Hydrazine is a vital precursor used in several pharmaceuticals and pesticide industries and upon exposure can cause severe health hazards. Herein, a new AIEgen, tetraphenylethylene phthalimide (TPE-PMI), is synthesized in a one-step solvent-free mechanochemical approach exploiting the simple condensation between TPE-NH2 and phthalic anhydride and used for the selective and sensitive detection of hydrazine. TPE-PMI with an AIE-active TPE-moiety is non-emissive in the solid phase by design. Hydrazine performs the cleavage of TPE-PMI in a typical “Gabriel synthesis” pathway to release AIE-active TPE-NH2 in an aqueous solution to emit blue fluorescence. A gradual rise in fluorescence intensity at 462 nm was due to the increasing hydrazine concentration and TPE-PMI showed a linear relationship with hydrazine in the concentration range from 0.2 to 3 μM. The selectivity study confirmed that the probe is inert to amines, amino acids, metal anions, anions and even common oxidants and reductants. The detection limit is 6.4 ppb which is lower than the US Environmental Protection Agency standard (10 ppb). The practical utilities of TPE-PMI were successfully demonstrated through quantitative detection of hydrazine vapour on solid platforms like paper strips and TLC plates. Furthermore, on-site detection of hydrazine in the solid phase was demonstrated by spiking the soil samples with measured quantities of hydrazine and quantitation through image analysis. This cost-effective sensing tool was successfully utilized in in vitro detection of hydrazine in live HeLa cells.

Highly Sensitive Hydrazine Detection Using a Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanosheet-based Field-Effect Transistor

Hydrazine, a highly toxic compound, is used worldwide in industries as a reducing agent for numerous applications. It has a harmful effect on humans and the environment; therefore, advanced analytical techniques are utilized to monitor hydrazine levels to minimize exposure. In this work, we report the fabrication of vertically oriented ZnO nanosheets based solution-gated field-effect transistor (FET) sensor for the low concentration detection of hydrazine. The ZnO nanosheets between source-drain electrodes were encapsulated with Nafion matrix to enhance stability and selectivity during hydrazine detection. The ZnO nanosheets-based solution-gated FET sensor’s sensing properties are compared with and without different concentrations of hydrazine in buffer solution. Conductance of the solution-gated FET hydrazine sensor showed substantial change upon addition of different concentrations of hydrazine. The fabricated hydrazine sensor exhibits high sensitivity (12150 μA μM−1 cm−2) in the linear response range of 5–110 nM. The low detection limit (∼1.2 nM; signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3), high sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility are due to the direct growth of nanosheets that provide the controlled morphology and enhanced surface area. Besides, solution-gated FET hydrazine sensor was successfully applied to detect hydrazine in water samples for practical validation of developed hydrazine sensors.