Semi-auto Analyzer Research Articles

Food-drug interaction and pharmacokinetic study between fruit extract of Capsicum frutescens L. and glimepiride in diabetic rats

BackgroundThe present study was designed to explore the food-drug and pharmacokinetic interaction between C.frutescens, a culinary herb on hypoglycemic activity of glimepiride, a sulfonyl urea derivative used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes) in diabetic rats in combination of each as single doses for one day. Further it is also aimed to study the effect of AQEFCF on antidiabetic effect of glimepiride by repeated dose treatment of AQEFCF for 8 days followed by single dose of Glimepiride in diabetic rats and also with repeated dose treatment of both drugs for 8 days in diabetic rats.MethodsAcute toxicity study was conducted as per OECD guidelines 425, as per this study maximum 2000 mg/kg dose was given to albino mice as observed for mortality of the aqueous extract of C.frutescens. Later in order to know the dose dependent action three doses were selected (1/5th,1/10th and 1/20th) for antidiabetic study. Before treatment with either AQEFCF or Glimepiride fasting ‘0’ blood samples were collected and serum glucose levels were analysed by GOD-POD method using semi-auto analyser. AQEFCF (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) glimepiride 1/2TD, TD and 2TD (0.036, 0.072 and 0.144 mg/200 g p.o) were administered orally alone as well as in combination i.e. AQEFCF as single dose followed by a single dose of glimepiride 30 min later in Phase I. In II Phase repeated doses of AQEFCF for 8 days followed by a single dose of glimepiride (30 min later) on 8th day. In Phase III both the drugs are administered as single doses for 8 days in the same group of diabetic rats. After the treatment serum glucose levels were determined in all the groups of rats at prefixed time intervals i.e.; 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 24 h.ResultsBoth AQEFCF and glimepiride when administered as single doses produced a dose dependent antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats. The combination of AQEFCF and glimepiride at the different dose levels has shown an better antidiabetic effect. AQEFCF augmented the effect of glimepiride in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.ConclusionIt has been concluded that no significant food drug interaction occurred between AQEFCF of C. frutescence and glimepiride either single dose or combination of repeated doses. Empirical evidences clears that there is also no pharmacokinetic interaction also observed.

Estimation of Copper and Zinc Levels in Oral Cancer Patients

Backgroun: Prevalence of oral cancer is high in India , other Asian countries, Brazil and France. Micro nutrients like copper and zinc are increasingly recognized for their role during the onset and progression of pre malignant and malignant oral lesions. Aim -To determine serum levels of copper and zinc among oral cancer patients Objective -To estimate and compare the serum levels of copper and zinc in healthy and cancer patients and to derive Cu/Zn ratio, to establish a possible relationship between micro nutrients and oral cancer. Materials and Method - 25 patients clinically diagnosed with oral cancer (study group) and 25 healthy individuals (control group) in the age group of 30-50 years were included in the study. Blood samples were collected and serum copper and zinc values for both cancer and control group were estimated using ERBA CHEM 5 semi auto analyser. Mean and standard deviation of serum copper and zinc values for both the groups were determined and compared. . Results- Significantly higher values (p <0.04) were noted for serum copper level (mean value 249.39 ± 58.3 µg/dl ) for study group compared to control group ( 123.95 ± 16.2 µg/dl ). However there was no significant difference in serum zinc values between both the groups. Cu /Zn ratio of 1.43 and 2.86 for control and study group respectively was derived from the above estimated value Conclusion -Mean serum copper value in study group was significantly higher than in the control group mean may be considered as a biological marker for oral cancers.

Association between serum micronutrient levels and febrile seizures among febrile children in Southern India: A case control study

BackgroundFebrile seizures are prevalent in children. Interactions between the neurotransmitters and micronutrients levels in the biological fluids have been implicated in its occurrence. ObjectiveTo assess the serum copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) levels in febrile children and to evaluate their association with febrile seizures. MethodsThe study included 35 children with febrile seizures as cases and 35 children with febrile illnesses without seizures as controls. Children between six months to five years were included in the study group. The serum Cu, Mg and Zn levels were analyzed by the semi-auto analyzer. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 25.0. ResultThe median age for the febrile seizure was 24 (IQR: 12–36) months with male preponderance of 65.7%. The median serum copper and magnesium levels were increased and decreased significantly (p < 0.001), among febrile seizure children in comparison to the control group. Median serum zinc levels in the febrile seizure group were less but were not statistically significant (p = 0.626). Higher serum levels of copper had higher odds of seizures (OR: 22.67; 95% CI: 2.73–495.98; p < 0.0001) and lower levels of magnesium had higher odds of seizures (OR: 29.41; 95% CI: 6.90–142.86; p < 0.0001). Serum copper levels had sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 71% respectively in predicting febrile seizure at a cutoff value of ≥19.55 μmol/L. ConclusionIncreased serum copper levels and decreased serum magnesium levels were significantly associated with febrile seizures. A threshold value of serum copper levels ≥19.55 μmol/L is associated with a febrile seizure.

Comparison of test performance of biochemical parameters in semiautomatic method and fully automatic analyzer method.

Background:The primary health-care center (PHC) and community health center (CHC) are not well equipped with laboratory services. Semiauto analyzer-based reporting could be an effective modality, provided that the performance standard is comparable to that of the fully automatic analyzer. So, the objective of this study was to analyze the test results of biochemical parameters in semiauto and fully automatic analyzer and to compare the quality performance.Materials and Methods:One hundred forty-nine patients undergoing routine biochemical investigations in the department laboratory were enrolled in this study. Two millimeter of venous blood was collected from all the participants and processed for urea, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) (aspartate aminotransferase), and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (alanine aminotransferase) by using standard kits (ERBA) in semiauto analyzer (Transasia Erba Chem5X by Calbiotech Inc. USA, semiautomated clinical chemistry analyzer) and the fully automatic analyzer (Cobas Integra 400 Roche, Germany) method.Results:There was high variability in the distribution of urea, TG, SGOT, and SGPT values in both measurement methods, whereas cholesterol data followed a normal distribution (skewness: 1.522, 1.037; kurtosis: 2.373, 0.693 in semiauto and automated methods, respectively). A significant positive correlation between both the methods of assessment was observed in urea, cholesterol, TGs, SGOT, and SGPT. The mean difference for urea was –9.85 ± 23.997 (LOA: 37.189, –56.88), whereas it was highest for TG –24.34 ± 38.513 (LOA: 51.144, –99.829), suggesting that both methods can measure urea with less difference in absolute values, whereas for TG the measurement values are highly variable.Conclusion:The test performance of biochemical parameters such as urea, total cholesterol, TGs, SGOT, and SGPT taken by semiauto analyzer and fully automatic analyzer method of assessment were highly related and comparable.

Hepatoprotective agents as calcium channel blockers in paracetamol-induced and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity models (curative method) in rats

Background It has been reported that accumulation of Ca++ ions in the cells causes depletion of mitochondrial respiration and ATP, synthesis leading to cell death. Furthermore, it has also been reported that paracetamol and alcohol produce hepatotoxicity by facilitating accumulation of excess Ca++ in hepatocytes. Ca++ channel blockers block the entry of Ca++ into the cells. Hence, the present study is planned to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of Ca++ channel blockers in the aforementioned models. Objective The aim was to study the hepatoprotective activity of three Ca++ channel blockers, namely, lercanidipine 1/4th TD (0.09 mg), ½ TD (0.18 mg) and 1TD (0.36 mg); felodipine 1/4 TD (0.045 mg), ½ TD (0.09 mg), and 1TD (0.18 mg); and isradipine ¼ TD (0.0225 mg), medium 1/2 TD (0.045 mg), and 1TD (0.09 mg), with three selected doses in paracetamol-induced and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats with curative aspects. Materials and methods The hepatoprotective activity of Ca++ channel blockers is evaluated in PCM- (2 g/kg) and ALC-(3.76 g/kg) induced hepatotoxic models in rats. The study recorded thiopental-induced sleeping time; physical parameters like liver weight and liver volume; and biochemical parameters, like alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, and total protein, which were estimated by using a semiauto analyzer. Silymarin is used as a standard reference drug in both the paracetamol-induced and alcohol-induced hepatotoxic models. Standard drug silymarin produced a significant hepatoprotective activity. Results Ca++ channel blockers too at three different doses as mentioned before with curative aspect produced a significant hepatoprotective activity in paracetamol-induced and alcohol-induced hepatotoxic models. Ca++ channel blockers cured the hepatotoxic effects of both paracetamol and alcohol in rats and offered hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion Lercanidipine, felodipine, and isradipine exhibited a significant hepatoprotective activity in both paracetamol-induced and alcohol-induced hepatotoxic models in rats.

A Study to Assess and Correlate Serum Lipid Profile with Reaction Time in Healthy Individuals.

Dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension contribute to the risk of cognitive disorder and dementia. However very few and conflicting results are available with respect to the impact of lipoprotein ratios on cognitive functions in healthy individuals. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the association of lipid profile and its ratios with reaction time in young healthy individuals. 89 individuals (54 male and 35 female) with mean age of 31.20 ± 3.19years were selected for this observational study conducted at AIIMS Rishikesh and written consent was obtained. TC, TG, HDL were measured by semi auto analyzer following the manufacturers' instruction and LDL was calculated by Friedewald formula. Reaction time (simple and choice reaction time) was assessed using a software package, Deary-Liewald reaction time task. Association of various parameters was calculated by pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS version 23.0. Reaction time showed significant negative association with BMI (r = - 0.323, p = 0.002) in total study participants as well as with TG (r = - 0.440, p = 0.008) and TG/HDL (r = - 0.402, p = 0.025) in female individuals. From this study, it could be concluded that TG/HDL ratio, the superlative predictor of concomitant presence of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome may be considered as a biomarker for assessment of cognitive function in young healthy female individuals.

A study on comparison of serum creatinine, serum uric acid and serum zinc levels in hypothyroid and healthy controls-at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Hypothyroidism is associated with many biochemical abnormalities including increased serum creatinine, uric acid, and decreased serum zinc levels. Many studies were done abroad regarding serum creatinine and uric acid levels in hypothyroid patients. We designed this study in our population for evaluation and comparison of serum creatinine, uric acid, and zinc levels in hypothyroid and healthy patients.Aim & Objective of the study: The main aim of the current study is to estimate and comparison of changes in serum creatinine, uric acid and zinc levels in hypothyroid patients and healthy controls.Materials and Methods: It is an observational prospective comparative study. This study was conducted at Mamatha Academy of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana from January 2019 to July 2019. There were 50 cases and 50 controls in the age groups from 18 to 65 years. Fresh samples were taken and required tests were performed following standard protocol. Creatinine and the uric acid level was estimated by semi auto analyzer and zinc level was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometerResults: In the present study, mean serum creatinine and uric acid levels in cases were 3.20± 0.65 and 9.20 ± 0.47 mg/dL respectively compared to 1.04 ± 0.22 and 5.15 ± 0.77 mg/dL in controls. Mean serum zinc levels in cases were 62.50±7.50 mg/dL compared to 95.45±11.05 mg/Dl in controls. The level of serum creatinine and uric acid were significantly high and serum zinc was significantly low (p-value

Preclinical Pharmacological Profiling and Cardioprotective Activity for Methanolic Extracts of Stem Bark of Muntingia calabura L against Adrenaline Induced Cardio-Toxicity

Medicinal plants have been a major antecedent for treatment of human diseases since time immemorial. The present study was designed to perform the preclinical pharmacological profile and evaluation of the cardioprotective activity of methanolic extracts obtained from stem bark of Muntingia calabura L. Wistar albino rats (n=6) were used for acute and sub acute toxicity study. The control groups received vehicle (2ml/kg, p.o.) and the other groups administered from 100 to 2000 mg/kg, per oral (p.o) of the methanolic extract of M. calabura bark. In sub-acute toxicity studies control group recieved vehicle (3ml/kg, p.o.) and other recieved 500 mg/kg p.o. of methanolic extracts of M. calabura L stem bark. Rats (n = 6) were treated with methanolic extracts of stem bark of M.calabura L of 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg for 30 days and one with Propranolol for last 7 days, one as toxic control. The treated groups were subjected to Adrenaline (2mg/kg, s.c.) toxicity on 31St day. Effects were evaluated after 24hrs treatment were investigated for changes of electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters, serum biomarkers, tissue antioxidants, lipid profile, and histopathological examination. Tissue and Serum homogenate parameters were analysed by spectrophotometer and semi-auto analyzer respectively. Results obtained were assessed by the one-way analysis of variance with Tukey–Karmer multiple comparison test. In acute and sub-acute toxicity studies animals were observed continuously from 4 hours to 14 days for observation of behavioral changes, The hematological, histopathological and biochemical parameters were analysed for safe preclinical pharmacological profile of methanolic extracts of stem bark of M.calabura L. The best effective group of methanolic extracts of stem bark of M.calabura L is 100mg/kg which showed extremely significant (P < 0.001) decrease in serum biomarker levels and produced profound decrease of cardiac necrosis compared to toxic control group and found subtled cardioprotection.

Metabolic Syndrome in Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism

Background: Sub-clinical hypothyroidism (SCH), overt hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are recognized risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM- II).Thyroid function affects MetS parameters including blood pressure (BP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). But the relationship between MetS and thyroid functions is yet to be identified clearly. The present study is to investigate the frequency of MetS in patients of SCH and overt hypothyroidism.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross–sectional study was conducted at Swastik referral laboratory and research centre. In this study, 50 patients with overt hypothyroidism, 50 patients with SCH and 129 euthyroid controls were enrolled. National Cholesterol Education Program- Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III; 2005) revision criteria were used to diagnose metabolic syndrome. Thyroid function test (TFT: FT3, FT4 and TSH) was done by using chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and other tests by using a semi-auto analyzer. ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) test was performed using SPSS (version 16.0).&#x0D; Result: There was a significant difference in the mean of the waist circumference (p=0.031), BP systolic (p=0.010), BP diastolic (p&lt;0.001)), FBS (p=0.001), serum HDL-C (p=0.031) and serum TG (p=0.003) between control, subclinical and overt hypothyroidism group (p&lt;0.001). Prevalence of MetS was 25.6 % in euthyroid controls whereas 44.0% in the SCH group and 62.0% in the overt hypothyroid group (p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction may be responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome.

Comparing the Effect of Coconut Oil Pulling Practice with Chlorhexidine Mouth Wash in Plaque Induced Gingivitis by Evaluation of Salivary Biochemical Marker � A Comparative Interventional Study

Background: Oil pulling is an oral hygiene practice and is described in the ancient Ayurvedic literature. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 subjects with plaque related mild – moderate gingivitis in the age Group of 18-25 was recruited and they were divided into two Groups as Group A and B, each with 15 subjects. Group A subjects were advised to practice coconut oil pulling therapy and Group B subjects were advised to use Chlorhexidine Gluconate 0.12% solution for 4 weeks as an adjuvant practice along with routine tooth brushing. Estimation of salivary Aspartate Aminotransferase was done at pre and post intervention stage for both the study Groups by using semi auto analyser. Results: Statistically significant reduction in the reduction in the salivary Aspartate Aminotransferase level was seen at post intervention stage in Group A and Group B compared to preintervention stage. Comparison of salivary Aspartate Aminotransferase level between Group A subjects and Group B subjects at pre and post intervention stage revealed no significant difference. Our study results show that oil pulling utilizing coconut oil is effective in reducing the severity of plaque induced mild-moderate gingivitis and the effect is comparable to 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing plaque formation and gingivitis. Conclusion: Oil pulling utilizing coconut oil is an effective adjuvant oral hygiene practice in reducing the severity of plaque induced mild – moderate gingivitis along with the routine oral hygiene measure. Coconut oil pulling practice could be a potential alternative to chlorhexidine mouth wash for long term use.

Cardioprotective Activity of Flavonoid Fraction of Gymnema Sylvestre Leaves on Doxorubicin Induced Cardiac Damage

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objective:</strong> The objective of this study is to evaluate the Cardioprotective activity of flavonoid fraction of <em>Gymnema Sylvestre</em> leaves on doxorubicin induced cardiac damage in rats. <strong>Method:</strong> The rats were divided into four groups as normal control, doxorubicin control, standard and test with six rats in each group. Cardiotoxicity was induced in all groups of animals except in normal control by single intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, i.p.). 24 h after the last treatment, the effects were evaluated by using serum biomarkers, lipid profile, tissue antioxidants, and histopathological examination. Serum and tissue homogenate parameters were measured by semi-auto analyzer and spectrophotometer, respectively. The results obtained were assessed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni test. <strong>Results:</strong> The flavonoid fraction pretreatment significantly attenuated the levels of pathological biochemical markers like creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, calcium, nitric oxide and melanoldehyde, and significantly raises the levels of endogenous protective antioxidant proteins in the doxorubicin-intoxicated rats. In the test group, pre-treatment with flavonoid fraction isolated from the leaves of <em>Gymnema Sylvestre</em> normalized the activity of cell membrane bound ATPases. A histopathological finding in the flavonoid fraction pretreated rats reveals that it has prevented the pathological changes observed with doxorubicin intoxication. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Pre-treatment of rats with the flavonoid fraction of <em>Gymnema Sylvestre</em> significantly ameliorated the toxic insult perpetrated by doxorubicin. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Key words:</strong> Cardiotoxicity, Doxorubicin, Flavonoid fraction, <em>Gymnema Sylvestre</em>.

Estimation of serum lipid profile in patients with OSMF

Aim: This study was done to evaluate the alteration in serum lipid profile pattern in patients with oral submucous fibrosis, with various histological grades of Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis along with controls. Materials and Methods: The study included 150 participants, out of those 120 were having oral submucous fibrosis, and 30 cases of controls matched for age and sex were selected from the routine patients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDLC), HDL cholesterol (HDLC), VLDL cholesterol (VLDLC), and triglycerides (TG) were analyzed using kit ACCUREX [Bio-medicals limited, India] as per the instructions provided by manufacturer using SEMI AUTO ANALYSER [Tulip Coral 3000 Indian]. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were summarized as Mean ± SD (standard deviation). Groups were compared by Student's t-test. Groups were also compared by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of mean difference between (inter) the groups was done by Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) post hoc test after ascertaining normality by Shapiro–Wilk's test and homogeneity of variance between groups by Levene's test. A two-tailed (α = 2) P

Elevated Cardiovascular Risks among Postmenopausal Women: A Community Based Case Control Study from Nepal.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide which is more prevalent in women after menopause. Hormonal changes associated with menopause are accountable for dyslipidemic pattern that causes CVD and associated complications. Therefore, the present study was commenced to compare the lipid profile in pre- and postmenopausal women. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences (MMIHS) from February 2016 to July 2016. A total of 260 fasting samples were collected from healthy women, 130 from premenopausal and 130 from postmenopausal women, and analyzed for Total Cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol (TAG), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) as per the guideline provided by the reagent manufacturer (Human, Germany). All the parameters were analyzed by Stat Fax 3300 semi auto analyzer. TC, TAG, HDL-C, and LDL-C were highly significantly increased in postmenopausal women when compared to premenopausal women. LDL/HDL ratio was significantly elevated in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. BMI was significantly positively correlated with TC and TAG in both pre- and postmenopausal population and it was positively correlated with HDL-C in premenopausal population while negatively correlated in postmenopausal population. Since more of the atherogenic lipid parameters are increased in postmenopausal women, they appear to be more prone to have CVD and associated complications in near future. Hence, it is mandatory to monitor and manage dyslipidemic pattern in every woman experiencing menopause.

Seasonal changes in hematological and biochemical profile of dairy cows at high altitude cold desert

Cattle are the main source of livelihood for small farmers in high altitude cold desert. They also provide draught power, social and cultural strength. Cattle, therefore, contribute to subsistence farming and enhance the sustainability of smallholder farming systems. Determination of nutritional and health status of cattle is important in modern animal agriculture. Haematological and biochemical aids have been used to identify status of cattle. Keeping this in view, the present study was undertaken to establish hematological and biochemical responses on milk production of Jersey cows at high altitude production in two different seasons (summer and winter). For each period, ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded and the temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated as indicator of thermal comfort for cattle. A total of 140 (70 cows in each season) clinically healthy lactating Jersey cows aged 2 – 17 years at 3327 – 3575-meter altitude from mean sea level in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, were used to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions on haematological parameters. The hematological parameters were estimated by using an automatic blood analyzer and biochemical test performed by the serum semi-auto analyzer. Among the hematological parameters, white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (LYM), granulocytes (GRAN), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and platelets (PLT) were analyzed. The results showed a significant difference in most of the parameters due to the variation in ambient temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index. A significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in RBC, Hb, and HCT was recorded in winter season as compared to the summer season. MCV, MCH, MCHC and PLT levels also exhibited the similar trend whereas, the WBC, lymphocyte, monocytes, and granulocytes values found were higher in summer compared to the winter season (p&lt;0.05). However, in case of biochemical profile, glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level showed a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in summer season but level of albumin went significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the winter season. Milk production level was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in the summer season. These results provide an insight into the hematological and biochemical responses of Jersey cows to different environmental conditions. As the hematological and biochemical profiles of dairy cows has been altered in response to the different season which ultimately affected on the milk production. This study will be helpful for the better dairy cattle management in different seasons for higher production at the cold arid high altitude region.

Hypothyroidism and possible association with Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Thyroid dysfunctions are the most common forms of endocrine disorder in our country, Thyroid hormones perform a wide array of metabolic functions including regulation of lipids, carbohydrates, protein and electrolytes and mineral metabolism, Thyroid hormones are major regulatory hormones that controls the rate of metabolic function and alteration in the levels of thyroid hormones may be associated with metabolic syndrome Aim: The study was performed to investigate the association between Altered thyroid state i.e hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: The study was done on patients with symptoms of hypothyroidism or follow up cases of hypothyroidism having metabolic syndrome. T3, T4 and TSH and were analyzed by enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) technique using Vidas auto analyzer from Biomeriuex, France. Fasting blood sugar and lipid profile were estimated by Erba Chem 7 semi-auto analyzer. The data was analyzed using SPSS-17 software package. Results: The percentage of metabolic syndrome and hypothyroidism in each age group were determined and we have found that the percentage of metabolic syndrome is increasing with age and is highest 60 % in the age group of 61-75 years, both T3, T4 are comparably decreased but TSH is on the higher side in metabolic syndrome as compared to non-metabolic syndrome Conclusion: Patients having Thyroid dysfunction should regularly be checked for parameters of metabolic syndrome: Early detection of thyroid dysfunction and treatment can prevent the complications of metabolic syndrome.

Study of Electrolyte Changes in Tuberculosis And Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) Co-Infected with Tuberculosis Patients : A Hospital Based Study

Tuberculosis is the commonest infection among HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) patients. This co-infection constitutes a major death threat in the world. Electrolyte disturbances have been reported in both Tuberculosis (TB) infection lone and TB-HIV co-infected patients. The main objectives of the study is to evaluate electrolyte imbalance among Tuberculosis (TB) patients alone and HIV co-infected with Tuberculosis (TB) patients. A total of 120 subjects participated in this study. They were divided in to 3 groups as follows. Group 1 contains 40 normal healthy controls without TB or HIV infection, group 2 contains 40 new positive cases of HIV co-infected with Tuberculosis (TB). All subjects were screened for the presence and absence of TB, HIV and the levels of electrolytes in plasma (sodium, potassium, and chloride) were estimated by electrolyte kit method by using semi-auto Analyzer. Level of plasma sodium in TB patients were significantly higher when compare with TB/HIV (141.1±1.21 vs 137.4±2.81 m eq/l) and healthy controls (135.9±1.37 meq/l). Plasma Potassium level significantly higher in TB/HIV patients when compared with Tuberculosis (4.10±0.49 VS 3.39±0.20 meq/l) and healthy controls (3.79±0.27 meq/l). Plasma chloride level was significantly higher in Tuberculosis (TB) patients compared with TB/HIV patients (107.3±1.3 VS 103.6±2.1 meq/l) and healthy controls (101.4±2.89meq/l). Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia and hypochloremia are commonly encountered electrolyte disturbances in TB/HIV infection. Hypernatremia and hypokalemia and hyperchloremia are the electrolyte disturbances in Tuberculosis (TB) patients. We concluded that Electrolyte balance monitoring in patients with Tuberculosis is recommended once treatment is recommended. Because of high incidence of the electrolyte disturbances with HIV infected patients, close monitoring and aggressive management are mandatory.

Abstract 32: Intravenous Mobilized Autologous Peripheral Blood CD34+ Stem Cell Transplantation for Angina

Background: Intramyocardial CD34+ stem cell therapy for patients with refractory angina shows that this is safe and feasible. We aimed to determine whether intravenous transplantation of mobilized autologous peripheral blood CD34+ stem cells provides beneficial effects for patients with angina pectoris. Methods: We administered granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF, 5.0 μg/kg/day) subcutaneously once a day for 4 days to 15 patients (4 women and 11 men aged 50-78 years) with intractable angina pectoris (Canadian Cardiovascular Society functional class III-IV) for mobilization of CD34+ cells into the peripheral blood. Ischemia was assessed by exercise stress testing. Leukapheresis procedure was started on the day 4 of G-CSF using the Spectra Optia cell separator. Circulating and intravenous transplantation of autologous CD34+ cells after leukapheresis were measured by flow cytometry. The effects of G-CSF on blood were measured by hematology analyzer and semi-auto chemistry analyzer. Results: Intravenous peripheral blood CD34+ cells increased after leukapheresis (from 1.12±0.48 cells/μL to 107.42±23.83 cells/μL, p&lt;0.001) and total white blood cells count (from 7.82 ± 2.63x10 3 /μl to 37.47±15.07 x10 3 /μl, p&lt;0.001). Indices of hsCRP, platelets, hemoglobin, alanine aminotransferase, lactic dehydrogenase, and uric acid were not changed by treatment. At week 4, angina frequency was significantly lower after intravenous CD34+ cells (from 15.07±4.03 to 3.27±1.49, p&lt;0.001). Similarly, improvement in exercise tolerance was significantly higher by stem cell transplantation (from 5.90±2.53 minutes to 8.41±2.49 minutes, p&lt;0.001). Most patients reported mild myalgia which were easily managed with acetaminophen. Conclusions: Intravenous autologous CD34+ stem cell transplantation improved angina frequency and exercise tolerance. The cell mobilization and leukapheresis procedures were found safe and tolerable in patients with angina pectoris.

Hyperuricaemia - A Potential Indicator to Diagnose the Risk of Essential Hypertension.

Hypertension has turned out to be the major cause of morbidity among the life style diseases. Studies in human and animal models have documented an independent association of hyperuricaemia with early hypertension. Hyperuricaemia is a modifiable and treatable risk factor, which might reduce the incidence of Essential Hypertension (EHT). Hence, the present study was designed to find out the association between hyperuricaemia and EHT in the population of Southern Rajasthan as there is a dearth of literature on Indian scenario especially in Rajasthan. A cross-sectional, case control study was carried out in the Department of Physiology among 125 subjects; aged 20-50 years of both sexes, which were chosen randomly from Medicine OPD and healthy volunteers. The subjects were broadly divided into two groups (A & B); group A comprised of newly diagnosed cases of EHT (n=75) and group B had healthy normotensive controls (n=50). S. Uric Acid (SUA), Serum creatinine and fasting blood glucose levels were estimated by using the respective kit methods on semi auto-analyser in both groups. S. creatinine and fasting blood glucose levels were estimated to exclude renal disorder and diabetes mellitus respectively. The data was analysed by student t-test, chi-square test and Odds Ratio. The mean SUA level in group A was significantly higher than group B (6.56 ± 0.76, 4.91 ± 0.97 mg/dl, p<0.001 respectively). 37.33% of patients had hyperuricaemia in group A as compared to 14% in group B (p<0.01, OR=3.66) indicating that a hyperuricaemic individual has 3.66 times more risk of developing EHT as compared to the one with lower value of SUA. The mean SUA level and the frequency of hyperuricaemia was significantly higher in newly diagnosed cases of EHT as compared to healthy controls. Hence, SUA could be useful as a potential indicator for early risk detection of development of EHT.

Evaluation of Biochemical Markers Serum Amylase and Serum Lipase for the Assessment of Pancreatic Exocrine Function in Diabetes Mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, associated with deficiency or resistance to insulin indicates endocrinal abnormality of the pancreas. Amylase and lipase are enzymes secreted by the exocrine portion of the pancreas. Endocrinal derangement observed in diabetes may interfere with the exocrine function of the pancreas. To estimate the levels of fasting blood sugar, serum lipase, serum amylase in patients of type 1 and type 2 DM. Than comparing them with healthy controls and to study the effect of type 1 and type 2 DM on pancreatic exocrine function using serum levels of amylase and lipase as biochemical marker. This study was conducted at GMERS Medical College and Hospital from Dec 2015 to July 2016. Thirty patients of type 1 DM and 30 patients of type 2 DM, who were already diagnosed and taking treatment, were included in this study. A total number of 30 apparently healthy individuals were recruited as the control group in our study. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from the cases as well as the controls and they were analysed by using semi auto analyser for blood glucose, serum amylase and serum lipase. The results were analysed statistically by using SPSS software. Values were expressed as means ± SD. We found statistically significant (p<0.01) low values for serum amylase and serum lipase in patients with type 1 and type 2 DM as compared to healthy controls. Fasting blood sugar was significantly higher in cases as compared to controls. We found negative correlation of fasting blood sugar level with serum amylase and serum lipase and positive correlation of serum amylase with serum lipase in both type 1 and type 2 DM. Our study clearly demonstrated that in type 1 and type 2 DM, there was increase in fasting blood sugar with decrease in serum amylase and serum lipase which signifies the derangement of endocrine-exocrine axis of the pancreas. Serum amylase and serum lipase can be used as biochemical markers for assessment of pancreatic exocrine function.

Study of Protective Action of Spondias pinnata Bark extract on Rat Liver and Kidney against Etoposide Induced Chemical Stress

Introduction: System injury, manifested as metabolic dysfunction is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Chemical stress on hepatic and kidney cells can be evaluated by biochemical analysis, including serum aminotransferases, glutathione levels and extent of lipid peroxidation. Combined treatment of chemotherapy along with the natural products such as phytochemicals may be a newer approach to reduce the side effects and betterment of chemotherapy. Objective: The present study was conducted to assay kidney and liver associated parameters on animals exposed to etoposide, and the protective effect of different doses of Spondias pinnata bark extract on normal cells. In this study, total 24 male Wistar rats ( either sex) aged between 60 to 90 days were considered. Each group consisted of six rats. Levels of Alanine and Aspartate aminotransferases were estimated using semi-auto analyser and GSH, GST, TAO and LPx by spectrophotometry. Results and Conclusion: Data analyzed using Graph Pad 5.0. Variation in the analyzed parameters were found between control, chemotherapy and Spondias pinnata groups. Results of the study show that significant increase in TBARS levels indicative of etoposide induced oxidative stress could be prevented by treatment with S. pinnata. GST levels also support the preventive action of S. pinnata against etoposide induced stress. However, TAO and transaminases remain unaltered in the study groups