Semantic Valence Research Articles

Analysis of the Algorithm of Semantic Structure in the Examples of Old Turkic Inscriptions

While doing research on Old and Middle Turkic texts, it is important to analyse and solve the meaning structure in order to understand these texts and transfer them to Turkish and other languages. Researchers especially transfer or translate some of the Old Turkic sentences in different meanings. We believe that this problem can be solved by revealing the algorithm of semantic structure of the texts. For this reason, in our research, we use semantic roles, semantic complements, semantic categories, description of verb qualities, text context, semantic structures and valency by keeping and analysing some records of some Old Turkic inscriptions in a combining approach. In revealing the semantic structure of various sentences, it will be explained how to obtain the semantic valency and semantic roles coded in the meaning of a verb in accordance with the text content and the sample sentences will be analysed and shown in practice.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Affective and Semantic Valence Among Women.

As an important dimension of emotional assessment, valence can refer to affective valence reflecting an emotional response, or semantic valence reflecting knowledge about the nature of a stimulus. A previous study has used repeated exposure to separate these two similar cognitive processes. Here, for the first time, we compared the spatiotemporal dynamics of the affective and semantic modes of valence by combining event-related potentials with repeated exposure. Forty-seven female participants were assigned to the feeling-focused and semantic-focused groups and thereafter repeatedly viewed the pictures selected for the study. Self-report behavioral results showed that post-test scores were significantly lower than pre-test scores in the feeling-focused group, while the differences between the two tests were not significant in the semantic-focused group. At the neural level, N2 amplitudes decreased and early late positive potential amplitudes increased in both groups, suggesting that the participants perceived the repeated pictures more fluently and retrieved the traces of the stimulus spontaneously regardless of the valence they judged. However, the late positive potential amplitudes in anterior areas and the activity of the middle frontal gyrus were attenuated in the feeling-focused group; however, this component in posterior areas and the activity of the precentral gyrus were increased in the semantic-focused group. Therefore, the processes of affective and semantic valence are similar in the early stages of image perception and retrieval, while in the later stage of valence judgment, these processes show different brain activation patterns. The results provide electrophysiological evidence for the differences in psychological processes when judging the two modes of valence.

SYNTAX AND SEMANTIC VALENCY OF VERBS: DIALECT VS LITERARY LANGUAGE

In modern linguistics the research of verb syntax and semantics is still relevant. Although there are a number of Ukrainian dialectologists’ works on the verbs functioning in the structure of the dialect language at different levels, the problem of realization of verb syntactic and semantic valency in the Eastern Polissian dialect in the context of the Ukrainian literary language is still not considered, that shows the relevance of the proposed research. The sources of the research are the dialect materials recorded during 2009–2019 by the author in Chernihiv and Sumy regions, materials of «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language» (in 11 vol. and in 20 vol.), «Phraseological dictionary of the Ukrainian language» (in 2 books) and «General regionally annotated Corpus of the Ukrainian language» (version 10). During the research it is applied the method of purposeful interview - for recording of the dialect material, the descriptive method, which includes methods of observation, interpretation and comparison, which represents dialect material in the paper, the methods of contextual analysis - to identify the semantic processes and the methods of corpus analysis - to define the literary equivalents. Although the paper does not provide a systematic study of the difference between the verb syntactic and semantic valency in the dialect and literary languages, but the general tendencies of dialect phenomena are outlined, in particular the author reveals the reduction of preposition на in the construction С|векар ме|не л’уба|ваўс’а, syntactic localism - |ноде |буд’еш, voice transposition and diathesis change in the context of syntagmatics in the constructions Йа |пасʼ:а ← Йа пас |конеĭ with the saving of subject’s activity, expanding the repertoire of meanings in the constructions Йа на |конʼах ро|биў, Йа |кʼінʼми ро|биў ‘graze horses’, Га|моним на ўс’у |губу ‘to speak a lot of the dialect language’ (negative), |Баби мужи|ком ба|лакайутʼ ʻto speak in a rough voice (about a woman)ʼ in the context of the literary language. The use of the corpus (GRAK-10) helps to establish the functioning of corresponding to the recorded in dialect constructions in the literary language. The linguistic data revealed in the Eastern Polissian dialect testify either a larger archaic syntactic and semantic matrix, or an actualization of the dialect speakers’ language creation, that requires further investigation.

ОБ ОПОСРЕДСТВЕННОЙ ВАЛЕНТНОСТИ В УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

This work examines the types of valence in the Uzbek language. The verb - predicate, on the basis of its valence, at the request of communication, accepts its actants, realizing the semes that make up its semantics. An actant of a certain valency is considered a specific member of the sentence. Thus, valency is the intersection of grammar and vocabulary, syntax and semantics. It is for this reason that it is considered from two points of view, studied by dividing it into two types: semantic valence and syntactic valence. But in the Uzbek language there are other types of valence, for the Uzbek language, being an agglutinative language, like other Turkic languages, has a peculiar structure and semantics. Key words: valency, semantics, compatibility, actant, predicate, sentence model, semantic valency, syntactic valency, valency of the grammatical form of a word, mediated valence

The Influence of Speaker Pitch on Inferring Semantic Valence

ABSTRACT Research on metaphors has shown that individuals form associations between the verticality, brightness, and distance of stimuli and their valence. Building on the literature on conceptual metaphor theory, the pitch–valence hypothesis predicts an association between the pitch of spoken words and their valence. A study was conducted recording participants’ accuracy and response latencies in identifying positive and negative words that were spoken in high and low pitches to see whether pitch affects the accuracy and speed when choosing words that systematically vary in their semantic valence. The results supported the pitch–valence hypothesis by revealing systematic differences in performance. The observed effects were mainly due to participants’ accuracies when words were presented in a high pitch.

Глаголы ликвидации результата действия в семантико-синтаксическом аспекте (на примере глаголов разбинтовать, развернуть, развьючить, разгрузить)

The paper discusses semantic and syntactic features of four Russian verbs denoting liquidation of external physical condition – the verbs razbintovat' ('take off a bandage'), razvernut' ('unwrap'), razvyuchit' ('unburden'), razgruzit' ('unload'). These verbs belong to the rather large class of verbs denoting liquidation of the result of an action. The aim of the paper is to find out whether the verbs under consideration are the prototypical members of the class. The author analyses both the semantics of these verbs as presented in the academic Dictionary of the Russian Language, using Russian National Corpus as a source of contexts, and their semantic features, describing a set of valency slots of each verb and the ways these slots can be filled. In order to catch the specific features of the verbs the author compares them with their antonyms denoting achievement of the result of an action. The study showed that having similar semantics the verbs razbintovat', razvernut', razvyuchit', razgruzit' denote situations in which a person makes certain manipulations with one object in order to eliminate its contact with another object. Three of the above-mentioned verbs also have the same syntactic properties. Razbintovat', razvernut', razgruzit' have three semantic valencies, which can be expressed syntactically. These verbs have two diathesis: one of them expresses subject and the first object, the second one – subject and the other object. As opposed to them the verb razvyuchit' has only one diathesis and one of its valencies is inexpressible. Nevertheless, the verbs razbintovat', razvernut', razvyuchit', razgruzit' are the prototypical members of the class of verbs, which denote liquidation of the result of an action.

A CROSSLINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE PERCEPTION OF EMOTIONAL INTONATION

AbstractPitch perception plays a more important role in emotional communication in English than in Korean. Interpreting the semantic aspects of pitch levels therefore presents a challenge for Korean learners of English. This study investigated how 49 Korean learners of English perceived 20 English emotional utterances. Participants were asked to complete a congruency task in which they indicated whether the category of the semantic valence was congruent with the intonation type. They also described each emotional utterance by providing an adjective. The task results of Korean participants were compared with those of a control group of 49 Anglo-American students. Statistical analyses revealed that the incongruence between the semantic meaning and the intonation type interfered with American participants’ performance more than Korean participants. The adjective task results also showed that American participants were more attuned to the interplay between the semantic meaning and the intonation type than Korean participants.

Semantic transparency modulates the processing of emotion words during Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements

How the emotionality and transparency of target word affect processing has been long-studied in cognitive psychology, yet less is known about their joint effects during natural reading. The current study is the first to use eye-tracking methodology to orthogonally investigate semantic transparency and emotional valence effects for compound words in natural Chinese reading. Eye movements were monitored while participants read sentences with positive or negative and transparent or opaque two-character compound words. The experiment found a processing advantage for transparent words over opaque words when participants re-read earlier portions of the sentences, which indicated more difficult in integrating opaque words with preceding context relative to transparent words. However, our findings provided no robust evidence for comparable valence effects in the eye movements during Chinese reading, and no parafoveal-on-foveal effects were found. In conclusion, the current study indicates transparency might affect semantic integration of the target word with sentence context.

FUNCTIONING OF TOKEN-QUANTITATIVES OF THE THEMATIC GROUP WATER OBJECTS WITH SEMANTICS OF MULTIPLICITY IN THE STRUCTURE OF POETIC DISCOURSE

The article analyzes the structural and semantic features of the functioning in the poetic speech of the token-quantitatives of the thematic group of water objects with metaphorized meaning ‘many people, something’ in the indecomposable quantitative noun phrases. Peculiarities of interaction of paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects of functioning of token-quantitatives of the function of indefinite quantification of thematic group of water objects, establishment of semantic environment of these indefinite- quantitative quantitatives, ie their realized semantic valence in combination with actualizers of this value It is proved that contextually carriers of quantitative semantics can become noun tokens ponds, floodplain, vortex. They do not have codified LSV to denote a large number, but under certain discursive conditions acquire such an ability. By frequency of use belong to the periphery.

COMPATABILITY OF LANGUAGE UNITS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE AND THEIR СAPABILITIES

The article deals with the concept of valency as a phenomenon lying at the confluence of syntax and lexical semantics. The paper also represents types of valency, directions in which the theory of valency is considered. Valency in the broad sense of the word refers to the capacity of a language unit to enter into communication with other units of a particular order. Objectivity and scientific and practical significance of the theory of valency is determined by the lexical-semantic potential of the word. Semantic valency is based on the logical semes of the word semantics. These semes are consistent with the logical semes of other word meanings, as a result, the given word demonstrates the combining capability with another word. This is considered to be its semantic valency. We have attempted to identify and investigate a peculiar kind of valency in the Kazakh language. We use the concepts of valency and compatibility as synonyms, but in a number of works they are distinguished. Thus, compatibility is regarded as a realized valency, and valency as a potential compatibility of the same language level elements. Сombinability refers to peculiarity of a word to realize in speech its syntagmatic relations in the form of a phrase

Специфика языковой формы статей Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации и Примерного уголовного кодекса Соединённых Штатов Америки, посвящённых преступлениям против жизни и здоровья

The paper aims to reveal linguistic specificity of the articles “Crimes against Life and Health” in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Model Penal Code of the United States of America taking into account typical nomination mechanisms and syntactic models of complex nominative units. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that nominations of crimes against life and health are for the first time considered in the comparative aspect, with a view to identify the dominant features of nomination. The conducted research allows revealing the following mechanisms of crime nominations formation: clarifying significative meaning, metonymy and conversion. Poly-lexeme nomination models are determined by the language structure: similarity is revealed only at the level of semantic valence.

Sex differences in behavioral and brain responses to incongruity in emotional speech controlling for autistic traits

Accurate interpretation of speech requires the integration of verbal and nonverbal signals. This study investigated sex differences in behavior and neural activities associated with the integration of semantic content and emotional speech prosody, while the level of autistic traits was controlled for. Adults listened to Cantonese words spoken with happy and sad prosody, and made judgments on semantic valence while event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded. Behaviorally, men were slower than women in making semantic valence judgments. At the neural level, men had a greater congruity effect in the N400 component, whereas women had a greater congruity effect in the 1150–1300 ms time window for happy prosodies. There was no effect of sex in case of sad prosodies. Our study reveals novel findings on sex differences in the timing of the integration between verbal and non-verbal signals that cannot be explained by differences in autistic traits.

THE VALENCE PROPERTY OF NEOLOGISMS IN KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The article deals with the concept of valency as a phenomenon lying at the confluence of syntax and lexical semantics. The paper also represents types of valency, directions in which the theory of valency is considered. Valency in the broad sense of the word refers to the capacity of a language unit to enter into communication with other units of a particular order. Objectivity and scientific and practical significance of the theory of valency is determined by the lexical-semantic potential of the word. Semantic valency is based on the logical semes of the word semantics. These semes are consistent with the logical semes of the another word meanings, as a result, the given word demonstrates the combining capability with another word. This is considered to be its semantic valency. We have attempted to identify and investigate a peculiar kind of valency in the Kazakh language.

Семантика глаголов «есть» и «пить» в турецком языке

Lexicological studies are designed to reveal as much as all possible information about the compatibility and semantic features of object names of various kinds, hidden in the subconscious of native speakers and necessary for the correct construction of statements, which is a condition for an adequate mutual understanding of communicants. In modern Turkish society, the attitude concerning food in general can be described as cultic. Ye- ‘eat’ and iç- ‘drink’ are used without an object, in combination with the object name, with or without an accusative ending, or with an ablative ending if the action is directed not at the entire object as a whole, but at a part of it. Ye- is combined with the names of food, the consumption of which involves chewing, and requires mandatory filling in the semantic valence of the object of action. İç- used for liquids, soup, medicines and tobacco products. The usage of the verb “drink” in relation to smoking is usually associated with a pleasant tasting experience. Both verbs are used on their own and as parts of the intransitive compound verbs yemek ye- ‘eat, take food’ and içki iç- ‘drink alcohol’, which differ in the degree of lexicalization and, unlike the simple verbs ye- and iç-, focus the effect of the action on the agent. The metaphorization of ye- developed in two main ways: on the basis of the idea of “eating” as violence and destruction peculiar to the Turkic languages, as well as on the basis of tracing translation of Persian expressions. The metaphorization of the pleasant or unpleasant taste of food does not possess any systematic characterization. Iç- not subjected to metaphorization.

Collocation and Selectional Preferences: A Frame-based Approach

Most of the research conducted into collocation and semantic frames has dealt with these phenomena separately. The study of collocation has not figured prominently in the research agenda of frame semantics, and frame semantics has only sporadically been used as an analytical framework for collocation. This article is a contribution to narrowing the gap between the two fields. It does so by addressing key issues in the design of a frame-based approach to collocation, with a special focus on the relation between collocational patterns and semantic valency, and by providing arguments for the efficacy of the frame-semantic theoretical apparatus in explaining verb-adjective links that are not accounted for by the existing models of collocation. The methodology combines lexicographic resources as well as quantitative and qualitative analysis of examples and data from an English web corpus (ukWaC).

NOMINATION AS THE PRINCIPAL AXIS OF PUSHKIN’S THOUGHT

The article deals with the description of a modeling process of nominative units in A. Pushkin language; the units presenting a nominative field with certain value landmarks. The semantic valence of Pushkin`s word related to a primordial image (archetype) is shown in the ability to evolute extensively the meaning energy in a text prospect. The data for study were the units of two synonymic rows with the core units “ арап ” and “ негр ” functioning in A. Pushkin language. The study aimed at revealing the nomination specificity in the poet language, and characterizing the factors determining a nomination process. The author`s reflective vector in a language material analysis became evident at a deep symbolic level. An analytical procedure to reconstruct a meta-semantic text construct was based on a componential analysis combined with a contextual one, as well as on an interpretation technique and a descriptive method. The findings demonstrated the mentioned nominative units to have a specific axiological value, be implemented within the semantic areas “ своё ” (`my ancestors`, `pride of grateful descendants`) and “ чужое ” (`hostile world, which failed to comprehend and accept him`). And their semantic evolution specifies the text sign space arrangement. A nominative frame of Pushkin`s discourse is determined by a cross point of two destinies disconnected by time - the poet`s great grandfather, Abram Petrovich Hannibal, and Alexander Pushkin, a converging point of “racial” drama and public and creative loneliness drama of personalities rejected and unappreciated by their contemporaries. A semantic “tension” of the author’s idea, its dualism reaches the summit when the self-consciousness reason is fathomed: it is inside негр- арап opposition, where there is a semantic, and wider - a mental point haunting the poet’s reflecting consciousness. The conclusion appears to be conceptually significant: черный дед мой Ганнибал, <...> сходно купленный арап <...> Царю наперсник, а не раб . Semantic increments are exhibited against a rich association background of Pushkin cognition: the poet ‘models’ the text with abundant implication, where every “nominative hint” unfolds under the abundance of a semantic prospect. Major components of the process are intertextually loaded units - precedential names. Their usage forms the basis for a cognitive mechanism to convey implication through an “economical” nominative procedure. The study findings can be used to create semantic dictionaries of a complex type.

COMPATIBILITY OF LANGUAGE UNITS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE AND THEIR CAPABILITY

The article deals with the concept of valency as a phenomenon lying at the confluence of syntax and lexical semantics. The paper also represents types of valency, directions in which the theory of valency is considered. Valency in the broad sense of the word refers to the capacity of a language unit to enter into communication with other units of a particular order. Objectivity and scientific and practical significance of the theory of valency is determined by the lexical- semantic potential of the word. Semantic valency is based on the logical semes of the word semantics. These semes are consistent with the logical semes of the another word meanings, as a result, the given word demonstrates the combining capability with another word. This is considered to be its semantic valency. We have attempted to identify and investigate a peculiar kind of valency in the Kazakh language. We use the concepts of valency and compatibility as synonyms, but in a number of works they are distinguished.

Affective and Semantic Representations of Valence: A Conceptual Framework

The current article discusses the distinction between affective valence—the degree to which an affective response represents pleasure or displeasure—and semantic valence, the degree to which an object or event is considered positive or negative. To date, measures that reflect positivity and negativity are usually placed under the same conceptual umbrella (e.g., valence, affective, emotional), with minimal distinction between the modes of valence they reflect. Recent work suggests that what might seem to reflect a monolithic structure of valence has at least two different, confounding underlying sources, affective and semantic, that are fundamentally distinct, dissociable, and that obey different, recognizable rules. The current work discusses this distinction and provides implications for affective science from both the theoretical and the empirical perspective.

ЭКСПЛИКАЦИЯ МОТИВА В КАУЗАЛЬНОЙ МОДЕЛИ ПОСТУПКА

The problem and the goal. The article analyses the verbal explication of the “motive” valency of the causal model of an act in the modern Russian language. This model includes two types of causal relations: first, it is the causation of the act itself (semantic “motive” valency), secondly, the act itself causalises a situation which can be regarded as a social or personal consequence (semantic valence “result”). The purpose of the article is to describe the verbal explication of the” motive” valency of causal model of an act. The methodology is based on semantic and syntactic analysis of the “motive” act valency at the level of a predicative unit, part of a complex sentence, on the level of a text. The result of the analysis was the description of linguistic units that demonstrate the semantic and syntactic characteristics of the “motive” valency. Conclusion. The presence of the “motive” in the causative structure of the valence act demonstrates the non-randomness, the intent of the action underlying the act.

VERBA PERBUATAN DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA

The aims of this research are (1) to describe the form of action verb in the Indonesian language, (2) determine the affixes maker of action verb in the Indonesian language, (3) describe the semantic valence level of action verb in Indonesian language, and (4) describe the semantic role marker valence level of action verb in Indonesian language. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The data of this research covers sentences which have action verb on them. The data collection was taken from (1) newspaper of Suara Merdeka (Maret 2018), (2) Kumpulan Cerpen Agama Apa yang Pantas Bagi Pohon Pohon (2016), (3) novel Dilan (2015), and (4) the book of Sejarah Indonesia Kelas XI (2017). The method used in this research was observed attentively by taking note technique. The data analysis method used in this research was to distribute evenly method with direct divide-element technique, reserve side technique, expansion technique, form-changed technique, and read markup technique. This research describes in an informal method. The result of this research as follows (1) the form of the action verb is an infinitive verb and the descend of affixes, (2) the affixes of action verb in the Indonesian language are prefixes: meng-, ber-, and ter-. Confix ber-an and the combination of affixes ber- / –an; meng- / –kan; and meng- / -i, (3) the semantic valence level of action verb in Indonesian language are (a) Agentive-Verb-Object- (Location), (b) Agentive-Verb-Object-Benefactive, (c) Agentive-Verb-Benefactive–Object, (d) Experience-Verb-Object, (e) Experience-Verb-Object-(Time), (f) Experience-Verb-Object-(Location), (g) Agentive-Verb-Location, (h) Agentive-Verb-Location-(Time), (i) Instrument-Verb-Location, and (j) Instrument-Verb-Object. The semantic role marker valence level of action verb in Indonesian language are (a) proposition : oleh as the role of Agentive, (b) proposition : untuk and kepada as the role of Benefactive; (c) preposition : di, ke, and dari as the role of Location; (d) preposition pada and nomina which indicates time as the role of Time; (e) proposition: dengan as the role of Instrument; and (f) proposition : dari as the role of Source.