Semantic Translation Research Articles

Analysis of Translation Methods of Figurative Language in Short Story

This research was conducted to find out the translation methods applied by the translator in translating figurative language in O. Henry’s short stories. This descriptive analysis research took the data from nine short stories as the research documents. There were 19 data taken from those nine short stories. The data were collected by analysis of document. Based on the research findings, from nine short stories, seven simile, three metaphor, three hyperbole were literal translation, two simile were semantic translation, two hyperbole were communicative translation, one hyperbole was idiomatic translation, and one simile was translated free translation. In conclusion, the findings of the study indicated that the result of literal translation was significantly higher than others translation methods. The result is expected to be helpful to improve students’ and readers references of translation method.

SEMANTIC AND COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION IN CHRONICLE OF A BLOOD MERCHANT

Yu Hua is a celebrated avant-garde, post-modernist writer in contemporary China, whose chefs-d’oeuvre are exemplified by To Live, Chronicle of a Blood Merchant and Brothers. The novel Chronicle of a Blood Merchant was composed in 1995 and rendered into English by Andrew F. Jones in 2003. In the English version, two translation approaches can be attested, viz. semantic translation and communicative translation, propounded by Peter Newmark. Similes, metaphors and sayings in Chronicle of a Blood Merchant are saliently translated in a literal and faithful manner, in accordance with semantic translation. Furthermore, the narrative abounds with political allusions that are rendered in line with semantic translation. In terms of communicative translation that tends to be free and idiomatic, it is embodied by linguistic culture, social culture and religious culture in the sense of Nida (1945). Nonetheless, there are instances of under-translation, which encapsulates the weakness of communicative translation.

SEMANTIC AND COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION IN CHRONICLE OF A BLOOD MERCHANT

Yu Hua is a celebrated avant-garde, post-modernist writer in contemporary China, whose chefs-d’oeuvre are exemplified by To Live, Chronicle of a Blood Merchant and Brothers. The novel Chronicle of a Blood Merchant was composed in 1995 and rendered into English by Andrew F. Jones in 2003. In the English version, two translation approaches can be attested, viz. semantic translation and communicative translation, propounded by Peter Newmark. Similes, metaphors and sayings in Chronicle of a Blood Merchant are saliently translated in a literal and faithful manner, in accordance with semantic translation. Furthermore, the narrative abounds with political allusions that are rendered in line with semantic translation. In terms of communicative translation that tends to be free and idiomatic, it is embodied by linguistic culture, social culture and religious culture in the sense of Nida (1945). Nonetheless, there are instances of under-translation, which encapsulates the weakness of communicative translation.

The Study on Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Aerial ChinaⅠ- Jiangxi from the Perspective of Semantic and Communicative Translation

Aerial ChinaⅠ- Jiangxi has been widely accepted by foreign audiences. In this documentary, there are many culture-loaded words with Jiangxi cultural characteristics. We all know that the translation of Chinese culturally-loaded words has long been a tricky problem. Take the translation of culture loaded words in Aerial ChinaⅠ- Jiangxi as an example, this paper discusses how Newmark's communicative translation and semantic translation theory are applied to the translation of Chinese culture loaded words. It is considered that semantic translation and communicative translation are not completely opposite but complement each other. Good translation works are usually the perfect combination of the two. In order to help translators better translate culture loaded words and achieve the real purpose of cross-cultural communication.

Translation Methods Found in New Testament Bible of Mark’s Gospel

Language is one of the important things in human life. By using the language, we can communicate with others. This research tried to analyze the bible translation by using methods of translation theory by Newmark (1988). This research was a qualitative research that focused to analyze the Gospel according to Mark. Bible entitled New Testament (2005) was published by The Indonesian Bible Society for The Gideons International. It was printed by Percetakan Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia. The book consists of 727 pages. Informal method was used to present the results of the analysis. It was the explanation of the translation methods used. Formal method was used to describe the table of the frequency of the translation methods applied in the bible translation found in new testament bible of Mark’s gospel. The translation methods found in data source were word for word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. Adaptation was not found in all chapters of data source. The most translation method applied in new testament bible of Mark’s gospel was free translation. Free translation had the highest percentage in every chapter in new testament bible of Mark’s gospel. In the other word, the translator tried to transfer the meaning from source text into target text with changing the form based on cultures in target language.

Teknik dan Metode Penerjemahan Kalimat Imperatif dalam Novel Girls in The Dark oleh Andry Setiawan

This study discusses the translation of imperative sentences contained in a literary work in the form of a novel. In general, the use of imperative sentences is characterized by the meaning of orders and prohibitions. However, there are differences between the imperative sentences of one language and another. Methods of data analysis are using translational equivalent method and glossing technique. The data were analyzed in two stages. First, categorizing the translation techniques used based on the theory of translation techniques according to Molina and Albir (20002), and second, determining the translation method using the theory of the translation method according to Newmark (1988). Based on the analysis, there were eight types of translation techniques found, namely 1) adaptation techniques; 2) amplification techniques; 3) established equivalent techniques; 4) generalization techniques; 5) linguistic compression techniques; 6) literal translation techniques; 7) modulation techniques; and 8) reduction techniques. Furthermore, translation method classified based on the orientation of the source language and target language is found. The translation method which is oriented to the source language consists of two translation methods, namely the semantic translation method and the literal translation method. Meanwhile, the translation method which is oriented towards the target language consists of three translation methods, namely the free translation method, the idiomatic translation method, and the communicative translation method. The results of this study indicate the translation method that is most widely used in this research is free translation method so that the translation of the imperative sentences applied in translating the novel Girls in the Dark by Andry Setiawan tends to be oriented towards the target language.

Validity and usefulness of the student-athletes' motivation toward sport and academics questionnaire: a Bayesian multilevel approach.

BackgroundReliable assessment and understanding of student-athletes’ motivation for dual careers are crucial to support their career development and transitions. The purpose of this research was to examine the validity and usefulness of the student-athletes’ motivation toward sport and academics questionnaire (SAMSAQ-PT) in the Brazilian higher education context. Four studies were performed.MethodsIn study one, conceptually and semantic translation of the questionnaire and Bayesian exploratory factor analysis were conducted. In study two, a Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis with an independent sample was performed. In study three, Bayesian multilevel modeling was applied to examine the construct validity of the questionnaire in a cross-sectional sample. In study four, the SAMSAQ-PT sensitiveness was examined in a longitudinal sample, and the results were interpreted based on multilevel regression and poststratification.ResultsAltogether the results provided evidence validity and usefulness of the SAMSAQ-PT in Brazilian student-athletes. The Brazilian student-athletes’ motivation scores were sensitive to the influence of sex, sport level, and type of university on career and sport motivation. SAMSAQ-PT estimate scores across an academic year showed a trend of stability in the scores, adjusting for sex, sport level, type of university, and student-athlete status.ConclusionThe SAMSAQ-PT proved to be a robust and valuable questionnaire, which could be used in Portuguese-speaking countries. The findings of the cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys urge to consider individual and contextual characteristics when investigating motivation of dual-career of athletes, also concerning the sex-related opportunities in university sports. Furthermore, there is a need for a call for action to promote and nurture the student-athletes motivation to remain engaged in both sports and educational commitments.

Ontology-based approach to data exchanges for robot navigation on construction sites

As the use of autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) for automated data collection from construction projects increases, construction stakeholders have become aware of a problem with inter-disciplinary semantic data sharing and exchanges between construction and robotic. Cross-domain data translation requires detailed specifications especially when it comes to semantic data translation. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are the two digital building technologies used to capture and store semantic information for indoor structures and outdoor environments respectively. In the absence of a standard format for data exchanges between the construction and robotic domains, the tools of both industries have yet to be integrated into a coherent deployment infrastructure. In other words, the semantics of BIM-GIS cannot be automatically integrated by the robotic platforms currently being used. To enable semantic data transfer across domains, semantic web technology has been widely used in multi-disciplinary areas for interoperability. This paves the way to smarter, quicker and more precise robot navigation on construction sites. This paper develops a semantic web ontology integrating robot navigation and data collection to convey the meanings from BIM-GIS to the robot. The proposed Building Information Robotic System (BIRS) provides construction data that are semantically transferred to the robotic platform and can be used by the robot navigation software stack on construction sites. To meet this objective, first, knowledge representation between construction and robotic domains is bridged. Then, a semantic database integrated with the Robot Operating System (ROS) is developed, which can communicate with the robot and the navigation system to provide the robot with semantic building data at each step of data collection. Finally, the BIRS proposed system is validated through four case studies.

Translating Sarcasm as Killing the Prophets and Making Fun of Them in Some Quranic Verses Into English

The current study concentrates on translating the rhetorical meanings of sarcasm in the Holy Quran and the translated texts in an effort to find a sort of compatibility between the two languages. It focuses on the method of sarcasm in some verses of Holy Quran in an endeavour to understand its intended meaning and clarify the variations involved in its translation into the English language. The study aims to produce some conceptions of sarcasm and take them into consideration in observing the original texts for the purpose of showing whether the translators are able to accurately translate the implicit meanings of sarcasm, based on Newmark’s Model (1988), “semantic and communicative translation”. Qualitative analysis is suitable for the purpose of the study, as it is suited for exploring people’s attitudes, opinions, beliefs, perceptions, interactions and behaviors in numerous settings and where the approach is interpretative and the data are presented subjectively rather than statistically.The study hypothesizes that translating sarcasm leads to some prospect problems for translators; one of the deductions obtained from this study is the variety of translations depending on the translator’s understanding of the meaning of the original text. The major findings that the translators have produced distinct translations depending on their understanding of the verse's meanings. In addition, in most cases, the renderings of the three translators look unsuitable because they did not display the sarcastic function as it is in the source text (ST). Consequently, the three translators broadly, failed to express the intentional ironic meaning as it is in the source text (The Holy Quran), and also could not manage to transfer the sarcastic message implied.

Translating Sarcasm as Glad Tidings and Threat in Some Verses of the Holy Quran Into English

The present study focuses on translating the rhetorical meanings of sarcasm in the Holy Quran and the translated texts in an attempt to find a kind of compatibility between the two languages. It sheds light on the method of sarcasm in some verses of Holy Quran in an attempt to understand its purpose, meaning and clarify the differences involved in its translation into the English language. The study aims to present some conceptions of sarcasm and take them into consideration in observing the original texts for the purpose of showing whether the translators are able to properly translate the implicit meanings of sarcasm, based on Newmark’s Model (1988), “semantic and communicative translation”. Qualitative analysis is appropriate for the purpose of the study, as it is suited for exploring people’s attitudes, opinions, beliefs, perceptions, interactions and behaviors in various settings and where the approach is interpretative and the data are presented subjectively rather than statisticallyThe study hypothesizes that translating sarcasm leads to some potential problems for translators; one of the conclusions obtained from this study is the diversity of translations depending on the translator’s understanding of the meaning of the original text. The main findings that the translators have produced different translations depending on their understanding of the verse's meanings. In addition, in most cases, the renderings of the three translators sound appropriate (why) because they show the sarcastic function as it is in the (ST). So, the three translators in general success to express the intended ironical meaning as it is in the source text (The Holy Quran), and also, they manage to convey the sarcastic message implied.

SEMI-AUTOMATIC ONTOLOGICAL ALIGNMENT OF DIGITIZED BOOKS PARALLEL CORPORA

In this paper, we present a method for general ontology management integration with an alignment of digitized books paraphrase corpus, which have been compiled from bilingual parallel corpus. We show that our method can improve ontology development and consistency checking when we add semantic parsing and machine translation to the process of general knowledge management. Additionally, we argue that the focus on one’s favorite books gives a factor of gamification for knowledge management process. A new formalism of semantic parsing ontological alignments is introduced and its use for ontology development and consistency checking is discussed. It is shown that existing general ontologies requires much more axioms than it is currently available in order to explain unaligned content of books. Proactive learning approach is suggested as part of the solution to improve development of ontology predicates and axioms. WordNet, FrameNet and SUMO ontologies are used as a starting knowledge base of paraphrase corpus semantic alignment method.

INSUFFICIENT INTERPRETATION OF METAPHOR IN THE QURANIC TRANSLATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SELECTED VERSES’ TRANSLATIONS BY PICKTHALL AND ARBERRY

Quranic verses are full of metaphoric phrases and compound metaphors which can be said to be the biggest challenge for its translators to the other languages. There is no doubt that a number of renown Western scholars and orientalists have translated Quran in different languages including English but keeping in view the cultural and religious difference, usually even renown translators and scholars like Pickthall and Arberry seem unable to totally apprehend and transfer the intended meaning of the Arabic metaphors of Quran. In this article, it has been tried to discuss and highlight the impact of this deficiency of Western scholars and untranslatability of Arabic metaphor into English without proper command and in-depth knowledge of the Arabic language. The methodology is based on the basic theories of Translation Studies in this regard, especially presented by Peter New Mark and Eugene Nida i.e. literal translation, semantic translation, equivalence, domestication and foreignization

Quran and Metonymy: Literal, Semantic and Metonymic Translation (Analysis of English Translation of a Quranic Verse)

Metonymy is a rhetorical device widely used in the literary works of all the times. At the time when Quran was revealed the Arab were on the top of such idiomatic and rhetorical style of speech. Metonymy is the way to a hidden meaning or a far meaning from the apparent one. Translating metonymy creates problems while finding out the intended, desired and hidden meaning. These problems turn critical during translating the ‘Word of Heaven’. I have selected two consecutive metonymic phrases of Verse No. 43 of Chapter: The Women which is as under: ﴿ ِّنك ُ م ٌ د َ ح َ أ َ اء َ ج ْ و َ أ َ اء ِّسَ الن مُ ُ ت سْ َ م َ َل ْ و َ اِّئ ِّطأ َ غ ْ ال َ ّم ِّ ﴾ A total number of 32 Quran translators are randomly selected to find out the literal, semantic and metonymic translations of these two metonymic phrases. We can easily observe the various kinds of translation, sentence style, and shifts that create complexity for those readers who depend on translation. The paper quoted the stances of the Exegetes of Quran regarding these two adjacent metonymic sentences, determining the meaning mentioned by the majority of Exegetes and analyzde the English words used for rendering their meanings to find out which translation can be suggested for the source language general public to gain the real intended meaning as elaborated by the majority of Quran Exegetes.

Three-Way Decisions Based on Q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy 2-Tuple Linguistic Sets with Generalized Maclaurin Symmetric Mean Operators

As a typical model of three-way decisions (3WD), decision-theoretic rough sets (DTRS), have gained attention from scholars in decision-making problems. The q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic variable (QROF2-TLV) is a mixture of two different notions, q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (QROFS) and 2-tuple linguistic variables (2-TLV), and is an extensive and proficient technique for coping with awkward and complicated information in realistic decision-making. In this paper, we first propose a DTRS model for 3WD based on QROF2-TLV that gives a new method for evaluating loss functions (LF) of DTRS. We further present the q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic generalized Maclaurin symmetric mean (QROF2-TLGMSM) and weighted QROF2-TLGMSM operators and then provide the LFs of DTRS based on QROF2-TLV with the values aggregated by the QROF2-TLGMSM operator. Thus, we propose the q-rung orthopair fuzzy 2-tuple linguistic variable DTRS (QROF2-TLV-DTRS) model. Subsequently, a technique for concluding another DTRS model, which can give the related semantic translation of the decision consequences of every other option, is presented. The model is applied to expound the proposed technique in detail, and the impacts of various conditional probabilities on decision outcomes are discussed. A comparative analysis of the proposed approach is also conducted to examine the proficiency of the proposed method.

Translation Approaches in Rendering Names of Tourist Sites

This article identifies the translation approaches adopted in the translation of names of tourist sites in China and examines how ‘fame’ and ‘popularity’ may influence these approaches. Upon analyzing a corpus of scenic site names, it is found that ‘pure phonetic’, ‘phonetic (name) + semantic (class)’, ‘pure semantic’, and ‘phonetic (location) + semantic (name) are the four major patterns in the translations of site names. On the whole, the data shows that phonetic translation is dominant over semantic translation. Meanwhile, ‘fame’ and ‘popularity’ have great impact on the translated names of scenic sites. The findings also suggest that a phonetic translation approach is preferred in rendering names of world-famous sites whereas a semantic translation approach is more frequently used for the name translation of sites located in places with higher popularity. The conflicting results reflect China’s struggle between preserving its cultural flavor for the sake of national identity and catering to foreign visitors for the benefit of the country’s tourism development.

Parameterized Logical Theories

A theory in first-order logic is a set of sentences. A parameterized theory is a first-order theory with some of its predicates and functions identified as parameters, together with some import statements that call other parameterized theories. A KB is then a collection of these interconnected parameterised theories, similar to how a computer program is constructed as a set of functions in a modern programming language. In this paper, we provide a translational semantics for these parameterized theories in first-order logic using the situation calculus. We also discuss their potential uses in areas such as multi-context reasoning and logical formalization of computer programs.

On the English Translation of Cultural Image Words in the Poem Chun Jiang Hua Yue Ye From the Perspective of Leech’s Conceptual Meaning and Connotative Meaning

Semantic translation is an important link in the translation process, starting with semantic selection. Among various semantic classification systems, Leech’s seven linguistic meanings are very reasonable and suitable for translation practice, research and teaching. His conceptual meaning and connotative meaning of the seven types of linguistic meanings can provide guidance for the translation of cultural image words, such as cultural image words in the two English versions of Chun Jiang Hua Yue Ye.

Проблема эквивалентности перевода словосочетаний в экономическом дискурсе (на материале немецкого языка)

The study aims to describe lexical-grammatical and expressive-stylistic features of the speech units naming various notional categories and relationships from the field of economy in the German language, as well as to present their semantic translation potential. The article describes both free and non-free word combinations of the modern German economic language. The study is novel in that it is the first to carry out a comprehensive contrastive analysis of the phraseological units belonging to the professional discourse, which makes it possible to determine relationships of equivalence and adequacy in denoting the contrasted language phenomena in German and Russian. As a result of the study, it is found that phraseoconcepts of terminological-notional nature are based in most cases on figurative rethinking of the context.

Algorithm Design of Translation Accuracy Correction for English Translation Softwares

With the development of economic globalization, English is needed in more and more different cases in people’s daily life, and so is English translation. Traditional English software translation mainly depends on machine, which on the one hand facilitates people’s life, while on the other hand it also has some disadvantages. For example, translation errors are characterized by iterative transmission, weak logic and low accuracy. Traditional machine translation has been unable to meet people’s demand for both speed and quality, so it can no longer meet people’s needs. Therefore, this paper puts forward the design of translation accuracy correction algorithm for English translation softwares. First of all, an in-depth research on the traditional English translation methods, such as lexical semantic translation and phrase translation, are conducted with the method of documentation. Then, a dependency tree to string model and log linear model are established. Finally, the BLEU value and NIST value of the three translation softwares as well as the translation accuracy before and after algorithm correction is compared and analyzed. The conclusion shows that the highest accuracy of English translation before correction is only 75.6%, while the lowest accuracy is as high as 98.7% after the algorithm is adopted in this paper. The difference of accuracy between the two shows that the effectiveness of the correction system in this paper makes an outstanding contribution.

Foreignization and Domestication Ideology of Indonesian Cultural Terms in Janda Dari Jirah Translated into English

This study aims to identify and analyze the categories, translation methods, and translation ideology of Indonesian cultural terms in the novel Janda Dari Jirah translated into The Widow of Jirah. The method of collecting the data in this study was observation, meanwhile descriptive qualitative method was applied in analyzing the data. The theories of cultural categories, translation methods, and translation ideology were used to analyze the data. There are five categories of cultural terms found in the novel. Moreover, the translation methods applied by the translators were word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, and idiomatic translation. With regards to the translation ideology, foreignization was more dominantly applied than domestication.