Semantic Borrowing Research Articles

‘So yo creo que es un proceso evolutivo’: Language ideologies among Puerto Ricans in southeastern Pennsylvania

AbstractThis article examines the perspectives of Puerto Ricans living in the United States in response to a publicity campaign that focuses on the correction of linguistic features that appear in some Puerto Ricans’ spoken Spanish. The campaign addresses phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic features, including a specific set of words or phrases that are named as lexical and semantic borrowings from English. Participants were invited to respond to the content and ideologies present in the campaign by means of semi-structured interviews. Through a framework of Critical Discourse Analysis and language (de)legitimation, the article analyzes the ways in which interviewees (de)legitimize loanwords in Puerto Rican Spanish. A Critical Discourse Analytical framework allows for the mapping of spoken and written texts (e. g. the campaign texts) onto discourses

ВАРИАНТНОСТЬ ПЕРЕВОДОВ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ В КИТАЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Through constant language contacts, loan words have become an indivisible part of the Chinese vocabulary. The process of assimilation loan words has long existed in Chinese language. Typical ways of assimilation loan words with English origin in Chinese language are phonetic and semantic ways. In the history of Chinese language, existed a period when the same English loan word could be translated at the same time in phonetic and semantic ways. During the assimilation of English words, exists the fact of replacing semantic way to phonetic way, and vice versa. Till now, in Chinese linguistics “competition” between phonetic borrowing and semantic borrowing is still an open controversy. In their works, Chinese linguists have different views on the use of phonetic and semantic ways. After selection and review of scientific works of Chinese linguists, this article in detail considers different ways of assimilation and possible variants of transfer English loanwords in Chinese language. This work also gives many examples from modern Chinese mass media. For more in-depth comparison and study of semantic and phonetic ways of assimilation words in modern Chinese language, this article uses the method of comparative analysis. The results of the conducted research highlights the trend of using alphabetic abbreviation and using semantic way of assimilation English words in modern Chinese language.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЕ В ПОЛИСЕМИИ И ОМОНИМИИ

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЕ В ПОЛИСЕМИИ И ОМОНИМИИ

TEMPERATŪROS METAFOROS LIETUVIŲ IR ANGLŲ KALBOSE: GRETINAMOJI ANALIZĖ

Straipsnyje pristatoma gretinamoji analizė, kurios objektas – temperatūros metaforos ir jų raiška lietuvių ir anglų kalbose. Tekstynų medžiaga paremtas tyrimas atskleidžia ir bendras metaforizacijos tendencijas, ir specifinius kalbų bruožus – savitas konceptualiąsias metaforas ir jų raiškos būdus. Dėl universalios fizinės patirties ir bendrų kultūros tradicijų didžioji dalis metaforizuojamų požymių gretinamose kalbose sutampa. Šie požymiai dažniausiai priskiriami žmogui, jo emocijoms, veiklai ir santykiams su kitais žmonėmis. Karštis kaip aukšta temperatūra metaforizuoja didelį intensyvumą (emocijų, veiklos, sudėtingų, nemalonių situacijų), šiluma, tapatinama su paties žmogaus kūno temperatūra, – malonius jausmus, pojūčius, draugiškus, artimus santykius, o šaltis ir (ar) vėsuma – šių požymių priešybes, t. y. mažą emocijų ir veiklos intensyvumą ar visišką nebuvimą arba neigiamus jausmus, pojūčius, santykius. Abiejose kalbose taip pat realizuojamos konceptualiosios metaforos SKUBA, NAUJUMAS YRA KARŠTIS ir PRADINIS ETAPAS YRA APŠILIMAS. Anglų kalboje temperatūros kaip metaforų ištakos srities apimtis didesnė. Čia produktyvesnės karščio ir vėsumos metaforos – remiantis karščio konceptu metaforizuojamas populiarumas, gera kokybė, o vėsumos konceptą reprezentuojantis cool reiškia šaunumą, patrauklumą, madingumą. Anglų kalboje dažnesnė ir įvairesnė teigiamų vėsumos metaforomis konceptualizuojamų požymių – savitvardos, santūrumo, racionalumo – raiška, sietina su tautiniais britų charakterio ypatumais. Kalbos lygmenyje metaforiniai pasakymai skiriasi keliais aspektais: gramatiniais požymiais (pasakymų apimtimi, kalbos dalimis), junglumo modeliais, specifiniais dariniais, frazeologizmais, konvencionalumu ir abstraktumo/konkretumo lygiu. Pastebėta ir gretinamų kalbų sąveika – anglų kalbos, dominuojančios šiuolaikinėje globalioje kultūroje, metaforų ir jų raiškos formų skverbimasis į lietuvių kalbą (vartojami semantizmai, nebūdingi junginiai, anglų kalbos elementai, nauji terminai).

Motives for Semantic Borrowing and Calquing from Old Chinese into Japanese

<p>This presentation examines the metalinguistic motives behind semantic borrowing and calquing from Old <br />Chinese into Japanese. Traditionally, semantic loans and calques are said to derive from homonymy and <br />synonymy between the donor and recipient languages; however, in Japanese, no homonymy and oftentimes <br />little synonymy are observed between the two languages. Instead, semantic loans and calques are believed to <br />arise from prescribed translation practices such as kundoku, the word-by-word rendering of Chinese texts into <br />Japanese, and kun-yomi, the ascribing of Japanese native words to Chinese characters. This practice of <br />prescribed translation plays a crucial role in the historical development of Japanese.</p>

Como dicen los americanos

This study analyzes the patterns of incorporation of English elements in New Mexican Spanish in the decades following the annexation of New Mexico by the United States as reflected in a corpus of private letters written between 1848 and 1936. The quantitative analysis shows that most types of contact features are infrequent during much of this period, but there is an increase in the presence of English elements in the last decades covered by the corpus. It also shows that semantic and lexical borrowing is much more frequent than structural interference or code-switching. These findings are then correlated with the general sociolinguistic environment of post-annexation Hispanic New Mexico, where bilingualism and language shift to English were much more infrequent than elsewhere in the US Southwest. Attention is also paid to features that pertain exclusively to the written language, and their distribution is explained as a function of the degree of exposure of Hispanic New Mexicans to literacy in English and Spanish.

Dialektolodzy na manowcach. O wpływie niemczyzny na gwary Warmii i Mazur

The article contains a critical analysis of the opinions of dialectologists studying the dialects of Warmia and Masuria. In their view, firmly established since the 1960s, the influence of the German language on the regions’ dialects was insignificant and superficial. The article recalls and studies the sources used in the compilation of Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, presents the linguistic material published therein. It poses a thesis that, although the language system of the studied dialect is Polish, the naming system comprising all fundamental spheres of life was shaped under a significant and versatile influence of German. Loanwords, semantic borrowings, replicas from the German language enter into numerous relationships of synonymy, hyponymy antonymy or hyperonymy with Polish words, creating complex and cohesive semantic fields within which the users of a dialect moved freely.

O internetowych ciasteczkach

On Internet cookies
 The aim of the present article is to discuss the semantic loan ciasteczko (‘cookie’) used in Polish. The new meaning of the word, modelled on English, is connected with computers and the Internet. The new legal regulations in Poland require all Polish websites to inform the Internet users about the fact that a given website uses cookies. Quotations from various Polish websites are analyzed; it is clear that the form in question is far from fully assimilated into Polish, as there is a great deal of confusion seen among the authors of texts published on the Internet. Four main solutions are in operation: (1) the use of the English lexical borrowing only, (2) the use of the English semantic borrowing only, (3) the use of both the English semantic and lexical borrowing and (4) the use of the English lexical borrowing followed by a definition of the term in Polish. In addition, new collocations of the word are analyzed.

Значимость фактора межславянских языковых контактов в формировании русского литературного языка нового типа

This article presents facts verifying the presence of nearly 1,000 lexical and over 300 semantic Polonisms found in the Russian chancery language (diplomatic correspondence) of the Muscovite state of the end of 16th and the first half of the 17th cen­turies, and draws conclusions about the role of the Polish influence on the Russian written language at that time and thereafter. According to our data, the Polish influence on the Russian written language in the first half of the 17th century extended both in terms of quantity and quality as well, which led to the close interaction of the lexical and semantic systems of the contiguous languages on a deeper level. This, in our opinion, allows us to discuss the fact that the production of the Posolsky Prikaz (ambassadorial office) in the second half of the 16th–17th centuries acted not only as one of the main channels of the Polonisation of Russian lexis, but—due to the rather large amount of semantic borrowings, as well as the increasing number of intraslavonic derivates among lexical borrowings in the 17th century— encouraged the extension of the influence of Polish culture in a broader aspect as well. This was reflected in the strategy of the formation of Muscovite Russian language policy, when the southwestern Russian language, which in its turn represented the borrowing of the Polish language situation, was being transformed onto the Great Russian soil. It should be pointed out that the prostaja mova, which—due to the absence of its equivalent in Great Russian conditions—played a great role and acted as an active mediator in Polish–Russian language contacts, influenced the chancery language of the Muscovite state, espe­cially diplomatic correspondence.

Traducción intercultural de lenguajes especializados: el caso del lenguaje enológico

THE INTERCULTURAL TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIZED LANGUAGES: THE CASE OF THE ENOLOGICAL DOMAIN
 This paper focuses on the analysis of the specialized wine tasting language which is currently emerging in Polish in a process that incorporates translations of wine tasting notes from other languages, including Iberian Spanish. The generally unconstrained linguistic attitude of Polish wine critics leads to an easy adoption in their texts of neologisms and foreign syntactic and semantic borrowings. Seemingly untranslatable cultural constructs in the source text are identified as culturemes and need to be applied specific translational techniques to be suitably captured for the target text.

Some Preliminary Observations on Processes of semantic borrowing in the Kabyle and Mzabi minorities of Oran

It is inevitable to do without borrowing in bilingual contexts. This phenomenon is more accentuated in contexts where there are bilingual situations involving minority languages. Algeria in general and Oran in particular are interesting sociolinguistic contexts to study the phenomenon of borrowing within minority groups. The present paper makes some preliminary observations on borrowing as it is displayed by members of the Kabyle and Mzabi minorities of Oran. We will be concentrating on the processes of semantic borrowing in the speech of these speakers. This type of borrowing is characteristic of contact situations and particularly those involving minority groups whose language or language varieties are influenced by the language or languages of the majority speakers in one way or another. We will tackle different types of semantic borrowing such as cultural borrowing, calques, and neologisms. The semantic borrowings that are the most recurrent in the data are the ones involving cultural borrowings and calques. Many semantic borrowings are in fact idiomatic expressions that are used by the Algerian Arabic majority speakers of Oran. The Berber minority groups seem to display a process of semantic alteration and extension. Some semantic extensions have in fact integrated new meanings that are not present in the guest language.

Head as metaphor in Paul

Since the 1980s there has been a debate among New Testament scholars about the meaning of the Greek word “kephal?” (“head”) in the Pauline epistles. Some scholars defend the traditional view that it means “leader”, while others argue that it should be understood to mean “source”. One result of this debate is that it is now clear that both the traditional and the new interpretation of kephal? have very little support in general Greek usage before the New Testament. This article seeks to advance the debate by showing that the phenomenon of “semantic borrowing” can explain why the meaning “source” is effectively limited to one passage in Herodotus,and the meaning “leader” is only found in Greek works written by bilingual Jews. The passage in Herodotus probably reflects a semantic loan from Old Persian *sar while various places in the Septuagint, Philo, Josephus and Paul reflect a semantic loan from Hebrew “ro’sh” (or Aramaic “re’sh”). Because the latter semantic loan (“head” meaning “leader”) is embedded in the Greek Bible (both in the Septuagint and Paul),the authority and prestige of the latter can account for the fact that the new meaning of kephal?, though unknown in previous pagan Greek writings, gradually became widespread in postbiblical Greek as Christianity spread.

Tracing the origin of S-Cr. novac 'money'

The paper points at the imprecision of the hitherto prevailing etymology of S-Cr. novac ?money? as an univerbization departing from the adjective nov ?new?, through an undated and undefined *novi penez /dinar. After a review of previous interpretations and the corpus of lexicographic attestations of the noun novac, the areal distribution of its earliest Croatian and Serbian attestations (from the 16th and 17th centuries respectively), as well as the 18th century Sln. novz ?nummus ungaricus? is taken as an indication of Hungarian source of influence. Hence the nomination impulse is found in Latin, the official language in medieval Hungary, where in some 15th century legal documents from the Zagreb court the syntagm novorum denariorum (Gen. pl.) occurs simultaneously and synonymously with the nominalized adj. novos (Acc. pl.). The semantic borrowing into local Slavic novac /novec ?new coin (initially 1/100 of a dukat)?, evolves into ?coin of small value? and eventually, through a negative phrase nemati ni novca ?to be broke? (lit.: ?to have not a single penny?) into ?money (in general); wealth?. In both meanings it entered the vernaculars of the entire Stokavian territory (some time during the 18th century), which is reflected in folk poetry, paremiology, etc. The term novac has suppressed the previously widespread Slavic term penezi /pjenezi /pinezi and entered a co-existence with the Turcism para f. ?coin?, pare pl. ?money? which lasts into this day. Since the nomination from the adj. nov is unique among standardly known terms for money (cf. Buck s.v.), a precious onomasiological parallelism to this formation is discovered in Serb. dial. novica ?a Turkish 20 gr coin?, ?a fake coin?.

Football: A History of Semantic and Cultural Borrowing [1

Sport is a practice, yet it is also a language conveying the representations of those who structure it and those who employ it. The contribution of numerous English lexical units to the lexicon of other languages in touch with United Kingdom participates in the diffusion of sport and its level of penetration in geographical spaces. France does not escape this phenomenon and its language borrows from its Anglo-Saxon neighbour. Anglicisms have been described in opprobrious terms for a long time by critics who consider them the sign of France's dependence on the British Empire. Through the analysis of five types of anglicisms (intact, truncated, gallicized, signified and signifier anglicism) and about 60 lexical units, we will identify the privileged forms of borrowings, their origins and the meaning to be attributed to them and thus show the role of sport in general and football in particular in linguistic and cultural diffusion.

Grecisms in Serbian: A review of previous and prospects for future studies

The paper deals with Grecisms which are one of the most widely studied class of loanwords in Serbian. After defining its scope as limited to lexical Grecisms (thus leaving aside semantic borrowings and semantic translations) a short review of the bibliography of the hitherto studies of the topic is given, with a particular stress on the existing classifications of Grecisms. The point is made of proposing a new classification of Grecisms (more substantial than the hitherto ones which depart from that once given by Max Vasmer) to be established, based on three criteria: chronological geographical and genetic ones which often come intertwined in one the same word. Examples illustrating the tripartite classification and all its subcategories are provided by a few dozens of well-known, indisputable Grecisms. Specially highlighted is the existence of a series of pairs (even triads) of words different in form, often meaning too, which through various mediations derive from identical Greek prototypes. In conclusion, future tasks of studding Grecisms are identified as working on completing the corpus by excerption of all the dialectal sources available and parallel going through the relevant etymological works dealing with Grecisms in Serbian (and in other Balkan languages as well), with the ultimate goal of producing a monograph to be a continuation of Die griechischen Lehnworter im Serbo-Kroatischen, written by M. Vasmer almost seven decades ago.

Semantic Borrowing and Inner-Greek Corruption in LXX Zechariah 11:8

Semantic Borrowing and Inner-Greek Corruption in LXX Zechariah 11:8

The Genesis of a Language: The Formation and Development of Korlai Portuguese

Korlai Portuguese (KP), a Portuguese-based creole only recently discovered by linguists, originated around 1520 on the west coast of India. Initially isolated from its Hindu and Muslim neighbors by social and religious barriers, the small Korlai community lost virtually all Portuguese contact as well after 1740. This volume is the first-ever comprehensive treatment of the formation, linguistic components, and rapidly changing situation of this exotic creole. The product of ten years of research, Korlai Creole Portuguese provides an exciting, in-depth diachronic look at a language that is now showing the strain of intense cultural pressure from the surrounding Marathi-speaking population. Framed in Thomason and Kaufman’s 1988 model of contact-induced language change, the author’s analysis is enriched by numerous comparisons with sister creoles, apart from medieval Portuguese and Marathi. This book contrastively examines the following areas: phonemic inventories, phonological processes, stress assignment, syllable structure, paradigm restructuring, paradigm use, lexicon, word formation, semantic borrowing, loan translations, grammatical relation marking, pre- and postnominal modification, negation, subject and object deletion, embedding, and word order.

Semantic Borrowing in the New Testament

Semantic Borrowing in the New Testament

Semantic Borrowing in Pennsylvania German

IN A SUMMARY of recent studies in the field of bilingualism Einar Haugen has emphasized the fact that 'few countries are more ideally suited for bilingual study than the United States,' where about io percent of the population speak a childhood language other than English.2 The two-century-old PaGS speech island, which covers almost one third of the state of Pennsylvania, affords especially favorable conditions for the observation of linguistic change brought about by the impact of two different cultures and languages upon each other. As Otto Springer has so aptly stated, the significance of such firsthand observations of the results, and sometimes even of the actual process, of interlingual influence (quite aside from their intrinsic interest to persons of polylingual background) consists in the fact that they often shed welcome light upon more obscure parallel situations farther removed from us in time and space.4 It is rather surprising, therefore, that although English loan words in PaG have been the object of much popular and some scientific comment, the more subtle but less obvious evidences of English pressure upon the PaG vocabulary have been markedly neglected. The intimate fusions of the two languages commonly known as hybrids, for which Haugen has suggested the designation loanblends,6 were treated by the writer in two previous articles.7 The related problems of loan trans-