Seljuk State Research Articles

FAITH AND ISSUES RELATED TO IT IN MAHMUD LAMISHI’S TAMHID

Mahmud ibn zayd Lamishi is a scholar of the Hanafi school, a follower of the teachings of Maturidi, who worked in samarkand at the end of the 5th - beginning of the 6th centuries aH (aD). He was known as a mutakallim (islamic philosopher) and methodologist. His works on theology as at-tamhid li qawa’id-t-tawhid, as well as books on islamic fiqh kitab fi Usul al-fiqh and bayon kashfil-alfoz, have reached us. islamic philosophy (kalam) and islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) were taught in the madrasah of the Ottoman empire and the seljuk state based on the works of Lamishi. the current article describes the issues of faith discussed in the last chapter of the work at-tamhid li qawa’id-ttawhid. this chapter consists of five paragraphs. the scholar examines the essence of faith, its strengthening or weakening, regardless of whether the faith is created or is not created. He also depicts the issues of the faithfulness of muqallid (conformist) and exceptions in faith. Considering the views and evidence of the ahlu-ssunnah scholars and adherents of the teaching of maturidi, the author reveals the essence of faith. He writes that the actions (of the servant of God) are not an integral part of his faithfulness, and do not affect it. the author also reveals the views of the kharijites and Jahmites on this matter. the following chapter is devoted to the increase or decrease of faith. the author stated in short phrases that faithfulness does not increase or decrease. In the chapter on faith in the third paragraph, the author describes whether faithfulness is created by something or someone. the main reason for this hypothesis is that an inner conviction is created from the characteristics of a person’s character, and faith can also be created. However, if we consider faithfulness as given, it is impossible to build it since it is a gift from the almighty. the next chapter is devoted to the faithfulness of a Muslim who is not an expert in islam. the author reveals some exceptions in matters of faith. the author quotes the views and arguments of the adherents of the Maturidi doctrine. He writes that the faithfulness of a muqallid is as important as the faith of an expert in Islam. moreover, he mentions that no exceptions are allowed in matters of faith.

Синтез арабо-мусульманской культуры в Персии и Северной Индии: к истории вопроса

The article is devoted to the analysis of the process of the Persian language and culture de-velopment in the Middle Ages and the modern period, its continuity from the Sassanid era to the Samanid and Safavid eras and the synthesis of Arab-Muslim culture in Persia and India. The author turns to the origins of the New Persian language, examines the influence of Iranian culture on the cultural development of neighboring people and demonstrates that the Farsi language influenced the emergence in the Delhi Sultanate of a new Urdu language with a predominance of Persian-Arabic vocabulary. The synthesis of the Arab-Muslim culture of Iran, the mutual influence of the Arab-Islamic and local cultures, clearly manifested in the development of architecture, are considered. Chronologically, the article covers the period of the Middle Ages and the modern period. The re-search is based on the methodological principles of historicism and objectivity, as well as on the his-torical-comparative, historical-genetic, historical-typological methods and civilizational approach. The author concludes that the Iranian cultural influence in the Middle Ages and in the modern peri-od extended to all the eastern lands of Islam – from the Seljuk state to India. The Muslim society was multifaceted, yet subject to the strict rules of Islam. Classical Muslim thought and culture were characterized by a high adaptive capacity. At the end of the twentieth century, the Iranians declared the Persian language an important factor of cultural integration and the foundation of the national mentality. The Farsi language was proclaimed “the second language of Islam”, and the knowledge and study of classical poetry and philosophy of Sufism was recognized as an important means of consolidating the Muslims of the region. This cultural policy contributed to overcoming the interna-tional isolation of the Islamic Republic of Iran and expanding the scope of regional cooperation.

Azerbaycan, İran, Türkmenistan, Irak ve Türkiye ortaokul tarih ders kitaplarında Büyük Selçuklu tarihi konularının öğretimi

Due to the understanding of national history, states give priority to their national history in history textbooks. However, nations with a common past, interconnected and regionally close have historically similar aspects and common pasts. Another factor that facilitates this phenomenon is the great states in history that dominated large geographies. In this sense, the Great Seljuk State has the feature of being a state that is mentioned both in Turkish history and in the geography where it was founded and under its rule. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the Seljuk history subjects in the history and social studies textbooks recently taught in Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Iraq, and Turkey secondary schools located in the Seljuk geography. In the research the descriptive screening method, which is widely used in the social sciences, was used. The historical subjects of the Great Seljuk State were divided into periods and a comparison was made between the textbooks. On the history of the Great Seljuks in the textbooks, it has been focused on which subjects are mentioned and how the subjects are depicted with an image. Are questions that reinforce historical subjects and measure students' success included in the textbooks? Are there reading passages and visuals, where the student can better understand historical subjects, etc. The answers to the questions were sought. The results obtained in the study are tabulated. As a result of the study, there are differences in the information outside of some basic topics such as the Battle of Manzikert, the topics focused on, and the educational layout of textbooks.

Selçuklu Cilt Üslûbunun 15. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Ciltlerine Yansımaları (Çorum Hasan Paşa Yazma Eser Kütüphanesi Örnekleri)

Reflections of Seljuk Bookbinding Style on the 15th Century Ottoman Bindings (Examples of Çorum Hasan Pasha Manuscript Library) Abstract Binding is the general name of the book covers, which both have protective qualities and give aesthetic pleasure to the eyes with the decoration applied on it. According to the binding fragments found in Chotscho, the Turkish binding art must have started in Central Asia. These bindings set an example for Turkish bindings produced after it, both technically and in terms of decoration. Seljuk Turks, who came to Anatolia from Central Asia, brought this art with them and developed it here. The bookbinders of the period produced many decorated bookbindings during this period and formed the Seljuk style of binding. The medallion is generally in circular form and is located at the center point of the cover. From an ornamental point of view, the decoration of the front and back cover in a different way is the main feature that distinguishes Seljuk binding from other period bindings. The preference for different types of decoration in the border decorations is also one of the distinguishing features of the Seljuk binding style. Seljuk bindings also attract attention in terms of the material used in the inside of covers and the motif applied. Generally, the inside of the cover is covered with leather. There are full geometric and rūmī patterns on the inside of the cover. The effect of Seljuk binding style on Anatolian Principalities, especially Karamanids, has been determined by various studies. These effects and reflections continued in Turkish-Islamic bindings until the end of the 15th century. The theme of the article is 15th-century Ottoman bindings in which these reflections can be seen. The Çorum Hasan Pasha Manuscript Library, which has not been the subject of any study in this regard, has been determined as the research area. As a result of the researches carried out in this library, five examples from the 15th century were identified. The first of the examples is the binding of the work with inventory number 3374, with the copying date of 839/1435. This binding reflects the Seljuk binding style in terms of double-row border decoration, medallion form, and decoration technique applied with nails. The second example is the binding of the manuscript with inventory number 4064 and dated 850/1445. The waqf seal of Sayyid Ahmad Fayzī, the mufti of Çorum, is found on various pages of this work. The binding of the manuscript shows the Seljuk influence with different medallion designs on its front and back cover. In addition, the type of decoration of the corner piece is also a reflection of the same style. The third example is the binding of the manuscript dated 842/1438 with inventory number 4117. This binding is one of the important examples where the Seljuk style on one cover and the Ottoman early period binding style on the other cover come together in one binding. The fourth example is the binding of the manuscript with inventory number 4115, which was completed in the month of Muharram of 885/1479. The medallion of this binding is in narrow pointed oval form. This binding reflects the Seljuk style especially in terms of border decorations and technique. The fifth example is the binding of the manuscript with inventory number 4933. In the manuscript, there is the waqf seal dated 1201 (1786) in the name of Suleyman Feyzi and an ownership record written Muhammed b. Ahmad al-Shāfiī 934 (1527). The binding of the manuscript was decorated with Seljuk patterns using the gold-ink dyeing technique. The border decoration is also the type that stands out in the Seljuk decoration repertoire. In our article, it was determined that the Seljuk binding style continued to show its effect partially after the 15th century. Two bindings (4768, 4062) dated the 16th century are also available in the library. The binding of the manuscript, like 4117, has the characteristic of different decoration types of the front and back cover, which is the most typical feature of the Seljuk binding. As a result, it has been determined that the binding subject to the article coincides with the Seljuk bindings in terms of decoration types and production techniques and bears the reflections of this style. Reflections have also been compared with similar examples from the 15th century. According to this; the 15th century is a period in which the Seljuk State continued its continuity in terms of binding art, even if not in an administrative sense. Previous period effects that can be observed in every branch of art were also valid for 15th-century bookbinders who produced works in Anatolia.

SCHOOLS AND MẬBEDS AS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF NON-MUSLIMS IN ANATOLIA IN THE XIIIth CENTURY

In XIIIth century, after the 1071 Battle of Mangizert, Kutalmışoğlu Suleymanshah’ leadership of the organization has been largely realized in Anatolia (Turkey) that a century Anatolian Seljuk Empire's domination continued. So much so that the first half of the century in question gives the image of Anatolia where a Seljuk rule was established, while the second half is an Anatolia where Turkish political unity and the authority of the Anatolian Seljuk State disappeared as a result of the Babais’ Revolt in 1239 and the Kösedağ Wars in 1243, where confusion, chaos and instability prevailed. gives the image. In this century, when the Anatolian Seljuk domination basically existed in small regional political structures known as the principalities in some places and which we see that they reached more than twenty large and small political structures, in Anatolia, besides Muslim subjects, there were also a considerable number of non-Muslim subjects and We see that Muslim Turks, who have been around two hundred years after their arrival, and these subjects live together. In addition to being in political structures, the educational activities of these subjects, who are seen to be in a religious, economic and socio-cultural fusion with Muslims, also take an important place in socio-cultural life. Here in this study; the institutions that have an important place in the education and training activities of Christian and Jewish subjects such as Greek and Armenian living in Anatolia in the XIIIth century are discussed. The subject of education, which is tried to be evaluated in terms of schools and mậbeds serving as schools, has been addressed by making use of the sources of the period and modern sources written in parallel with these sources.

ЖЕНЩИНЫ ИЗ ПРАВЯЩЕЙ ДИНАСТИИ ВО ВНУТРЕННЕЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ ВЕЛИКОГО СЕЛДЖУКСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА

Women have had a very important position in Turkish society since the earliest Turkish states. Turkish women, who play a very active role in social life, have been the subject of many epics such as the Epic of Creation, and in these epics, women are placed in a more important place than men. Turkish women have been very influential in the functioning of the state as well as in social life. Almost no work has been done without women in Turkish society. Especially, women who are members of the dynasty reach the power that can affect the fate of the state, sign inter-state agreements, mention their names in orders and decrees, have their own armies, go to war with this army when necessary, have their own treasures and iqta regions. are the clearest indicators. After the adoption of Islam, Turkish women preserved the same importance and value in social life and state life. When we look at the position of women in the Great Seljuk State, one of the important Turkish-Islamic States, we see that women, especially the wives of the rulers, had an important place in the social life and state functioning, as in the pre-Islamic Turkish History. Having an army and treasure of their own, Seljuk dynasty women played important roles in the domestic policy of the state as well as in foreign policy. They have always played a leading role in many important issues that determine the fate of the state, such as determining the heirs, choosing viziers, preparing orders and decrees. As in the example of Altuncan Hatun, the women of the Seljuk dynasty, who from time to time took part in the suppression of internal rebellions, acted as the absolute regent of the ruler in their power. These powers of the women of the dynasty sometimes caused troublesome processes in the state. In this study, the effects and roles of the women of the dynasty in the state's internal politics in the Great Seljuk State will be examined.

Haşim Şahin, Dervişler, Fakihler, Gaziler, Erken Osmanlı Döneminde Dinî Zümreler (1300-1400), YKY Yayınları, İstanbul, 2020.

After the 1243 Kösedağ war, the fall of the Anatolian Seljuk State had begun. The areas under his rule came under the influence of the Mongols. Since the extremes were relatively far from this influence, independent principalities emerged there. One of them was the Ottoman Principality. The Ottomans, who had the opportunity to expand especially in the Marmara region, expanded their domains by opening up to Rumelia. With the expansion and strengthening of the state, scholars, Sufis, and veterans from different regions of the Islamic geography migrated to the regions where the Ottoman rule was. Thus, the Ottomans with the accumulation of people from different lands; were fed culturally, religiously, administratively, militarily, and intellectually. Haşim Şahin states that the lack of "detailed studies on social factors understood to have an important role in the formation of the Principality" is a factor in the emergence of this study. In this study, the related work has been examined.

Seljuks Inherit to Anatolia; Caravanserais

The history of Anatolia intertwined and layered manner is composed of many historical mosaic of culture. In this chronology, we see the Anatolian Seljuk State in the administration of the era when Turkish identity was set up in Asia Minor. This state has become an important force especially in the 11th and 13th centuries, even if it is not absolute in commercial, military and economic. At that time, the continuity of the state union was due to the intense trade and lack of scarcity in the country. The Seljuks were aware of this. With the expansion of Anatolian Seljuk State borders, which gives importance to the trade, new road networks have been formed and the existing ones have been strengthened. Old Anatolian cities such as Konya, Kayseri, Sivas and Erzurum have become important trade centers. It is necessary to ensure the safety of the roads and caravans in all of this commercial activity in the country. Caravanserais and khans were constructed on the roads to meet the needs of the caravans in order to stay and to continue their way. These buildings, which have an enclosed architecture with thick masonry walls, look like a castle and have become a power show. Anatolian Selcuklu period caravanserais show different features than the previous accommodation structures. In this study, the change of the commercial activities and accommodation during the history and the spatial organization, plan typologies and functions of the Anatolian Seljuk Caravanserai constructions are discussed.

EVALUATION STUDY ON WOODEN PILLAR MOSQUES BUILT IN ANATOLIA IN THE 13TH CENTURY

In this article, mosques that are carried on wooden poles, which have a very important place among Anatolian Seljuk and Principalities (Beyliks) Period mosques and covered with flat wooden roofs, are discussed. With the continuation of the wooden pillar mosque tradition in Central Asia, very important examples of this building type, which were brought to Anatolia by the Turks in the Anatolian Seljuk State Period, were revealed in the 13th century. In this study, Beyşehir Eşrefoğlu Mosque, Afyon Ulu Mosque, Ankara Arslanhane (Ahi Şerafettin Mosque) and Sivrihisar Ulu Mosque, which are the most magnificent examples of this building type, were investigated. After the archive and literature researches about these buildings were done, a catalog study of the buildings was made. Within the scope of this study, the formal features of the buildings such as plan, facade, construction technique, plan type, number of entrances, the presence of the last congregation and the presence of a gathered floor, the environmental relation, the spatial characteristics such as the carrier element and the architectural elements were examined. The aim of the article is to make a general inference on the wooden pillar mosques built in Anatolia in the 13th century in line with the data obtained from the studies and to determine the common aspects of wooden pillar mosques built in four different parts of Anatolia. In the light of the information obtained as a result of the catalog studies and archive scans, it has been observed that the structures have similar characteristics especially in terms of the materials and construction techniques used, but some of their features differ and take shape in line with the construction traditions of the places where they are located. Konya Sahipata Mosque, which was built in the 13th century, was excluded from the scope of the study, as its general characteristics were completely changed after the fire.

The issue of public administration in nizamulmulk’s “policy”

This article reflects the ideas of the Eastern thinker Nizamulmulk on the issues of public administration in his work “Politics”. Politics is one of the main sources in the history of sociopolitical thought in the Middle East. This work was recognized by political scientists as a political program of the Seljuk state. In this work, the thinker gave a detailed analysis of the role of the ruler in building a just society. Although it was difficult to draw the line between the state and society during the time of the Nizamulmulk, the wise man was able to distinguish society from the kingdom.

EVALUATION STUDY ON WOODEN PILLAR MOSQUES BUILT IN ANATOLIA IN THE 13TH CENTURY

In this article, mosques that are carried on wooden poles, which have a very important place among Anatolian Seljuk and Principalities (Beyliks) Period mosques and covered with flat wooden roofs, are discussed. With the continuation of the wooden pillar mosque tradition in Central Asia, very important examples of this building type, which were brought to Anatolia by the Turks in the Anatolian Seljuk State Period, were revealed in the 13th century. In this study, Beyşehir Eşrefoğlu Mosque, Afyon Ulu Mosque, Ankara Arslanhane (Ahi Şerafettin Mosque) and Sivrihisar Ulu Mosque, which are the most magnificent examples of this building type, were investigated. After the archive and literature researches about these buildings were done, a catalog study of the buildings was made. Within the scope of this study, the formal features of the buildings such as plan, facade, construction technique, plan type, number of entrances, the presence of the last congregation and the presence of a gathered floor, the environmental relation, the spatial characteristics such as the carrier element and the architectural elements were examined. The aim of the article is to make a general inference on the wooden pillar mosques built in Anatolia in the 13th century in line with the data obtained from the studies and to determine the common aspects of wooden pillar mosques built in four different parts of Anatolia. In the light of the information obtained as a result of the catalog studies and archive scans, it has been observed that the structures have similar characteristics especially in terms of the materials and construction techniques used, but some of their features differ and take shape in line with the construction traditions of the places where they are located. Konya Sahipata Mosque, which was built in the 13th century, was excluded from the scope of the study, as its general characteristics were completely changed after the fire.

The History of The Seljuk State ın Azerbaijani Historiography

The Muslim-Turkic state Seljuk Empire, which formed in the Middle East in the 11th century, played an important role in the political, economical and cultural life of many peoples. Azerbaijan was one of the countries located in the geographical area dominated by the Seljuk state. In this regard, study the history of the Seljuks state has always been relevant in Azerbaijan historiography. However this problem has been studied since the second half of the twentieth century and is still in its infancy. In Azerbijan historiography Z.Bunyadov, N.Akhundova, N.Aliyeva, T.Dostiyev, R.Huseynov, Sh.Mustafayev, E.Mammadov, I.Hajiyev, A.Ismayilova and others conducted research on this topic.Academician Z.Bunyadov was one of the first researchers of the Seljuk period in Azerbaijani historiography. The monograph of the prominent orientalist "The state of the Atabeys of Azerbaijan in 1136-1225" published in 1978 is very important in this regard. Using medieval Arabic sources and numerous works writen by modern historians of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Russia and Western Europe of on the history of the Seljuk state, the author conducted research on various problems of the Seljuk state and provided very interesting information in his monograph. After Z.Bunyadov many other Azerbaijani researchers were interested in Seljuk History.The aim of this research is to investigate the history of Seljuk State by considering the researches of Azerbaijani authors and scholars. To this aim we benefit from Z. Bunyadov, N. Akhundova, N.Aliyeva, T.Dostiyev, R.Huseynov, Sh.Mustafayev, E.Mammadov, L.Hajiyev, A. Ismayilova.

Selçuklular’da Sağlık, Sağlık Kurumları ve Tıp Eğitimi

In addition to their military and political success, the Seljuks also achieved great accomplishments in the medical field by giving great importance to medical education and treatment of diseases. From the very foundation of the Seljuk empire, the Sultans invested heavily in medicine. Medical services in the Seljuk Empire consisted of the following: bîmâristans, dârü’ş-şifâs and caravanserais. In the Great Seljukian state, medical education was carried out in facilities such as bâmâristan and dârü’ş-şifâ rather than in madrasahs. The Seljuks placed great importance on health, both in regard to the principles of social state understanding and the risk of possible epidemics caused by being at the intersection of many geographies. State of art treatment methods were applied against diseases such as leprosy, boils, smallpox, strokes, plague, and tuberculosis. There was an abundance of mobile hospitals, caravanserai hospitals, and palace hospitals in the Seljuk region. Mobile hospitals were carried on camels and accompanied the armies that went on campaigns. Throughout the Seljuk empire, free health services were provided to passengers in caravansaries for a certain period. In addition, the Sultans had highly trained personal doctors. As well as providing health care for monarchs and statesmen, wealthy Seljuks also built dârü’ş-şifâs for the public. Nishapur, Isfahan, Baghdad, Aleppo, Amasya, Çankırı, Konya, Kayseri, Malatya, and Erzurum hosted important health centers in the Seljuk times. Evidence of some of the health institutions in these places has survived until today with their inscriptions. In the light of these inscriptions, it is seen that the Seljuk State took every precaution regarding health and did not avoid the expense. Besides, many famous doctors who were trained in the Seljuk period guided the Ottoman civilization over the years through scientific studies, and their works have been taught in Europe for years. In this paper, the important steps which were taken by the Seljuks in the field of health, the facilities they established, and the important medical professionals who left their mark on the period are discussed. 

Vital Cuinet’e Göre XIX. Yüzyıl Sonlarında Balıkesir’in İdari, Demografik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapısı

Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin zayıflaması ile bir dönem Karesi Beyliği’nin merkezi olan Balıkesir, Orhan Bey zamanında Osmanlı Devleti’nin hâkimiyetine girmiştir. Yeraltı zenginlikleri, özellikle dokumacılık, deri sanayisi ve ormanları bakımından Osmanlı ekonomisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Balıkesir, Osmanlı idarî teşkilatında önce Anadolu eyaletine, daha sonra ise Hüdavendigâr Vilayeti’ne bağlı bulunan Karesi Sancağının merkezi olmuştur. 1880-1892 yılları arasında Düyûn-ı Umumiye İdaresi Genel Sekreteri olan Vital Cuinet, bu görevi esnasında Anadolu’yu gezerek Osmanlı Devleti’nin sosyo-ekonomik, demografik ve idarî yapısını incelemiştir. Elde ettiği izlenim ve verileri ise bir kitap haline getirmiştir. Eser, Paris’te 1892 yılında “La Turque D’Asie, Géographie Administrative Statistique Descritive et Raisonnée De L’asie-Mineure” adıyla dört cilt olarak basılmıştır. Balıkesir şehrini muhtemelen 1891 yılında ziyaret eden Cuinet’in şehre dair elde ettiği bilgiler eserin dördüncü cildinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada Cuinet’in Balıkesir’e dair verdiği bilgiler esas alınarak şehrin XIX. yüzyıl sonlarındaki sosyo-ekonomik, demografik ve idarî yapısı ortaya konulmuştur.

CONFISCATIONS IN THE SELJUK ERA 447 AH/ 1055 AD- 590 AH / 1193 AD

This study aims to clarify the concept of confiscation, the equivalent terms for the meaning of confiscation, and explain the reasons for confiscations, categories of expropriations, methods of collecting them, and the consequences from frequent confiscations in the Seljuk state. Confiscations are among the interesting and arduous economic issues, due to the lack of historical material and its scattering in the sources. There is also a difficulty in linking this information so that it is difficult for the researcher to conclude in the economic conditions of that period. On the other hand, the importance of Confiscations lies in forming an image of the economic reality of the Seljuk state. Among the most results findings of the study is that the financial situation of the Sultanate Treasury was the precipitating factor for Confiscations for many sultans, especially during the period of conflict between members of the Seljuk house after the end of the period of great Sultans,and that the employers of jobs in the House of Caliphate were more confiscated than their counterparts in the Seljuk state, That is because they plotted with the Sultanate against the Abbasid Caliphate

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELJUK EMPIRE AND THE BEGINNING OF THE POLITICAL CRISIS

The article considers the fact that the Seljuk state was founded by the Oghuz Seljuks, as well as the internal social policy of the Seljuk empire as a prerequisite for a crisis in the country (late XI and early XII centuries). The Seljuks combined the fragmented political landscape of the eastern Islamic world and played a key role in first and second crusades. Strongly Persianized in culture and language, the Seljuks also played an important role in the development of the Turkic-Persian tradition, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia. The resettlement of Turkic tribes in the northwestern peripheral parts of the empire with the military strategic goal of repelling the invasions of neighboring states led to the gradual Turkization of these territories. Sultans handed out nobles and ordinary warriors to the nobility - ikta, which made it possible for the sultan to maintain power. At the end of the XI century, large conquests ended, bringing the nobility new lands and military booty, which led to a change in the political situation in the country. Know began to strive to turn their possessions into legally hereditary, and their power over the Rayyats - into unlimited; the owners of large Lenas raised rebellions, seeking independence (Khorezm in the 1st half of the XII century). To provide the army with land (ICT), wages, gifts, food, weapons, uniforms, medicines, the Sultan's government went to any expense. The widespread use of ICT in the army has allowed the creation of a stable mercenary army, specializing in the change of people's squads

MU‘İZZÎ DÎVÂNI’NDA BİR SELÇUKLU HÂTUNU: TÂCEDDÎN HÂTUN

Büyük Selçuklu Devleti sarayında Emîrüşşü‘arâ unvanıyla yarım asrı aşkın bir sürede bulunan Emîr Mu‘izzî (öl. 518-521/1124-1127), Selçuklu tarihi ve kültürü açısından önemli bir şahsiyettir. Sultan Alp Arslan’ın şairi olan babası Burhânî sayesinde çocukluğundan itibaren saray çevresinde yaşayan Mu‘izzî’nin 19.000 beyit civarındaki Dîvân’ı, bilhassa Melikşâh (öl. 485/1092), Berkyâruk (öl. 498/1104), Muhammed Tapar (öl. 511/1118) ve Sencer (öl. 552/1157) gibi Selçuklu sultanları, vezirler, emîrler ve devlet adamları için yazılmış şiirlerden oluşmaktadır. Onun şiirlerinde birçok tarihî şahsiyet hakkında bilgiye ulaşabilmek mümkündür. Bunların yanı sıra hayatına dair tarih kaynaklarında çok fazla ve detaylı malumat bulunmayan ve Mu‘izzî’nin, Dîvân’da adına övgüde bulunduğu şahsiyetlerden biri de daha çok Tâceddîn Seferiyye ya da Seferiyye Hâtun olarak bilinen Sultan Sencer’in ve Sultan Muhammed’in anneleri Tâceddîn Hâtun’dur (öl. 487/1094). Mu‘izzî’nin Dîvân’ında ve düşünce dünyasında Tâceddîn Hâtun’un ne şekilde yer aldığını tespite çalışmak birçok açıdan anlam yüklüdür. Bir yandan Mu‘izzî’nin, Tâceddîn Hâtun’u hangi özellikleri ve yönleri dolayısıyla eserine dâhil ettiği hakkında sonuçlara ulaşılabilecek, öte yandan Tâceddîn Hâtun’un edebî ve tarihî metinlerdeki varlığı hakkında bilgiler elde edilebilecektir. Böylece Mu‘izzî’nin Tâceddîn Hâtun methiyelerindeki beyanları ve bilgileri, bu alanda yapılan çalışmalara katkı sağlayacaktır.

Nizâmülmülk Etkisi: Otorite Sahibi Bir Vezir Portresi

One of the breaking points in Turkish and Islamic history is the Battle of Dandanakan, which took place between the Seljuks and the Ghaznavids in 1040. After the war, the Seljuks became an effective and decisive power, especially in the Sunni Islamic geography with a rapid rise. The Great Seljuk Empire, which came from a nomadic culture and irrepressibly expanded its domination from Turkistan to Anatolian territory in a very short time while it was in the nature of a nomad group, started to mature institutionally as well. At this point, the Persian origin statesmen, many of whom previously served in the state organization of Ghaznavid, met the need for trained personnel that emerged both in the central government and in the provinces. One of these names is Hasan b. Ali b. Isḥāq al- Ṭūsī, who will become famous with the name of Niẓām al-Mulk and will get ahead of his original name. Niẓām al-Mulk has been an extremely effective name in the institutionalization of the Great Seljuk State with the steps and actions which he tookin the military, administrative, scientific, and economic fields at a time when the state power was depended on victories in the military field. As a result of that event, he gained a respectable place among both public and statesmen. Within the scope of this study, the position of Niẓām al-Mulk in the state bureaucracy, his relations with the rulers and dynasty members, and the reflections of the actions taken by him from his period of vizier to the Seljuk history will be discussed.

The conservation and restoration performances under Seljuk Architectural Patronage

The aim of this study is to expose the similarities between the restoration, conservation, and also reparation works focused on the monumental and public building under the Architectural Patronage of Seljuk Sultans in Anatolia. Reparations and present restoration approach through the protection – reparation examples they made in their periods. The research method is based on a comparative analysis of the approaches followed in the restoration and restoration of monumental structures built by previous civilizations in the territories dominated by the Seljuk state of Anatolia. In the scope of the study Aspendos Theatre, Aksaray Sultan Caravanserai and Sultan Alaaddin Bridge will be taken up it will be tried to understand the principles in the restoration efforts of the Anatolian Seljuks and light the way for the present restoration studies with the achieved accumulation and experience. As a result of the research, the findings indicate that the modern Seljuk state era has been applied to the repair-conservation of monumental monuments very close to the contemporary principles of contemporary restoration.

THE HISTORY OF THE SELJUK STATE IN AZERBAIJANI HISTORIOGRAPHY

The history of the Seljuk state, which played a significant role in the political, economic and cultural life of the Near and Middle East in the Middle Ages, is one of the most actual problems in Azerbaijani historiography. As it is known, after the establishment of the Seljuk state by the Turks, their main policy was to advance to the west, to seize Anatolia, to turn Anatolia into Turkish lands. The Caucasus region was the gateway to Anatolia. That is why the Caucasus, as well as Azerbaijan was of great military-strategic importance for the Seljuks. After the Dandanekan victory, it was decided at the Congress in Merv to launch new military operations to the East and West. The main target of the attack was Iran, Byzantium and the South Caucasus, because these countries were in political disarray and unable to resist them. Seljuk troops advancing on the Caucasus soon subjugated the local feudal states. The people of Azerbaijan, who have been under the rule of the Seljuk state for more than a century, have played a special role in the political and cultural development of the Seljuk state. However, this problem in national historiography has been a separate research topic only in the second half of the 20th century, which has long been out of sight. The present article is devoted to the study of Seljuk state in Azerbaijani historiography. The article studies the works of prominent Azerbaijani historians Z. Bunyadov, R. Huseynov, N. Akhundova, N.Aliyeva, Sh.Mustafayev, I.Hajiyev, T.Dostiyev and others, who have done research in this area since the second half of the twentieth to the first decade of the twenty-first century and their role in the study of the history of the great state in the medieval Muslim East, the Seljuk State, has been defined.