Automatic Parking Research Articles

Capacitive Sensor Dedicated to Pedestrians Protection

In the case of an unavoidable frontal collision between a vehicle and a pedestrian, the activation of a protection system can reduce the severity of injuries caused by the collision. However, to fulfill this objective, it is necessary to determine when the shock will occur. To overcome this problem, we place inside the front bumper a metallic sheet that emits an electric field. This field is oriented toward the front of the vehicle by means of various guard screens. The intrusion into the emitted electric field induces a capacitive coupling with the sensor. Which will enable the electronic device to detect the presence of the pedestrian at a distance of 1 m. To avoid slow drifts in time, the change in capacity is measured every millisecond. The last hundred acquisitions are considered as a history. This history is compared with the signature of a pedestrian who was established in the laboratory. When the pedestrian is about a thirty centimeters of the vehicle and the shock is inevitable, the protection systems are activated. When the vehicle is at very low speed, this device can be used as parking assistance.

Development and Implementation of an Automated Car Parking System

The problems related to shortages in car parking spaces in dense populated cities and areas is addressed, and the categories of automated advanced car parking systems based on their different technologies is presented. The concept of an automatic car parking system is also introduced and demonstrated through the development process of a prototype using a PIC microcontroller. Simulation for the system's circuits is done with the aid of Proteus software. The hardware circuits, which are built on printed circuit boards (PCB) are interfaced with actuators and sensors for automation purposes. The hardware is assembled to automatically open entry gates for cars while there are still some unoccupied parking spaces. The entry gate will not be opened, however as long as the car parking facility is full. Proper messages are displayed on a screen to reflect the status of the car parking facility.

Auditory interfaces in automated driving: an international survey

This study investigated peoples' opinion on auditory interfaces in contemporary cars and their willingness to be exposed to auditory feedback in automated driving. We used an Internet-based survey to collect 1,205 responses from 91 countries. The respondents stated their attitudes towards two existing auditory driver assistance systems, a parking assistant (PA) and a forward collision warning system (FCWS), as well as towards a futuristic augmented sound system (FS) proposed for fully automated driving. The respondents were positive towards the PA and FCWS, and rated the willingness to have automated versions of these systems as 3.87 and 3.77, respectively (on a scale from 1 = disagree strongly to 5 = agree strongly). The respondents tolerated the FS (the mean willingness to use was 3.00 on the same scale). The results showed that among the available response options, the female voice was the most preferred feedback type for takeover requests in highly automated driving, regardless of whether the respondents' country was English speaking or not. The present results could be useful for designers of automated vehicles and other stakeholders. Practitioner Summary: In an Internet-based survey, peoples' opinion on auditory interfaces in contemporary cars and people's willingness to be exposed to auditory feedback in automated driving were evaluated. The results showed that a female voice was the most preferred feedback mode for takeover requests in highly automated driving.

Automatic Car Parking System for Parallel Parking Conditions

Abstract - This study will focus on the design of automatic parallel parking systems. The parking system is designed for small cars that use Arduino Mega 2560, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, optocoupler, DC motor and servomotor. The ultrasonic sensor and optocoupler SR-04 is the input (input) of this system that will be processed by the ATmega 2560 microcontroller. Each input will be processed by the microcontroller to determine the amplitude and direction of rotation of the servomotor in driving the car. This automatic parking system starts when the vehicle searches for a parking space that matches the specified size, and then maneuvers into the parking space. The work cycle of the PWM is the main element of speed control of a DC motor. The results of testing the system in stages starting from the forward detecting the parking space until backwards to do the parking process is done to get the size of the parking space as well as the ideal distance for parking as a whole which is ± 70 cm and ± 35 cm wide. The results showed that, first, the automatic parking system for parallel parking left and right worked well with an average success rate of 80% for space detection and 48% for left parking, 85% for space detection and 45% for parking at right side to finish with a size of 70 cm of parking space and 35 cm wide. Keyword : automatic parking, parallel parking left and right, counter parking

Compensating for Operational Uncertainty in Man–Machine Systems: A Case Study on Intelligent Vehicle Parking Assist System

The successful operation of man–machine systems requires consistent human operation and reliable machine performance. Machine reliability has received numerous improvements, whereas human-related operational uncertainty is an area of increasing research interest. Most studies and formal documentation only provide suggestions for alleviating human uncertainty instead of providing specific methods to ensure operation accuracy in real-time. This paper presents a general framework for a reliable system that compensates for human-operating uncertainty during operation. This system learns the response of the user, constructs the user’s behavior pattern, and then creates compensated instructions to ensure the completion of the desired tasks, thus improving the reliability of the man–machine system. The proposed framework is applied to the development of an intelligent vehicle parking assist system. Existing parking assist systems do not account for driver error, nor do they consider realistic urban parking spaces with obstacles. The proposed system computes a theoretical path once a parking space is identified. Audio commands are then sent to the driver with real-time compensation to minimize deviations from the path. When an operation is too far away from the desired path to be compensated, a new set of instructions is computed based on the collected uncertainty. Tests with various real-world urban parking scenarios indicated that there is a possibility to park a vehicle with a space that is as small as 1.07 times the vehicle length with up to 30% uncertainty. Results also show that the compensation scheme allows diverse operators to reliably achieve a desired goal.

A NOVEL APPROACH OF LIFT CONTROL IN AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING USING PLC

In the today situation, where parking of four wheeler vehicle is very severe problem in urban region. It is crucial time to avoid the wastage of space in urban areas, as the no of vehicles are increasing day by day. An automatic parking (multilevel) strategy should be developed where parking problems arise intensively, which involves space reduction. In this paper a novel approach for lift control is proposed in fully automatic Level Car Parking System which used to take cars in/out of system & park the cars. Entire system is controlled using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). As speed control is required for multiple speed setting & proper stopping accuracy, the lift will be driven by the VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) for speed control. The pallet position on lift, accurate positioning between lift-level & safety interlocks are sensed from dedicated sensor. EPLAN software for used for electrical panel design purpose whileTWINCAT PLC control is used for auto/manual modes programming & simulated results.

Design and Simulation of Small Space Parallel Parking Fuzzy Controller

Based on the nonlinearity and time-variation of automatic parking path tracking control system, we use fuzzy control theories and methods to explore the control rules to improve fuzzy controllers and design an automobile steering controller. Then we build the simulation experiment platform of an automobile in Simulink to simulate the reversing settings of parallel parking. This paper adopts the Mamdani control rules; the membership function is the Gauss function. This paper verifies the fuzzy controller's kinematic model and the advantages of fuzzy control rules. Simulation results show that the design of the controller allows the automobile to stop into the parking space smaller than the space obtained by planning path, and automatic parking becomes possible in the parking plot. The control system is characterized by small tracking error, fast response and high reliability.

주차 가이드라인 생성 알고리즘에 대한 연구

Abstract Recently, novice driver or weak drivers was difficult to understand the movement characteristics of the carand are immature sense of width and length of the car according to various each driver’s sex and age, model. Tocomplement this problem, the use of rear sensor and the camera is increased. And the parking assistance system thatimproves the convenience of parking the driver is being developed. Accordingly, parking guide system is needed toreflect the difference in the steering angle and correct the error distance.In this study, it is proposed that the turning radius during backward by complementing the existing Ackerman Jentaudtype. And it develops more accurate parking guideline to be able to generat algorithm by applying the formula to propose a steering wheel angle sensor value derived through the handle. Key Words : Ackerman jeantaud type, Calibration, CAN, Parking system * Corresponding Author : Seon-Bong Lee(Keimyung Univ.)Tel: +82-10-5180-5067 email: seonbong@kmu.ac.krReceived January 20, 2015Accepted May 7, 2015Revised February 13, 2015Published May 31, 2015

Rear obstacle detection system with fisheye stereo camera using HCT

A vision based rear obstacle detection system is one of the most essential technologies, which can be used in many applications such as a parking assistance systems and intelligent vehicles. Stereo matching based obstacle detection methods have two inherent limitations, including sensitivity to illumination variation and high computational complexity. To overcome these problems, we present a hierarchical census transform (HCT)-based stereo matching method, and proposes a real-time rear obstacle detection system using fisheye stereo cameras. It includes two major components: firstly, we use a hierarchical approach to improve computational efficiency and reduce dependency on a matching window size. Computation time can also be accelerated with compute unified device architecture (CUDA) implementation because we designed the proposed method for parallel processing. Secondly, our method provides more accurate depth information, especially for moving objects, through cost aggregation using color and motion information. Experimental results show satisfactory performance under various real parking environments. The performance of the proposed method is superior to those of the conventional methods in terms of runtime and accuracy of depth estimation. Moreover, correct detection rate of the proposed system is 12.51% better than those of other systems, while its false and miss detection rates are 11.09% and 12.51% lower than those of other detection systems.

Building a unified Chinese national park system: Historical lessons learned from the United States

The authors present a comparative historical analysis of the development and evolution of the national park systems in United States and China. The analysis is based on 10 years of research focusing on national park system development in both countries, along with data collected during a recent Fulbright collaborative research project. The analysis begins with a comprehensive historical review of the U.S. national park system development from the 1870 s to the present. The authors describe how over time a cohesive national system emerged that unifies 401 diverse park units. By comparison, the authors then describe the process by which over the past four decades of increasing openness to the outside world, the Chinese government constructed and implemented a decentralized and heterogeneous national park system distributed across multiple government agencies. Still early in its development, the system is characterized by disparate policy and nomenclature frameworks reflecting the varying goals and priorities of the agencies. The authors conclude with three points. First, the global national park movement has been shaped by mutual learning between nations, resulting in a unique form of land use that combines environment protection with sustainable development for human benefit. Second, as an early adopter and innovator, the experience and management information accumulated about the U.S. national park system serves as a useful example for the rest of the world. Third, as a late adopter, the national park system in China has evolved in a decentralized fashion across government departments and agents, leading to inefficiencies, lack of cohesion, and limited effectiveness. The authors conclude by calling for government policy- makers and academics to engage in a multi-partner dialogue aimed at normalizing the national park management regime,building support for thoughtful policy development by the top- levels of government, and suspension of national park pilot projects until a more unified and cohesive vision for the Chinese national park system is agreed upon.

Study on Environment Perception and Automatic Navigation Technology for the Automatic Parking System

The traffic accidents, traffic jams and parking problems come to appear, and have caused more and more concerns of people. The automatic parking system can help us a lot to solve these problems. The automatic parking system in this paper includes two sections, environment perception and automatic controller. The median filter and least square method are used to process the laser sensor data. Then, feasible parking space can be displayed by using K-means clustering method. The Matlab fuzzy GUI is used to establish the fuzzy controller. The kinematics equation of car is utilized to simulate the automatic vertical parking in the Matlab/simulation with the different initial path angles. Experiment results show that the environmental perception method has perfect performance and the controlling algorithm of the automatic parking system has good feasibility.

1A1-G09 人との協調による自動駐車システムに関する研究 : 指示デバイスと雲台付車載カメラとの連携

In this paper, we propose the automatic parking system using human cooperation. Also, we describe cooperation with parking position indicating device and the in-vehicle camera with pan tilt unit. The in-vehicle camera with pan tilt unit tracks the device and measure that position. Realization of advanced automatic parking system in recent years has a problem to be dependent on the infrastructure of the parking lot. So, not dependent on infrastructure of the parking lot system is required. Than the results of the present experiment, parking position indicating devices and stereo camera of cooperation, has been shown to be effective in the proposed system.

Introducing Connected Vehicles [Connected Vehicles

The term connected vehicles refers to applications, services, and technologies that connect a vehicle to its surroundings. Adopting a definition similar to that of AUTO Connected Car News, a connected vehicle is basically the presence of devices in a vehicle that connect to other devices within the same vehicle and/or devices, networks, applications, and services outside the vehicle. Applications include everything from traffic safety and efficiency, infotainment, parking assistance, roadside assistance, remote diagnostics, and telematics to autonomous self-driving vehicles and global positioning systems (GPS). Typically, vehicles that include interactive advanced driver-assistance systems (ADASs) and cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) can be regarded as connected. Connected-vehicle safety applications are designed to increase situation awareness and mitigate traffic accidents through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. ADAS technology can be based on vision/camera systems, sensor technology, vehicle data networks, V2V, or V2I systems. Features may include adaptive cruise control, automate braking, incorporate GPS and traffic warnings, connect to smartphones, alert the driver to hazards, and keep the driver aware of what is in the blind spot. V2V communication technology could mitigate traffic collisions and improve traffic congestion by exchanging basic safety information such as location, speed, and direction between vehicles within range of each other. It can supplement active safety features, such as forward collision warning and blind-spot detection.

자동주차조사 시스템 개발 및 활용에 관한 연구

기존 주차조사는 광범위한 조사지역을 대상으로 조사원이 직접 주차차량의 번호판을 확인하는 방식으로 기동성의 저하, 조사와 입력의 이원화로 인한 입력오류, 많은 조사시간과 비용이 소요되는 단점을 가지고 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존 조사원에 의한 주차조사의 단점을 극복하기 위해 최근 상용화된 고성능 영상분석장비, 위성측량장비, 적외선 조명 등을 이용하여 자동주차조사를 위한 방법에 관한 연구를 수행하였으며 본 연구결과 개발된 자동주차조사 방법을 이용하여 조사된 데이터를 수정, 저장, 분석 및 출력이 가능한 주차분석 소프트웨어를 개발하였다. 장비를 이용한 자동주차조사 시 조사차량의 주행속도, 영상분석장비의 촬영각도, 주차차량 상호간 차간간격, 조사차량과 주차차량의 이격거리 등에 의해 조사의 정밀도가 영향을 받는 것으로 나타나 장비를 이용한 자동주차조사의 정확도를 향상시키기 위해 실험을 통해 각 요소별 최적조합을 도출하였다. 또한 기존 주차조사 데이터가 체계적으로 저장, 관리되지 못하고 있는 문제점을 극복하고 주자정책 수립을 지원하기 위한 주차분석을 지원하기 위한 주차분석 소프트웨어를 개발하였다. Conventional parking survey has been usually performed by a person, which has a lot of problems such as decreased mobility, data input error, longer time and expensiveness. Therefore, this study attempted to develop an automatic parking survey method using lately commercialized equipments that were highly efficient imagery interpretation equipments, GPS, and infrared lighting fixtures. In addition, this study developed a parking analysis software that enables to modify and save data, and analyze survey data by the automatic parking survey method. When parking survey is conducted using automatic parking survey method, surveying accuracy is influenced by the running speed of a surveying vehicle, the photographing angle of an imagery interpretation equipment, the gap between parking vehicles and the distance of a surveying vehicle to parking vehicles. Therefore, this study drew optimum conditions by testing on each items for accuracy improvement, and developed a parking analysis software for systematic storage and management of parking survey data, supporting the parking analysis and output the parking analysis result.

License Plate Recognition for Indian Number Plate: A Review

Traffic security and its management controls and supervised the number of vehicles. The traffic management system broadly used license plate recognition for them whose owner has dumped the traffic laws or to find the stolen vehicles. In most of the traffic related application like stolen vehicles, road traffic monitoring airport gate monitoring, speed monitoring, and automatic parking lots access control, for all this purpose the key technique are used which are vehicle license plate detection and recognition. It is basically the skill of automatically extract and recognition of the vehicle license number plate character from the captured image. The method of number plate recognition faces the problem of feature selection process. The present methods of number plate recognition system only focus on the local, global and neural network process of feature extraction and process of detection. The detection ratio of number plate recognition was improved by the optimized feature selection process. Here in this paper novel method for license plate recognition is proposed, which is based on wavelet transform function as well as comparing the proposed methodology with correlation based method for the detection of number plate.

Automatic parking of vehicles: A review of literatures

Collision accidents often occur during parking or reversing cars. In allusion to this point, this paper conducts a review of literatures on automatic parking. To begin with, a brief introduction of automatic parking including its background and significance is given. Then its commercial application, research status and latest progress are summarized which include visual perception, ultrasonic sensors and radar technology, path planning, control algorithms based on fuzzy theory, neural network, image processing and recognition technology, and digital signal processing technology, etc. On further analysis, some reasonable conclusions are drawn and the future work is suggested.

Automatic Parallel Parking in Tiny Spots: Path Planning and Control

This paper presents automatic parallel parking for a passenger vehicle, with highlights on a path-planning method and on experimental results. The path-planning method consists of two parts. First, the kinematic model of the vehicle, with corresponding geometry, is used to create a path to park the vehicle in one or more maneuvers if the spot is very narrow. This path is constituted of circle arcs. Second, this path is transformed into a continuous-curvature path using clothoid curves. To execute the generated path, control inputs for steering angle and longitudinal velocity depending on the traveled distance are generated. Therefore, the traveled distance and the vehicle pose during a parking maneuver are estimated. Finally, the parking performance is tested on a prototype vehicle.

I-Car: An Intelligent and Interactive Interface for Driver Assistance System

The aim of the present research was to reduce accidents by assisting the driver in various aspects of driving such as lane detection, pedestrian and car detection, driver drowsiness detection and rear view parking assistance. The methodology combines the computer vision techniques with pattern recognition, feature extraction, machine learning, object recognition, human computer interaction and parallel processing in a nutshell. The proposed system provides robust extraction of lane markings in various types and alerts the driver attempting to drift from the lane. It also detects the pedestrians and cars which are at a vulnerable distance to be hit by the vehicle and alarms the driver well ahead of time. The system uses eye closure based decision algorithm to detect driver drowsiness in all conditions and also warns by interactive voice early enough to avoid the accidents. It also assists the driver while reversing the vehicle, by providing a clear view of his blind spot areas. Computer vision algorithms like Hough’s Transform, Canny Edge detection and HAAR classifiers were applied to meet the objectives. The integrated module was analyzed and tested in different terrains and various lighting condition to produce an accurate and robust real-time assistance system (Sivaraman et al., 2014). iCar is an innovative prototype in the Information Technology with minimum hardware like low cost webcams. It emerged as an Interactive Technology with an interactive audio, visual, touch and touch-less interfaces. These can assist to avoid accidents in the world by intelligently ignoring certain hardware sensors like IR, UV, Acoustic, Proximity and mechanical devices like costlier LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) fitted in Google Car. Present research findings outperform the state of the art research like CalTech (Aly et al., 1997). Attempts of depth sensing even using Microsoft Kinect could be ignored by the present technology, the iCar.Keywords: iCar; Canny Edge detection; HAAR Classifier; Probabilistic Hough’s; Transform

The Study of Intelligent Smart Car Based on msp430

In this paper a method of designing intelligent smart car based on msp430 MCU is introduced. The method uses automatic control theory, detection technology, and the mcu receives signals which were collected and transmitted by the sensors fixed in front of the car and tyre, then controls the navigation of the motor to make the car go forward or change direction with unmanned operation system. The paper shows the design of both the hardware and software of the intelligent car system. The tests show that the smart car functions well as expected. Also, the design can be applied in automatic parking system and manufacturer transportation.

Architecture for parking management in smart cities

Parking is becoming an expensive resource in almost any major city in the world, and its limited availability is a concurrent cause of urban traffic congestion, and air pollution. In old cities, the structure of the public parking space is rigidly organised and often in the form of on-street public parking spots. Unfortunately, these public parking spots cannot be reserved beforehand during the pre-trip phase, and that often lead to a detriment of the quality of urban mobility. Addressing the problem of managing public parking spots is therefore vital to obtain environmentally friendlier and healthier cities. Recent technological progresses in industrial automation, wireless network, sensor communication along with the widespread of high-range smart devices and new rules concerning financial transactions in mobile payment allow the definition of new intelligent frameworks that enable a convenient management of public parking in urban area, which could improve sustainable urban mobility. In such a scenario, the proposed intelligent parking assistant (IPA) architecture aims at overcoming current public parking management solutions. This study discusses the conceptual architecture of IPA and the first prototype-scale simulations of the system.