Automatic Parking Research Articles

Invocations of the Driver Assists

Invocations of the Driver Assists

A GENERALIZED NON-LINEAR METHOD FOR DISTORTION CORRECTION AND TOP-DOWN VIEW CONVERSION OF FISH EYE IMAGES

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have been developed to automate and modify vehicles for safety and better driving experience. Among all computer vision modules in ADAS, 360-degree surround view generation of immediate surroundings of the vehicle is very important, due to application in on-road traffic assistance, parking assistance etc. This paper presents a novel algorithm for fast and computationally efficient transformation of input fisheye images into required top down view. This paper also presents a generalized framework for generating top down view of images captured by cameras with fish-eye lenses mounted on vehicles, irrespective of pitch or tilt angle. The proposed approach comprises of two major steps, viz. correcting the fish-eye lens images to rectilinear images, and generating top-view perspective of the corrected images. The images captured by the fish-eye lens possess barrel distortion, for which a nonlinear and non-iterative method is used. Thereafter, homography is used to obtain top-down view of corrected images. This paper also targets to develop surroundings of the vehicle for wider distortion less field of view and camera perspective independent top down view, with minimum computation cost which is essential due to limited computation power on vehicles.

Adaptive neural network automatic parking constrained control via anti-windup compensator

In this article, an adaptive proportional–integral–derivative–type neural network constrained control method based on radial basis function neural network model identifier is presented for automati...

3D Auditory Displays for Parking Assistance Systems

The objective of this study was to investigate if 3D auditory displays could be used to enhance parking assistance systems (PAS). Objective measurements and estimations of workload were used to ass ...

Implementation of a low-cost crop detection prototype for selective spraying in greenhouses

During phytosanitary treatments aimed at minimizing product losses, selective spraying systems can be employed. These systems consist of a group of detection–action devices which manage the spraying. In this work, the technical feasibility of a low-cost ultrasound detection system prototype has been assessed for pesticide spray application on greenhouse crops. The prototype is based on a commercially-available car parking assistance system, which has been modified to amplify the signal and activate an electro-valve for spray control. This system was fitted into a self-propelled machine with two vertical spray booms. A laboratory test was carried out to evaluate the system limitations (detection range, response time, optimal sensor location); and once the feasibility of the system was known, a field test was conducted. Inside the greenhouse, the same parameters were determined for canopy presence. The system’s capacity to start and stop spraying at the beginnings and ends of the crop lines was also analysed. In addition, the minimum crop line surface with no plant mass that triggers system activation was determined. The results show that the detection range was 0–0.4 m with an average response time of 1.67 s. Based on these parameters, the optimal sensor location was determined for the different forward velocities. In conclusion, the results show that this system is suitable for plant detection at a forward speed of 0.9 m s−1, allowing growers to stop spraying automatically at the ends of the crop lines and where plant mass absence is greater than 1.0 lineal meter.

INTERNET OF THING BASED CAR PARKING SYSTEM

In the current era, we are facing a new problem of parking of vehicles. It is a major problem in urban cities. The problem is more tough because of continues growing number of vehicle and also size of vehicles. Car parking is not just a major problem in India but also in all over the world. We know that one million vehicles burn oil every day. In this paper, we propose an automatic and real-time system for automated car parking. This system would be implemented by the use of internet of things (IOTs). IOT refers as any physical thing that is connected to internet or exchanging information or data between internet and physical device. Arduino Uno is a microcontroller used in IOT. It is used for building digital devices, and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices. Our smart parking will be implementing using Arduino Uno board for car parking and Ethernet shield to connect parking area with web or internet. By using our automated parking system, a user can save much time for searching free parking space. An infrared sensor has to be employed in each slot to check that a particular plot is vacant or not. Searching smart parking system helps people to search parking space accessible with the ease of IOT automation by supplying parking slot free information. The user can book in advance the parking slot and update the information to the server. Every user has a unique id and password. In case a car in stolen and enter the parking IOT the server checks the database and inform the police.

Bounded rationality can make parking search more efficient: The power of lexicographic heuristics

The search for parking space in busy urban districts is one of those routine human activities that are expected to benefit from the widespread adoption of pervasive sensing and radio communication technologies. Proposed parking assistance solutions combine sensors, either as part of fixed infrastructure or onboard vehicles, wireless networking technologies and mobile social applications running on smartphones to collect, share and present to drivers real-time information about parking demand and availability.One question that arises is how does (and should) the driver actually use such information to take parking decisions, e.g., whether to search for on-street parking space or drive to a parking lot and, in the latter case, which one. The paper is, hence, a performance analysis study that seeks to capture the highly behavioral and heuristic dimension of drivers’ decisions and its impact on the efficiency of the parking search process. To this end, and in sharp contrast with the existing literature, we model drivers as agents of bounded rationality and assume that their choices are directed by lexicographic heuristics, an instance of the fast and frugal heuristics developed in behavioral sciences such as psychology and biology. We analyze the performance of the search process under these heuristics and compare it against the predictions of normative game-theoretic models that assume fully rational strategically acting agents. We derive conditions under which the game-theoretic norms turn out to be more pessimistic than the simpler heuristic choice rules and show that these are fulfilled for a broad range of scenarios concerning the fees charged for the parking resources and their distance from the destinations of the drivers’ trips. The practical implications of these results for parking assistance solutions are identified and thoroughly discussed.

Stability Boundaries for Offshore Wind Park Distributed Voltage Control

In order to identify mechanisms causing slow reactive power oscillations observed in an existing offshore wind power plant (WPP), and be able to avoid similar events in the future, voltage control is studied in this brief for a plant with a static synchronous compensator, type-4 wind turbines, and a park pilot control. Using data from the actual WPP, all stabilizing subsystem voltage proportional–integral controller parameters are first characterized based on their Hurwitz signature. Inner loop current control is then designed using internal mode control principles, and guidelines for feedforward filter design are given to obtain required disturbance rejection properties. This brief contributes by providing analytical relations between power plant control, droop, sampling time, electrical parameters, and voltage control characteristics, and by assessing frequencies and damping of reactive power modes over a realistic envelope of electrical impedances and control parameters.

PROTOTYPE MONITORING AREA PARKIR MOBIL BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO UNTUK MENDETEKSI KETERSEDIAAN SLOT PARKIR SECARA OTOMATIS

Process monitoring conventional parking area is currently still using manual way to know the number and availability of existing capacity in the parking area, the monitoring process carried out in several ways such as recording the number of vehicles entering and see firsthand the state of the vehicle that was parked. The conventional method is certainly cause some problems for both the parking attendant and the owner of the vehicle, where these obstacles include the difficulty to obtain accurate information about the number of parking slots are available as well as difficult to know where to position the parking slot. Automatic parking monitoring system uses a microcontroller arduino uno as a data processor which utilizes multiple types of sensors are placed at some point areas, where the use of these sensors function as an input device that later processed with output an instruction to the servo motor and also the appearance of an information on an LCD screen that displays information about the number of parking slots are available as well as the location of the parking slot. In addition to using the LCD, the tool is also equipped with two indicator lights that show the status of the parking area and a buzzer will sound as a form of notification to the officer and the owner of the vehicle that the state of the car parking area has full.

Research on Automatic Parking Systems Based on Parking Scene Recognition

As a key component of intelligent vehicle technology, automatic parking technology has become a popular research topic. Automatic parking technology can complete parking operations safely and quickly without a driver and can improve driving comfort, while greatly reducing the probability of parking accidents. An automatic parking system based on parking scene recognition is proposed in this paper to resolve the following issues with existing automatic parking systems: parking scene recognition methods are less intelligent, vehicle control has a low degree of automation, and the research scope is limited to traditional fuel vehicles. To increase the utilization of parking spaces and parking convenience, machine vision and pattern recognition techniques are introduced to intelligently recognize a vertical parking scenario, plan a reasonable parking path, develop a path tracking control strategy to improve the vehicle control automation, and explore a highly intelligent automatic parking technology roadmap. This paper gives three key aspects of system solutions for an automatic parking system based on parking scene recognition: parking scene recognition, parking path planning, and path tracking and control.

Path Tracking Control of Automatic Parking Cloud Model considering the Influence of Time Delay

This paper establishes the kinematic model of the automatic parking system and analyzes the kinematic constraints of the vehicle. Furthermore, it solves the problem where the traditional automatic parking system model fails to take into account the time delay. Firstly, based on simulating calculation, the influence of time delay on the dynamic trajectory of a vehicle in the automatic parking system is analyzed under the transverse distance Dlateral between different target spaces. Secondly, on the basis of cloud model, this paper utilizes the tracking control of an intelligent path closer to human intelligent behavior to further study the Cloud Generator-based parking path tracking control method and construct a vehicle path tracking control model. Moreover, tracking and steering control effects of the model are verified through simulation analysis. Finally, the effectiveness and timeliness of automatic parking controller in the aspect of path tracking are tested through a real vehicle experiment.

Automatic Gate Prototype Based on Microcontroller of Atmel ATMega16

Aside from being a place of lectures, UMY also has several business units such as building rental, bus rental, auto care, and drinking water production. From the activities of UMY's business unit caused the number of outside vehicles entering UMY. The public vehicle does not have RFID as well as the UMY's internal civitas. Currently still using manpower to provide parking cards and open the door. In this study, a prototype of an automated parking system can provide a parking card and open the entrance. This prototype uses a switch as a sensor, a microcontroller as a controller, LCD as a guide display for the model of vehicle that will enter, and motor servo DC as the driver of parking doors. The entire circuit is able to form a prototype automatic parking door at UMY

路面外乱に対するロバスト性を考慮した自動駐車システムの検討

路面外乱に対するロバスト性を考慮した自動駐車システムの検討

Intelligent Identification of Automatic Parking System Based on Information Fusion

Intelligent Identification of Automatic Parking System Based on Information Fusion

Plate Recognition Using Backpropagation Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm

Plate recognizer system is an important system. It can be used for automatic parking gate or automatic ticketing system. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Genetic Algorithms (GA) in optimizing the number of hidden neurons, learning rate and momentum rate on Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) that is applied to the Automatic Plate Number Recognizer (APNR). Research done by building a GA optimized BPNN (GABPNN) and APNR system using image processing methods, including grayscale conversion, top-hat transformation, binary morphological, Otsu threshold and binary image projection. The tests conducted with backpropagation training and recognition test. The result shows that GA optimized backpropagation neural network requires 2230 epochs in the training process to be convergent, which is 36.83% faster than non-optimal backpropagation neural network, while the accuracy is 1,35% better than non-optimized backpropagation neural network.

ParkSense: Automatic Parking Positioning by Leveraging In-Vehicle Magnetic Field Variation

Drivers often park their vehicles without consciously (physically or mentally) noting down the parked location which makes it hard and inconvenient for the users to later locate their vehicles. Existing solutions either require users to explicitly note down the parked position on their mobile device by performing a certain action, such as pressing a button to turn on their global positioning system, or are erroneous and inaccurate. This paper attempts to build ParkSense , a system that allows a smart phone to accurately and automatically “sense,” and later navigate to, the position at which the vehicle was parked. We propose to make use of the variations of magnetic fields and electromagnetic fields inside the vehicles to detect when a user stops and turns off his or her vehicle. Our evaluation with an actual implementation of the system on different mobile platforms and operating systems, tested on different mobile devices/phones and car models, shows the detection accuracy of more than 90%, confirming the feasibility of our approach.

Automatic Parking Control Driving Force

Automatic Parking Control Driving Force

Solar Powered Luo Converter for Wiper Motor Application

Objectives: This paper is to design a positive output elementary luo converter whose output can be used to power the wiper motor. Method/Statistical Analysis: The perturb and observe algorithm is used to obtain the maximum power from the solar panel. The positive output luo converter is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. Findings: In conventional converters the output voltage increases in arithmetic progression. But, in luo converter the output voltage increases in geometric progression, thus the voltage gain of the converter is enhanced than conventional converters. The output of the luo converter is validated with r-load and motor load. With the help of luo converter, the ripple content in the output can be highly reduced in the output. Applications: Wiper motors are used for applications such as to operate wiper blades in car, automatic parking system, wheel movement in robots etc.

Data-driven automatic parking constrained control for four-wheeled mobile vehicles

In this article, a novel data-driven constrained control scheme is proposed for automatic parking systems. The design of the proposed scheme only depends on the steering angle and the orientation angle of the car, and it does not involve any model information of the car. Therefore, the proposed scheme-based automatic parking system is applicable to different kinds of cars. In order to further reduce the desired trajectory coordinate tracking errors, a coordinates compensation algorithm is also proposed. In the design procedure of the controller, a novel dynamic anti-windup compensator is used to deal with the change magnitude and rate saturations of automatic parking control input. It is theoretically proven that all the signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded based on Lyapunov stability analysis method. Finally, a simulation comparison among the proposed scheme with coordinates compensation and Proportion Integration Differentiation (PID) control algorithm is given. It is shown that the proposed scheme with coordinates compensation has smaller tracking errors and more rapid responses than PID scheme.

An automatic parking system using an optimized image-based fuzzy controller by genetic algorithms

An automatic parking system of a car-like mobile robot is an important issue in commercial applications. An image-based fuzzy controller for an automatic parking system of a car-like mobile robot was developed in previous work, where the membership functions were tuned by experimentally. The aim of this paper is to optimize the parameters of the membership functions, which were performed in previous work, using a genetic algorithm against the complicated tuning of the controller. The details of GA implementation, such as the design parameters and choice of fitness function, are described. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the developed schemes.