Sebaceous Gland Size Research Articles

478 The epithelial derived mitochondrial protein, Myelin Protein Zero-like 3 (MPZL3), regulates sebaceous gland size and function

478 The epithelial derived mitochondrial protein, Myelin Protein Zero-like 3 (MPZL3), regulates sebaceous gland size and function

Investigating metabolic syndrome markers and body mass index changes in patients with acne vulgaris treated with isotretinoin: A prospective study.

Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin disease that occurs during puberty, affecting approximately 85% of young adults and may persist into adulthood. The pathophysiology of acne is multifactorial, involving hormonal, inflammatory, and immune mechanisms. Isotretinoin is widely used for treating severe cystic acne or recurrent acne. This medication is considered a pharmacological option that significantly reduces sebum secretion, leading to a reduction in the size of sebaceous glands. It also induces a lack of differentiation in sebaceous cysts, resulting in a decrease in lipid accumulation. This research is a prospective study. Patient contact details were obtained directly from those visiting the dermatology clinic, and they were monitored for a duration of 3 months. Essential data was gathered through patient examinations and inquiries at the clinic, including the prescription of tests prior to initiating isotretinoin treatment. Furthermore, follow-up tests and examinations were performed within the initial and third months post-treatment commencement. Sixty-two patients participated in the study, selected through non-probability (convenience) sampling. The therapeutic dose taken by patients was 20 mg of isotretinoin daily (n = 49) or every other day (n = 13). Among the participants, six patients experienced a decrease of 3 units or more in HDL levels, while 16 patients saw an increase of 3 units or more in LDL levels, 3 months after beginning the treatment. Additionally, the triglyceride (TG) levels increased by 9 units or more in six individuals, and the blood sugar (BS) levels increased by 5 units or more in nine individuals, 3 months after treatment initiation. Moreover, one person's waist circumference increased by 1.5 cm 3 months after treatment began. The average weight of the individuals at the end of the treatment rose from 60.74 kg to 61.12 kg. However, this weight increase was not statistically significant. (p > 0.05). In general, the results of our study show that the use of oral isotretinoin as a treatment option for the management of acne vulgaris can be effective when administered at the correct dosage, offering a safe and low-complication option.

TRADITIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF ACNE TREATMENT

Acne, characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin, has a multifactorial pathogenesis. Despite the array of available treatments, it remains one of the most prevalent dermatological conditions globally. While primarily affecting adolescents, a noteworthy and escalating number of cases occur in adults, particularly women. The complex pathogenesis of acne encompasses follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by Cutibacterium acnes, sebum production, intricate inflammatory processes involving innate and acquired immunity, neuroendocrine mechanisms, and genetic and non-genetic factors. Risk factors include adolescence, familial predisposition, and oily skin. Although numerous acne treatments exist, ongoing efforts aim to mitigate side effects such as skin irritation, dryness, and photosensitivity, while enhancing efficacy through refined formulations and novel drugs with innovative mechanisms of action. Emerging products target various aspects of acne's multifactorial pathogenesis, offering promising advancements in treatment options. With the escalating concern over antibiotic resistance, current guidelines advocate for the judicious use of oral antibiotics and emphasize exploring alternative treatments. Isotretinoin stands out as a highly efficacious therapy for acne: it operates by reducing sebaceous gland size, decreasing sebum secretion, regulating cell proliferation and keratinization, while also possessing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Spironolactone also plays an important role in acne treatment; functioning as a synthetic aldosterone receptor antagonist with anti-androgenic attributes. Androgens exert significant physiological effects on the skin, regulating processes such as skin renewal, hair follicle growth, sebaceous gland proliferation, sebum production, and embryogenesis. Topical therapies serve as viable options for both initial treatment and maintenance of acne. They can be utilized as monotherapy (excluding topical antibiotics) or in combination with other topical or oral products.

Role of Oral Retinoids in Treatment of Acne Vulgaris With a Bioinformatics-Based Perspective of Personalized Medicine.

Acne vulgaris is a skin condition characterized by the inflammation or hyperactivity of sebaceous glands on the skin, which results in the creation of comedones, lesions, nodules, and perifollicular hyperkeratinization. Increased sebum production, follicular blockage, and bacterial colonization may contribute to the disease etiology. Environmental factors, hormonal imbalance, and genetic predisposition can alter the severity of the disease. Its mental and monetary effects can be problematic for the society. In this study, we examined the role of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris based on evidence from prior research. This review literature study compiled publications on the treatment of acne vulgaris from 1985 to 2022 based on PubMed and Google Scholar publications. Additional bioinformatics analyses were accompanied by GeneCards, STRING model, and DrugBank databases. These complementary analyses were designed to obtain a better perspective of personalized medicine which is highly required for dose-precise administrations of acne vulgaris treatment. Isotretinoin has been recognized as an effective treatment for acne vulgaris, particularly in cases that have been resistant to previous medications or have resulted in scarring, according to gathered data. Oral isotretinoin inhibits the proliferation of Propionibacterium acne, a critical factor in the development of acne lesions; also, it has been shown to be effective in reducing the number of Propionibacterium-resistant patients and regulating sebum production and reducing sebaceous gland size more effectively than other treatment options resulting in general improvements in skin clarity and acne severity and reduce inflammatory in 90% of patients. In addition to its efficacy, the majority of patients have shown that oral isotretinoin is well tolerated. This review highlights the use of oral retinoids, particularly isotretinoin, as an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for acne vulgaris. It has been proven that oral isotretinoin is useful for achieving long-lasting remission in patients with severe or resistant instances. Despite the fact that oral isotretinoin is related to a number of potential harmful effects, skin dryness was the most common side effect reported by patients that can be managed with the aid of suitable monitoring and drug administration against specific genes identified by genotyping of the susceptible variants of genes involved in TGFβ signaling pathway.

1434 Epithelially derived MPZL3 negatively regulates murine and human sebaceous gland size and sebocyte proliferation

1434 Epithelially derived MPZL3 negatively regulates murine and human sebaceous gland size and sebocyte proliferation

Comparative histopathological analyses of non-scarring alopecia in systemic lupus erythematosus patients in Lagos Nigeria.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known to cause non-scarring alopecia. However, histopathological evaluation is uncommon. The objective of this study was to document the histopathology of non-scarring alopecia and to compare histopathology of alopecic and normal appearing scalp areas in SLE hair loss patients. A cross-sectional comparative evaluation of scalp biopsies from 23 SLE patients; 12 with hair loss and 11 without was conducted over a 7-month period in 2020. A total of 58 scalp biopsies stained with H and E (23 vertical and 35 cross-sectional) were evaluated. Mucin deposit evaluation was done using Alcian blue (pH 2.5). There were no significant differences in the sociodemographic data between the patients. The SLE hair loss patients demonstrated mucin deposition (91.7%), reduced size/number of sebaceous glands (58.3%), epidermal atrophy (50.0%), naked arrector pili muscles (50.0%), lymphocytic infiltration (33.3%), pigment incontinence (16.7%), fibrous stellae (16.7%), increased telogen percentage, and increased terminal versus vellus hair ratios. On comparing the histopathology of those who had hair loss to those without hair loss, the only significant difference was in the number and size of sebaceous gland. There were no significant differences between scalp areas with and without hair loss in the SLE hair loss patients. There are differences in size and number of sebaceous glands on histopathology between SLE patients who have hair loss and those who do not. Also, there are no histopathological differences between alopecic and non-alopecic scalp areas of SLE patient.

Akne hastalarında sistemik izotretinoin kullanımının nötrofil/lenfosit oranı üzerine etkisi: Retrospektif bir çalışma

Objective: Acne vulgaris (AV) describes a chronic inflammatory condition that occurs in the pilosebaceous unit, which is common in the community. Increase in sebum production, abnormal follicular keratinization, Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes) colonization and inflammation play a role in acne development. ISO, comedolytic, is the only agent that has an effect on all four conditions that determine the pathogenesis of acne, such as a large reduction in sebaceous gland size, suppression of sebum production and reduction in inflammation. In this study, it was aimed to compare the N/L ratio values at the beginning of the treatment and at the 4th month of the treatment in acne vulgaris patients receiving systemic ISO treatment. Material and Method 50 patients with acne vulgaris who applied to the dermatology outpatient clinics of Karaman Training and Research Hospital between October 2020 and February 2021, had moderate and severe acne vulgaris and were started on oral isotretinoin were included in the study. The medical records of the patients were reviewed retrospectively. The neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio values of the patients at the beginning of Isotretinoin treatment and after four months were recorded. Results The mean age of the patients was 23.1±6.23, 52.0% (26 persons) were male. There was a significant decrease in the N/L ratio in total and in both genders with isotretinoin use (p

548 Deletion of Myelin Protein Zero-like 3 increases sebaceous gland size and sebocyte proliferation but reduces skin adipose depots: Can MPZL3 inhibition promote excessive loss of lipids via sebum hypersecretion?

The sebaceous gland (SG) produces lipid-rich sebum and undergoes continuous self-renewal to replenish differentiated sebocytes lost during holocrine secretion. In mice, SGs can excrete large amounts of lipids mobilized from extracutaneous adipose depots. The nuclear-encoded, mitochondrially localized immunoglobulin-like v-type protein, Myelin Protein Zero-like 3 (MPZL3), has been shown to play an essential role in skin epithelial differentiation and may also regulate adipocyte functions. Mpzl3 knockout (-/-) mice display a greasy hair coat, increased Oil Red O staining of lipids, SG hypertrophy and sebocyte hyperplasia in skin histology, with increased Ki-67 staining in the peripheral zone of the SG.

724 MPZL3 functions as a negative regulator of sebaceous gland size and sebocyte proliferation

The sebaceous gland (SG) engages in holocrine secretion to produce lipid-rich sebum critical for epidermal barrier function, skin and hair lubrication, and microbiome management. SG undergoes continuous self-renewal to replenish differentiated sebocytes lost during holocrine secretion, as well as hair cycle-dependent oscillations in size. Previous studies have shown that a mitochondrially localized, nuclear encoded immunoglobulin-like v-type protein, Myelin Protein Zero-like-3 (MPZL3), regulates lipid metabolism and energy expenditure, as well as epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and function.

A novel technique in reducing sebum production and improving atrophic acne scars.

Fractional microneedling radiofrequency (FMR) has gained popularity for the treatment of acne scars, owing to favorable outcomes and short downtimes. This study aimed to investigate FMR use in reducing facial sebum production and treating acne scars. This single-center, prospective, evaluator-blinded trial compared sebum production after three sessions of FMR (Fractora® 24-pin coated tip) performed one-month apart. Results were evaluated with a sebumeter (Cutometer®), sebaceous gland histology, and subjects' assessment. Acne scars were graded according to the Echelle d'Evaluation clinique des Cicatrices d'acné scale, Goodman and Baron's qualitative grading system, acne scar volume measurement, and subjects' assessments. Sebumeter results revealed a significantly decreased (p < 0.05) sebum production since the first treatment, sustained throughout the study period. Histological assessment showed decreased density and size of sebaceous glands. The mean acne scar volume decreased significantly, without a significant increase in the mean melanin levels. Fractora® 24-pin coated tip can be used as an alternative for patients with acne scars, who wish to concomitantly reduce their facial oiliness. A significant decrease in facial oiliness and acne scars' volume can be seen after a single treatment session, with up to 15.48% decrease in facial oil production.

Mitochondrially Localized MPZL3 Functions as a Negative Regulator of Sebaceous Gland Size and Sebocyte Proliferation

Mitochondrially localized nucleus-encoded Ig-like v-type protein, MPZL3, regulates lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, as well as epidermal keratinocyte differentiation and function (Bhaduri et al., 2015; Leiva et al., 2014; Wikramanayake et al., 2021). Previous studies have shown increased energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity (Czyzyk et al., 2013), epidermal barrier defects and a seborrheic dermatitis–like inflammatory skin phenotype (Wikramanayake et al., 2017, 2018), as well as altered hair follicle cycling (Nicu et al., 2020) in Mpzl3 global knockout (GKO) (GKO–/–) mice.

Which factors influence Demodex proliferation? A retrospective pilot study highlighting a possible role of subtle immune variations and sebaceous gland status.

Demodex folliculorum and brevis are commensal mites that live in low densities in human pilosebaceous follicles as part of the normal adult microbiota, but that give rise to demodicosis and, possibly, rosacea, when they proliferate excessively. This proliferation is favored by various factors, including age, marked immunosuppression, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, and hypervascularization-related factors. To study possible factors influencing mite proliferation, we explored the effects of different variables on Demodex densities (Dd) in a retrospective study of two groups of subjects selected on the basis of their clinical diagnosis: Demodex+, consisting of subjects with demodicosis or with centro-facial papulopustules suggesting rosacea (n=844, mean Dd 263.5±8.9D/cm2 ), and Demodex-, consisting of subjects with other facial dermatoses or healthy facial skin (n=200, mean Dd 2.3±0.4D/cm2 ). Demodex densities were measured using two consecutive standardized skin surface biopsies (SSSB1 [superficial] and SSSB2 [deep]) taken from the same facial site on each subject. In the Demodex+ group: the SSSB1 decreased with age in women (p=0.004), and the SSSB2 increased with age in men (p=0.001) (the pattern was similar for SSSB1+2, but not statistically significant); Dds were lower in those who had received cortisone (either topically or systemically); 13 subjects (1.5%) had known immunosuppression, 62 (7.3%) had hypothyroidism, and in 20 (3.6% of the women) there was a reported link with pregnancy; 78 of the subjects (9.2%) were part of a pair from the same family or household; when associated bacterial infection was suspected, Staphylococcus epidermidis was often isolated. Our results suggest close interactions between the mite, sebaceous gland size and function, and subtle variations of immune status. Potential factors influencing Demodex proliferation should be further investigated, including hypothyroidism, pregnancy, corticosteroid administration, Staphylococcus epidermidis, contagiousity, and genetic background.

Histological, Morphometrical and Topographical Study of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands in the Skin of Local Black Males Goat

The aim of this study was to add more information in the field of knowledge regarding the skin structures of a local black goat. topographical, histological and morphometrical studies were carried out in twelve certain different areas of the skin using twenty healthy adult male goats in the autumn season. Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and Masson's Trichrome stain were used for all samples. Results; that the sebaceous glands are composed of clusters of pale staining epithelial cells that located within the dermis and accompanied all primary and some of the secondary follicles. depending on skin area, the sebaceous glands were large in the skin of muzzle, scrotum, abdomen, the medial surface of the limbs and the abdominal surface of the ear. while their sizes are decreased in the skin of tail, lateral surfaces of limbs and dorsal aspect of ear skin. The size of sebaceous glands were inversely proportional to the hair density. The sweat glands except in the skin tail were apical secretion type, while their levels within the beneath of dermis and their density were varied according to the skin area. the skin of muzzle, tail, dorsal surface of the ear had high glandular density followed by the skin of cranial and middle back in addition to lateral surfaces of limbs. Less glandular density was found in the abdominal surface of ear, abdomen, medial surfaces of limbs and scrotum. In addition to the apocrine sweat glands, serous tubular acinus compound glands in the muzzle skin which extended widely beneath of dermis to subdermal layer. these glands were entirely serious excretion units with the main excretory channel that opens directly on the surface of the skin and had no relation with hair follicles.

HERBAL CREAMS OF REISHI EXTRACT AND TEA TREE OIL FOR HIRSUTISM–AN IN VIVO STUDY

Objective: The aim of this work to formulate, evaluate and compare the effectiveness of herbal creams containing extract of reishi and tea tree oil for treating hirsutism.&#x0D; Methods: Herbal ingredients were authenticated. Cream base was initially formulated. Three formulations of herbal cream were prepared. Reishi ethanolic extract, tea tree oil, and combination of tea tree oil and reishi extract were added to the cream base and formulated cream were named as RHC, THC and RTC respectively. In vitro evaluations on herbal creams were done for the physicochemical characteristics. In vivo studies were carried out on female Swiss Albino mice for the activity against hair growth by topical application of cream to shaved skin. The histological and morphometric evaluation was carried out. Skin irritancy study was conducted.&#x0D; Results: The herbal creams showed desirable physicochemical properties like pH, viscosity and spreadability. Statistical analysis for the length of hair was performed by using one way ANOVA followed by DUNNET’S post hoc test where THC and RTC were found to be significant whereas RHC showed no significant reduction of hair growth compared to control. RTC showed a significant effect at p&lt;0.05 and hair growth reduction was significant for THC at p&lt;0.001 compared to the control group. RTC and THC showed mild to moderate reduction in the size of the hair follicles with a reduction of sebaceous gland size in the histological analysis.&#x0D; Conclusion: Topical application of herbal creams to mice showed that hair growth was fastest in group RHC and was slowest in group THC and intermediate with RTC. It can be concluded that these herbal actives can be used as an effective treatment against hirsutism. Within the study period, tea tree oil was found to be more effective than reishi extract and the combination product. Further formulation studies and in vivo studies need to be carried out on reishi to assess its effectiveness against hirsutism.

Eligibility Criteria Related to Hormone Therapy in Acne Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review

Hormones play a complex role in acne pathogenesis and treatment. Androgens typically increase the size and secretion of sebaceous glands, worsening acne, whereas estrogen counters androgen effect by direct local opposition, inhibition of androgen production, and gene regulation (Barros and Thiboutot, 2017; Beinenfeld et al., 2019). Despite multiple guidelines on acne management, there is a paucity of high-quality data on the treatment of acne among patients receiving hormone therapy (Beinenfeld et al., 2019; Del Rosso et al., 2015; Zaenglein et al., 2016).

Stem Cell Membrane-Coated Au-Ag-PDA Nanoparticle-Guided Photothermal Acne Therapy

The polydopamine coating on Au-Ag nanoparticles (Au-Ag-PDA) possess excellent photothermal conversion efficiency after absorbing near-infrared laser light. After the stem cell membrane (STCM) encapsulates Au-Ag-PDA (Au-Ag-PDA@STCM), the nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit less cytotoxicity, and further optimizing their efficiency in photothermal therapy. The photothermal activity of Au-Ag-PDA@STCM has not yet been reported. Therefore, in this study, the sebaceous gland cell line SZ95 and the golden hamsters were used to observe the photothermal effects of the Au-Ag-PDA@STCM. SZ95 cells were treated with various concen-trations of Au-Ag-PDA@STCM NPs. The photothermal effect on cell proliferation was analyzed after irradiating the cells with a 808 nm laser. After laser treatment of golden hamsters, the flank organs were observed at 4 different time points. Histological analysis was performed to observe tissue damage. The results suggest that Au-Ag-PDA@STCM NPs significantly inhibited the proliferation of sebaceous gland cells in vitro, and reduced the size of sebaceous glands and sebum secretion in vivo. Therefore, NPs can be used to treat acne by thermally injuring sebaceous gland cells.

Selective Ah Receptor Ligands Mediate Enhanced SREBP1 Proteolysis to Restrict Lipogenesis in Sebocytes.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced toxicity that can lead to chloracne in humans. A characteristic of chloracne, in contrast to acne vulgaris, is shrinkage or loss of sebaceous glands. Acne vulgaris, on the other hand, is often accompanied by excessive sebum production. Here, we examined the role of AHR in lipid synthesis in human sebocytes using distinct classes of AHR ligands. Modulation of AHR activity attenuated the expression of lipogenic genes and key proinflammatory markers in the absence of canonical DRE-driven transcription of the AHR target gene CYP1A1. Furthermore, topical treatment with TCDD, which mediates DRE-dependent activity, and SGA360, which fails to induce DRE-mediated responses, both exhibited a decrease in the size of sebaceous glands and the number of sebocytes within each gland in the skin. To elucidate the mechanism of AHR-mediated repression of lipid synthesis, we demonstrated that selective AHR modulators, SGA360 and SGA315 increased the protein turnover of the mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein (mSREBP-1), the principal transcriptional regulator of the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Interestingly, selective AHR ligand treatment significantly activated the AMPK-dependent kinase (AMPK) in sebocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated an inverse correlation between the active AMPK and the mSREBP-1 protein, which is consistent with the previously reported role of AMPK in inhibiting cleavage of SREBP-1. Overall, our findings indicate a DRE-independent function of selective AHR ligands in modulating lipid synthesis in human sebocytes, which might raise the possibility of using AHR as a therapeutic target for treatment of acne.

Could isotretinoin flare hidradenitis suppurativa? A case series.

We report eight cases of patients with severe acne who were treated with isotretinoin and developed painful nodules in the axillae and groin, consistent with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). The pathogenesis of HS is still not completely understood; recent research from a study in 2011 of biopsies from HS lesions showed a reduction or absence of sebaceous glands compared with normal skin in patients with HS, with the report suggesting that this contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. Interestingly, the main effect of isotretinoin is to decrease the size and action of sebaceous glands, so hypothetically, as isotretinoin acts by reducing the sebaceous glands further it could potentially aggravate HS. Our experience has instilled caution in our prescribing of isotretinoin, and we question patients, particularly those with acne conglobata, about symptoms of HS prior to and during treatment.

The Structure of Human Sebaceous Glands and Its Relation to Skin Viscoelasticity.

High-frequency ultrasound has realized high-resolution observation of deep part of the dermis in vivo. The size of sebaceous glands was evaluated by three-dimensional ultrasound microscopy with the ultrasonic frequency of 120 MHz. The viscoelasticity of the same regions was measured by well-established biomechanical equipment. There was no significant difference between the size of sebaceous glands in cheek and forearm. The skin's ability to recover to its initial position after deformation was significantly higher in forearm than in cheek. Both sizes of sebaceous glands in cheek and forearm were positively correlated with the parameter of viscoelasticity. The size of the sebaceous glands in the deep part of the dermis can be a parameter of skin viscoelasticity. High-frequency ultrasound imaging contributes to the evaluation of human skin morphology as well as functions.

Caspase-3 Regulates YAP-Dependent Cell Proliferation and Organ Size

Apoptosis culminates in the activation of caspase-3, which plays an important role in implementing the cell death program. Here, we reveal a non-apoptotic role of caspase-3 as a key regulator of cell proliferation and organ size. Caspase-3 is specifically activated in the proliferating cells of the sebaceous gland, but does not instruct cell elimination. Deletion or chemical inhibition of caspase-3 diminishes cell proliferation, decreases cell number and reduces sebaceous gland size invivo. Exploring the underlying mechanism, we demonstrate that α-catenin is cleaved by caspase-3, thus facilitating the activation and nuclear translocation of yes-associated protein (YAP), a vital regulator of organ size. Accordingly, activation of caspase-3 leads to YAP-dependent organ size augmentation. Finally, we show that X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) serves as an endogenous feedback antagonist for the caspase-3/YAP signaling module. Taken together, we report here a molecular mechanism wherein the apoptotic machinery is refocused to regulate cell proliferation and orchestrate organ size.