Seaport Infrastructure Research Articles

Seaport infrastructure risk assessment for hazardous cargo operations using Bayesian networks

Seaport infrastructure requires considerable resources and time for a full recovery from accidents caused by hazardous cargo. Despite their severity, the risk to seaport infrastructure from hazardous cargo operations has been insufficiently explored. This study aims to fill that gap by examining the risks to seaport infrastructure from the complex effects of hazardous cargo operations. It draws on literature, incident reports, and expert consultations to identify comprehensive risk factors and their interconnections. The study employs expert judgments alongside logistic regression to develop Conditional Probability Tables (CPTs) and conducts a risk analysis using Bayesian networks (BN). Our findings indicate that, under typical operating conditions, fire and explosion, corrosion, and improper handling are the most significant contributors to seaport infrastructure risk with probabilities of 8.73 %, 5.88 %, and 5.61 % respectively. Inverse propagation indicates that the contribution of improper handling and corrosion is enhanced by 153 % and 96 % respectively towards the increased risk. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to pinpoint critical risk factors. Based on these insights, the study suggests practical measures like the use of tracking and monitoring systems along with third-party audits for effective handling, augmented and virtual reality for advanced training, and automation technology for reduced human roles to subside risks to seaport infrastructure and promote uninterrupted operations.

Problems and development prospects of “green” logistics of maritime transport in the Russian Federation

Shipping is one of the industries that lags far behind others in environmental sustainability, especially when it comes to reducing the harmful impact on the environment, which makes the problem relevant. The article presents the concept of “green” logistics and its principles used in business practices. Current key problems of maritime transport related to environmental logistics and new requirements of the International Maritime Organisation are described. The experience of applying “green” technologies by foreign companies in the maritime industry has been analysed. It shows that electrification and decarbonisation can be successfully introduced into business practice and lead to improved environmental performance. The state of seaport infrastructure and vessels in the Russian Federation was studied. Certain Russian projects following “green” logistics trends are presented with description of the implemented systems, technologies, and new equipment. Conclusions are made about the potential of “green” logistics in Russia in the future: reduction of negative environmental impact, increase of competitiveness of Russian companies and new opportunities for business development.

A Spatial History of Seaports in South Asia

Seaports provide material foundations for globalization. In the long history of global mobile connectivity that now forms globalization, the Indian Ocean is the world's oldest arena of expansive long-distance sea travel. People have sailed monsoon winds among coastal environments connecting Europe, Africa, India, and China since prehistoric times. Indian Ocean ports grew in number, size, wealth, and permanence over the centuries and anchored the rise of seaborne empires connecting Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas. Modernity traveled among industrial port cities along with lower unit costs for shipping and a dramatically increasing scale of shipping in volume, value, distance, and speed. Capital investments in seaport infrastructure grew with the scale of mobility through ports connecting producers and consumers by land and sea in commodity chains that eventually embraced people around the world with increasingly intricate, expansive interdependence, and also with ever more entrenched spatial inequity. The result is the current global seaport space of interwoven connectivity strung along the coastlines of globalization on all the continents.

Adoption of Sustainability in Seaport Infrastructure

The objective of the research is to analyse the sustainability measures that can be undertaken in the seaport infrastructures. The study is based on systematic literature review. The scope of the research is qualitative and may serve as a basis for identifying factors that can contribute to the adoption of sustainability in the seaport infrastructure sector. The article has direct implications for seaport infrastructure providers. They are encouraged to regularly monitor and to build climate resilient seaport (hereafter ‘port') infrastructure as it is crucial for the economic growth of many developing and emerging countries, as the majority of global trade is done through sea mode. The article collates and examines recent seaport infrastructure study findings. It presents a comprehensive, conceptual model encompassing research work and a holistic view of various aspects affecting sustainability of seaport infrastructure. The article develops a conceptual model that needs to be confirmed empirically.

Impact of logistics and economic structure on seaport infrastructure: a case of Mediterranean countries

ABSTRACT This paper aims to study the relationship between port infrastructure quality, logistics quality and competence and economic structure. The study depends on balanced panel data from 15 Mediterranean countries between 2010 and 2018. It applies an econometric analysis using several hypotheses. The results reveal a significant correlation between port infrastructure and logistics quality and competence hypothesis. It shows also that port infrastructure quality is highly influenced by logistics quality and competence. So, to keep seaports competitive, the port quality infrastructure is required, also to be evolved with the logistic services quality progress in the maritime industry. Moreover, there is a need to optimise all economic structure factors to attain logistic chain benefits and to improve port infrastructure quality.

The Impact of Port Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Tanzania: Adopting a Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Tanzania port sector performs an essential function in the development of the economy and transportation of goods and services. The raised question is, what is the impact level of a seaport infrastructure on the Tanzania economy? To respond to this question, we assess the impact of seaport infrastructure on promoting economic growth in low-income country, Tanzania. A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach employed to analyze the rapport of variables, using statistical data from 2005 to 2017. The results demonstrate a direct relationship between seaport infrastructure and economy. In addition, the relationship between seaport infrastructure and international trade were determined. The results also, shows a significant relation between international trade and economic growth. It is recommended in this study that, seaport infrastructure need to be improved alongside with the international trade so as to maximize its potential in promoting the growth of Tanzania’s economy, because transporting of goods through maritime is cheaper compared to other mode of transportation. Likewise the existing transportation and port policies should be maintained and implemented for improving transport infrastructure for promoting the growth of Tanzanian economy.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН, ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ МОРСЬКИХ ВАНТАЖНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ В УКРАЇНІ ТА СВІТІ

Maritime transport of goods is incredibly important in in today's economy. It is one of the most cost-effective and efficient ways to transport large quantities of goods over long distances, particularly for international trade. Shipping accounts for approximately 90% of global trade by volume and 60% by value, making it a critical component of the global economy. Maritime cargo transportation is especially important for the transportation of bulk commodities, such as oil, gas, coal, and iron ore, necessary for industrial production. It is also crucial for the transportation of consumer goods such as electronics, clothing, and food, which are produced in one part of the world and consumed in another. The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of maritime freight transportation have been enhanced by advances in technology, including the development of larger and more efficient vessels, as well as improvements in port infrastructure and logistics management. These advancements have enabled sea freight transportation to become increasingly competitive with other modes of transport, such as air and road, especially for long-distance and large-volume shipments. Overall, maritime freight transport plays a vital role in today's global economy, supporting international trade, economic growth and the movement of goods between countries and continents. In recent years, maritime cargo logistics in Ukraine has undergone significant changes driven by a combination of government initiatives, private investment, technological advances, and macroeconomic factors. This article discusses current trends, problems and prospects for the development of Ukrainian and global maritime transport sectors, and provides recommendations for improving the efficiency of maritime transport and ports to accelerate economic development. One of the key drivers of this development was the modernization and expansion of Ukraine's seaport infrastructure. These improvements have enabled Ukrainian ports to handle larger volumes of cargo and manage the flow of goods more efficiently. In general, the development of maritime logistics in Ukraine continues, and there is potential for further growth and improvement even in wartime.

DICHOTOMY IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARITIME ACTIVITY BETWEEN MARINE SUB-REGIONS OF EUROPE

Coastal settlements tend to have higher population density and economic clustering compared to inland territories. The tendency of an increasing socio-economic disbalance in favor of coastal spaces – the coastalization, has attracted the attention of the global academic community. Numerous assumptions are made on the cause of the coastalization phenomenon with the maritime activity and tourism being the primary ones. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of the coast and tourist seaport infrastructure in the distribution of the population and tourist accommodations in cities across different sea basins of Europe. The research design implies verification of the two hypotheses: the area around the tourist seaport will have H1. The highest population density and H2. The highest density of collective accommodation facilities (CAFs) in the coastal zone of the municipality, decreasing with distance. The methodology has a two-stage structure. Firstly, the quantitative evaluation is done to allocate the tourist seaports of 28 European countries using MarineTraffic database and measure the density of population and CAFs by territorial zones using statistics. Secondly, the qualitative assessment is done presenting highlights of case studies by four sea basins (Baltic Sea, Black and Azov Sea, Northeast Atlantic Ocean, Celtic Sea, and Mediterranean Sea) and six sub-basins. 43 seaports of Europe specialize on tourism (over 90% of inbound ships). Most tourist seaports belong to the Mediterranean basin (58.1%), followed by the basin of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean (25.6%), the Azov-Black (11.6%) and Baltic (4.7%) sea basins. Cities with the tourist seaports are represented by a variety population sizes: from under 50 thousand people to over a million. Despite the differences across sea basins, the general pattern suggests a decline of population density and CAFs with the distance from the tourist seaport. Tourist seaports act as the nuclei of coastalization in Europe. The spatial proximity to the seaport has a positive influence on the density of population – the highest in the territorial zone of 2-5 km distance from the seaport, and an even higher effect on the concentration of CAFs – the highest numbers up to 1 km of the tourist seaport. We should note that population structure and tourism activity of some smaller cities are skewed towards larger adjacent cities, with the agglomeration effect outbreaking the role of the seaport.

The impact of trade on African welfare: Does seaport efficiency channel matter?

This paper examines the role of seaport efficiency in the relationship between trade and welfare outcomes in Africa. Data on 28 African countries for the period 2006 to 2018 is employed while the system generalized method of moments estimation technique is used for the empirical analysis. The paper reveals that seaport efficiency and trade enhances welfare outcomes directly in Africa. More importantly, the paper finds that seaport efficiency complements trade to have its largest positive impact on welfare outcomes in Africa in both the short and long run periods. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies aimed at using trade to enhance welfare should pay a critical attention to efficiency of African seaports by increasing investment in seaport infrastructure, space for container vessels, container terminal capacity to reduce time delays at seaports, the number of total ship services, and port surfaces and depths of water areas to serve ships at seaports, is what officials of ports and harbour authorities, regional economic communities, the African continental free trade area, and other organizations that champions international trade should consider in their policy reforms.

Имитационное моделирование развития Ванино-Совгаванского мультимодального транспортного узла

Purpose: Working-out of simulation model of multimodal transport node functioning to solve the problem of regional transport infrastructure development. Determination of the optimal ratio of technical and technological parameters of railway and sea port infrastructure, namely: technical parameters of MTN (Multimodal Transport Node) objects which determine their capacity in view of reliability of their functioning; processing time of applications (on cars, trains, ships, etc.) at each MTN object. Methods: Methodology for structural systems analysis, system theory, agent-based, discrete-event and system-dynamic modeling were applied. Results: Theoretical foundations for modeling methods are considered and the application of simulation modeling to solve the task of effective functioning of large transport systems in the conditions of uncertainty is substantiated. The simulation model of Vanino-Sovgavan multimodal transport node development was carried out to justify design decisions on change of MTN railway infrastructure oblique and capacity. The values of parameters at which the system can function smoothly in conditions of car traffic rise have been determined. Practical importance: The developed simulation model makes it possible to analyze the work of the key transport node of the Far East with the purpose of its effective and sustainable functioning. In addition, the model can be used to rationalize the work of existing transport nodes and to solve the issue of advanced development of a regional transport infrastructure, primarily, the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainlines, the Northern Sea Route, sea ports, border crossings and approaches to them in order to ensure production improvement for mining, processing and transportation of natural resources and realization of transit potential of Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic zone of Russia.

Совершенствование взаимодействия морских портов и железнодорожного транспорта

The article focuses on the problems of interaction between seaports and railway transport and their impact on the port operation efficiency. Railway transport in Russia plays a significant role in ensuring goods transportation. Despite the crisis phenomena taking place in Russia and in the world, the volume of transported cargoes entering and leaving the ports by railway is steadily growing. This trend is projected to continue, according to the Strategy for Development of the Russian Sea Port Infrastructure until 2030. It has been analyzed that the performance of seaports will be largely due to the effective operation of the rail transport and to their coordinated interaction. The increasing cargo traffic to the ports of Vladivostok and Vostochny led to a collapse in 2021. It affected the transportation of container cargoes to a greater extent. There are listed any possible reasons for such a situation: refusal of cargo owners to transport the cargo by sea; imbalance of rolling stock; limited capabilities of the railway; unavailability of the port infrastructure for a significant increase in cargo turnover; problems of coordinated interaction between ports and railway transport. It has been stated that particular attention should be paid to the lack of a clear and well-coordinated interaction between the seaport and rail transport, which entails both demurrage of ships and rail cars, increased time spent by the railway and sea transport in the port under processing, which ultimately affects the time of delivery of goods to the recipients. It has been inferred to develop a solution to the problem of control and coordination of the interaction between the port and the port railway station. There has been illustrated the scheme of information exchange in the port, suggested the complex system of information exchange, using which will contribute to solving the above-mentioned problems and optimize the activities of both seaports and railway transport.

Analisis Pengaruh Pembangunan Infrastruktur Transportasi Terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten Way Kanan Provinsi Lampung

The availability of inadequate and quality transportation infrastructure positively affects a region's gross domestic product (GRDP) to below. This study aims to analyze the influence of transportation infrastructure development, namely road infrastructure, seaport infrastructure and airport infrastructure on Way Kanan District GRDP. The research method used in this study is a quantitative method. The results of multiple regression calculations show that 1) the road infrastructure has a significant number of 0.010 below 0.05; meaning that the independent variable has a substantial effect on GRDP. 2) seaport infrastructure, the considerable amount is 0.309 above 0.05; saying that these variables have not significantly affected gross regional domestic products. 3) Airport infrastructure, a significant number of 0.093 above 0.05; it means that the variable has not changed the GRDP. While the contribution of the research is a reference in development policies, especially the development of transportation infrastructure to increase the GRDP of Way Kanan District.
 

Towards a Comprehensive Climate Adaptation Framework for India’s Port Infrastructure and Operations: Lessons from Global Best Practices

The ever-growing impacts of climate change such as extreme heat, more frequent heavy precipitation events, intensifying tropical revolving storms, and sea level rise continue to pose major threats to India’s critical maritime infrastructure. As the country moves towards its ambition of becoming a leading Blue Economy of the world, a wide range of initiatives have been taken by the central and state governments to expand the maritime sector with a specific focus on the transport sector. However, there is little emphasis being paid on protecting the existing and planned seaport infrastructure against the deleterious impacts of climate change. None of the major ports in India have a dedicated climate action strategy and climate adaptation finds no mention in the policy documents pertaining to the maritime transport sector. In this context, this paper aims to highlight the need for a comprehensive, holistic and dynamic climate change adaptation strategy for India’s port infrastructure including support infrastructure and supply chains. The adaptation strategy, at the individual ports’ level and the national level, must be preceded by rigorous risk assessment studies to identify and prioritise the major challenges arising from climate change at the local level. The paper draws upon international best practices in climate risk assessments and adaptation measures to provide a way forward for Indian ports

PENGARUH PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

The provision of infrastructure is very important in the stage of development. Infrastructure contributes to the regional economy and makes economic development more increased by giving direct and indirect effects. But still quite a lot of problems experienced in infrastructure develompment, one of which is the imbalance of development between regions. The purposes of this study was to explain and analyze the influence of infrastructure development to economic growth in West Sumatera Province especially road infrastructure, electricity infrastructure and seaport infrastructure. The research analysis used in this study is descriptive and quantitative analysis model with multiple regression method which used data in the period of 2004-2018. Variables that are used in this study is Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) as the output measurement, length of road (km), sum of electricity production and consumption (MWh), and sum of seaport loading and unloading volumes (ton). Based on the model in analysis, road infrastructure has no effect to the economic growth in West Sumatera Province. While electricity infrastructure and seaport infrastructure affect to the economic growth in West Sumatera Province. In the resaerch results, seaport infrastructure give the highest contribution to the economic growth in West Sumatera Province. From the regression results, the value of R-Square (R2) is 0,745. This means that the independent variables is able to explain the dependent variable 74,5% while the remaining 25,5% is explained by other variables outside the model.

Simulation-Based Operational Evaluation of a Single-Berth Multipurpose Seaport with Wharf Space Restriction

Overcapacity of seaport infrastructure has been a common issue in many countries in recent years. Cautious investment decisions shall be made on the basis of realistic capacity evaluation and productivity improvement of existing ports. However, operational analysis and evaluation of a seaport is not always easy, especially for multipurpose terminals which are commonly seen in developing countries. These small-scaled multipurpose seaports handle different cargo types with multiple interrelated processes and varying handling methods and process times. This paper studies a single-berth multipurpose seaport with wharf space restriction in Indonesia and shows how the simulation model can be essential and significantly helpful in the evaluation of the port’s productivity and realistic capacity. Furthermore, a new handling method is proposed and evaluated by the simulation model. The simulation approach and related results help the port operator in making decisions regarding port improvement and future expansion investments.

Investigating the Sustainable Impact of Seaport Infrastructure Provision on Maritime Component of Supply Chain

The aim of the research is to identify and quantify the direct economic effects resulting from the improved seaport nautical access and capacity expansion. This case study considers a regional port located in the Baltic sea and relates to port users, i.e., shipping operators and shippers. The effects were identified for maritime transport by comparing transport performance in two scenarios: with-the-investment and without-the-investment. Incremental calculus addresses freights (containers, dry bulk, and cereals) traded to and from the given port, changes in size of vessels, and the shipping route alternatives vis-a-vis adjacent ports in the range. Sustainable impact concerns generalized maritime transport cost, i.e., shipping operating costs and port-to-port transit time, as well as energy consumption and external costs of maritime shipping. To capture effects, daily and unit dry bulk, as well as container shipping cost, values of time, and marginal external costs were revealed in freight sea transport. As investigated, shipping operators and shippers will benefit from the reduction in ships’ operating (including ships’ fuel cost savings) and time cost, while the community will enjoy the reduction in externalities. However, the main economic effect is the reduction in shipping operating cost resulting from the increased vessel size (economies of scale).

Economic Analysis for Investment of Public Sector’s Automated Container Terminal: Korean Case Study

The purpose of this case study is to conduct an economic analysis to calculate the proper terminal capacity of automated container terminal (ACT) investment from the perspective of the public sector. As a key element of smart port, the ACT is an important terminal operating facility for import/export and transshipment cargo between countries and must have facilities with sufficient capacity to load/unload export/import cargo in a timely manner according to the user’s request. Recently, the method of calculating the capacity of seaport infrastructure is changing from the method of applying the maximum capacity to the method of applying the proper capacity. Therefore, it is desirable to expand port facilities by investigating proper capacity rather than expanding port facilities based on the maximum performance. This study is a case study focusing on the new port of Busan introducing the ACT. From the perspective of national fiscal income and national economy from the ACT investment, this study determines the proper terminal capacity for each berth. As a result of economic analysis, the break-even terminal capacity to secure economic feasibility is from 544,272TEU of the nine berths to 600,138TEU of two berths applying a 2.96% discount ratio. In a sensitivity analysis considering the social discount rate and the change in the size of berths, the net present value has a positive value from a minimum of 530,000 TEU (nine berths with 1.96% social discount ratio) to a maximum of 620,000 TEU (three berths with 3.46% social discount ratio).

Особенности продвижения блок-трейн и контейнерных поездов по терминальной сети Санкт-Петербургского узла

Objective: To analyze special features of block trains and container trains promotion in the terminal network of the Saint Petersburg hub, in the environment of the discussed transport hub. Methods: The means and methods of the theory of warehouse systems developed by O. B. Malikov, general systems theory, system and economic analysis, logistics, and railways operational management have been applied. Results: It has been established that in order to attract transit cargo flows and further develop international transport corridors passing through the Saint Petersburg hub, primarily East–West directions, it is necessary to create a network of container terminals with flexible logistics. This solution will expand the range of delivery areas using block trains, form competitive through rates, reorient highly profitable freight traffic from road transport to railways, as well as organize interaction with European and Chinese intermodal and stevedore slotting operators and expand the operation areas block trains, container trains, express and specialized trains. Practical importance: The results obtained can be applied in the implementation of the Saint Petersburg transport hub development concept, in the design of railway hub individual elements and units, as well as in the servicing optimization of the seaport and terminal infrastructure.

CYBER SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR PORT INFRASTRUCTURE

The purpose of this article is to characterize cybersecurity threats related to thefunctioning of seaport infrastructure. The escalation of the use of modernteleinformation systems in maritime transport allows for the development of theefficiency of transshipment processes, improvement of the movement of multimodaltransport means and logistic processes and increasing their safety. Due to the wide useof these technologies, the possibility of cyberspace security incidents is growing. Thereis a need to define universal, basic cybersecurity requirements that will constitute thefoundation for creating solutions determining the maintained level of security in seaports. Moreover, the basic solutions and good practices allowing to meet the setrequirements were presented.

The political dimension of Brazilian port development: a content analysis of the 2013 new port law

The Brazilian seaport infrastructure has witnessed significant changes in the cargo volumes and trade profile as a consequence of Brazilian economy participation in international trade during the 1990s and more in the 2000s. In the main ports, not only the volume of containerized cargo has presented double-digit growth but also the bulk cargo (dry and liquid) have broken records. The Brazilian port system has been through a legal transformation in the mid-1990s with the Port Reform Law 1993 (Act 8630) and the first landlord concessions were signed in years 1995/1997. Then, 20 years later, in 2012, another port reform law was proposed and in a record time fashion, it was passed as law (Act 12815) in the year 2013. This paper analyzes the process by which the Brazilian Port Reform law was passed in Congress, aiming to capture the political dimension of such changes. The study uses content analysis methodology to examine a series of public documents to explicit the motivations, the changes proposed and the final text passed in Congress. The results demonstrate that the port reform law, beyond its economical motivations, represented the political dimension of the port development in Brazil, and as such, it was under the influence of different groups of interest through their Congress Representatives who have disputed the law shape and content.