Scientific Recommendations Research Articles

Inteligencia Artificial - Chatgpt: un estudio bibliométrico y su aplicación en el caso de Gases de Efecto Invernadero

La aparición de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) ha potenciado la interacción del ser humano con los sistemas informáticos, que van desde lo cotidiano hasta la investigación aplicada. ChatGPT utiliza el modelo de lenguaje Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) de OpenAI, que permite realizar tareas específicas y responder preguntas. En la actualidad se viene explorando la aplicación de este modelo de lenguaje en distintas áreas de investigación tales como educación, salud, etc. Este estudio busca caracterizar la bibliometría de “ChatGPT” y analizar su posible aplicación en la revisión de literatura sobre gases de efecto invernadero. Hasta el 17 de enero de 2024, se han registrado 4 288 documentos científicos que mencionan a la IA, siendo Estados Unidos, el país con mayor aporte de documentos. Al consultar sobre ¿Cuáles son las principales aplicaciones en que ChatGPT revolucionará la búsqueda sobre gases de efecto invernadero en el mundo? Las respuestas fueron: acceso a información actualizada, análisis y modelado, divulgación científica, asesoramiento y recomendaciones; y educación y concientización. ChatGPT proporciona respuestas útiles y relevantes, sin embargo, no fundamenta sus respuestas. Por esta razón, la sustentación técnica y científica sigue siendo responsabilidad del investigador, dado que esta Inteligencia Artificial complementa el juicio humano, no la reemplaza.

Legal actors' and laypersons' utility judgments of eyewitness lineup procedures and outcomes.

Recent attempts to model the relative performances of eyewitness lineup procedures necessarily include theoretical assumptions about the various costs/benefits, or utilities, of different identification outcomes. We collected data to incorporate empirically derived utilities into such modeling as well as data on various stakeholders' views of lineup procedures as tertiary objectives. This research was exploratory; therefore, we did not have a priori hypotheses. We surveyed judges' (n = 70), prosecutors' (n = 28), police officers' (n = 82), and laypersons' (n = 191) opinions about eyewitness identification procedures and the utilities of outcomes of eyewitness identification procedures. We incorporated the utility judgments into models comparing the desirability of various lineup reforms and compared policy preferences between our samples. All samples frequently mentioned estimator and system variables in open-ended evaluations of lineup procedures, but legal samples mentioned system variables more often than did laypersons. Reflector variables (e.g., confidence) were mentioned less often across the board, as was the scientific basis/standardization of identification policy (especially among laypersons). Utility judgments of various identification outcomes indicated that judges adopt values more closely aligned with normative legal ethics (i.e., the Blackstone ratio), whereas other stakeholders (especially laypersons) depart significantly from those standards. Utility models indicated general agreement among samples in lineup procedure preferences, which varied as a function of culprit-presence base rates. Although legal stakeholders vary in how they value eyewitness identification outcomes, their values imply relatively consistent policy preferences that sometimes depart from scientific recommendations. Nonetheless, all samples expressed support for using scientific research to inform legal policy regarding eyewitness evidence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

TYPES OF LEGAL SECURITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

This article is devoted to legal security and its various types in the Republic of Uzbekistan. It examines the vital interests of legal subjects that are the subject of legal security, and provides a detailed analysis of different types of legal security, including constitutional-legal security, criminal-legal security, legal security in criminal proceedings, penitentiary security, civil-legal security, administrative-legal security, and environmental-legal security. Scientific conclusions and recommendations are formulated for further improvement of legal security across various branches of legislation in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Use of Industrial Waste to Improve the Performance Properties of Ceramic

Industrial waste, with an in-depth study of its resource capacity, physico-chemical and technological properties, is a valuable raw material for construction ceramics. The possibility of replacing high-quality clays in technologies for producing clarified ceramic bricks and effective wall ceramics using high-calcium waste generated during water purification by liming in thermal power engineering, chemical and other enterprises has been established. The obtained physicochemical patterns of formation on their basis of the structure and properties of a ceramic composite provide a scientific basis for the use of typical waste, in these studies, dust from electric precipitators of cement production. The role of aluminum-containing waste generated during the electrolysis of molten aluminum in regulating the technological properties of the masses and firing properties of clinker bricks has been revealed, which allows the use of low-grade clays for its production. Scientific research and recommendations on the use of various industrial wastes not only for the purpose of recycling, but also for the use of their valuable properties associated with the chemical composition, behavior in heat treatment, reactivity, the possibility of strengthening due to the formation of a controlled structure of the material, help slow down the process of decline reserves of high-quality clay raw materials.

Evaluating the adoption of irrigation technology in a well-irrigated winter wheat－summer maize cropping system

Determining suitable irrigation technology is of paramount for promoting water-saving agriculture, particularly for winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in well-irrigated regions. To optimize and assess the efficacy of various irrigation technologies (specifically, semi-fixed sprinkler irrigation, walking sprinkler, semi-automatic buried telescopic sprinkler irrigation, thin-soft spray tape irrigation, drip irrigation, self-driven winch sprinkler and manually moving spray gun irrigation, marked as A, B, C, D, E, F and G) applied in south central North China Plain, we first conducted an economic analysis for the winter wheat-summer maize rotation. Subsequently, employing a comprehensive set of 20 indicators spanning economic, societal, technological, ecological, and resource aspects, we employed a TOPSIS model with integrative weighting approach using “AHP + Entropy”. We also employed principal component analysis and the Sankey diagram method to explore characteristics of different irrigation techniques and indexes. Irrigation mode E, conserving energy by 63.19% compared to mode B and offering labor savings five times greater than the mode D. The highest economic benefit for the rotation system was observed with the mode C, resulting in a 25.26% increase compared to the mode G. The top three irrigation modes based on scores were D, G, and E, with scores of 0.532, 0.490, and 0.474, respectively. The Sankey diagram revealed distinct preferences among different agricultural entities for specific irrigation modes. For specific stakeholders, we recommend irrigation modes D, G, F, and B for small farmers, large and specialized family businesses, family farms, and farmer cooperatives, respectively. In conclusion, our findings provide valuable scientific support and recommendations for the practical application of irrigation technology in agricultural production.

LEGAL IDEAS OF ABAI AND PROBLEMS OF ITS USE IN SOCIETY

The article outlines the need to apply the legal views and ideas of Abai in the development of modern public legal culture, as well as in the protection of human rights, and based on the results of the study, scientific and methodological recommendations are given on the identified problems. The subject of the research work is the development of moral, democratic, human qualities through the ideas of Abai. The article notes that the work of Abay forms the worldview, being, civil position of any person. The article also emphasizes the need to study the works of Abai, which talk about law, law and the rule of law. In the disclosure of the content of the topic, the works of Abai were studied and a comparative analysis of its theoretical foundations for application in the field of law at the present stage was made, and a survey was organized to promote the legal aspects of Abai's works and events of various forms were held, the results of which are analyzed in this article. The results of the research showed the absence of full-fledged, systematic works on this topic. The article discusses the main modern approaches to the study of problems arising from the discussion of Abay's work, as well as the use of traditional and modern methods that affect the change in modern practice of teaching and education. In this regard, recommendations will be given on educating young people in the spirit of justice, patriotism, conscientious work and the development of national and legal culture. To date, it has been determined that in the adoption of high-quality laws, the issuance of fair judicial decisions, as well as the prevention of corruption crimes, the discussion of legal norms, we get a lot from Abay's heritage. For the prevention of offenses in all spheres of society and for the study and application of Abai's legal views, it is necessary to involve specialists in the field of law along with teachers. As a result of the work, it was concluded that it is necessary to develop a public legal culture based on the works of Abai.

Theoretical and practical aspects of a favorable color and light climate in an industrial building

An analysis is carried out to determine the main theoretical and practical aspects of the use of surface coloristics and lighting in industrial buildings; color perception depending on the type of lighting is summarized; the effect and perception of surface coloring in natural and artificial lighting are considered. Practical scientific recommendations for creating a favorable color and light climate in an industrial building are formulated.

JINOYAT ISHLARINI TERGOV QILISHDA MUTAXASSISNING PROTSESSUAL MAQOMI

"bstract. This article reveals the concepts of legal status, legal status of individuals, legal capacity, and legal status of a specialist as a participant in criminal proceedings, as well as the legal status of a specialist in the process of identification, detection, and recording. Differences in legal status, seizure of evidence, and examination of collected evidence by a specialist and an expert in criminal proceedings are scientifically analyzed. The use of special knowledge to achieve justice, their role in the process of proof, methods of effective use in the fight against crime, the need to improve legal mechanisms in this regard, investigative actions that can be entrusted to specialists, and subjects with compatible legal capacity and capacity in criminal proceedings are also considered. In criminal procedural relations, how the legal status of an expert is realized, the procedure for attracting experts, problems that arise when experts perform their duties, their solutions, and regulatory mechanisms are also considered. Some theoretical and practical problems of collecting, recording, and researching evidence relating to the legal status of a specialist were also discussed. Scientific, theoretical, and practical recommendations and theoretical definitions were given regarding the legal status of a specialist in criminal proceedings. "

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ENSURING THE PROCESS FORMATION OF THE EMPLOYEE COMPETENCE MODEL

The article outlines the expediency of application and the main problematic issues of implementing the principles of the competency approach in personnel management of current enterprises, in particular, related to the process of formation and practical use of its main tool - the model of employee competencies. A scientific survey of the significant assets of scientists and practitioners on this topic was carried out, as a result of which it was established that there is a need to finalize currently unresolved tasks regarding the clarification of the sequence and the development of scientific and methodological support and practical recommendations for the construction of such models, since the given processes are mostly abstract, difficult for practical application due to the lack of clear instructions and tools for the implementation of each stage. The main goal of the article is to improve the process of forming the model of employee competencies by clarifying the sequence of its development, specifying actions at each stage and developing methodological tools for practical application. The process of forming the model of employee competencies was compiled, presented in the form of a logical sequence of specific ac­tions and decisions with the use of a specially developed toolkit, based on the choice of a certain approach and involves the construction of a model of competencies for employees of diffe­rent categories with a different number of constituent elements. For example, for employees in managerial posi­tions there are 4 constituent elements; for specialists and workers in labourer’s positions - 3 constituent elements etc. A scientific-methodical toolkit and relevant recommendations for its implementation were developed, an approbation was carried out on an example (a model of the competences of fitters in mechanical assembly works was developed). Competences of mechanical assembly fitters included in the developed model were assessed using the "360° method"; taking into account the weight factor of each competence, the general level of their competence is determined. The results of scientific research are the basis for making recommendations for improving the level of employees’ competence.

Legal problems of the production of agricultural raw materials for baby food

The article analyzes modern legal problems of the production of agricultural raw materials for baby food in Ukraine, taking into account the latest legislative changes in the field of baby food production, organic agricultural production, state control over the use of genetically modified organisms in the manufacture of food products.
 It has been established that the improvement of the legislation in the field of child nutrition should be carried out by making amendments and additions to the Law of Ukraine «On Child Nutrition» in order to bring its prescriptions into line with EU requirements, and not to cancel the specified special Law. Given the specifics of baby food and the importance of guaranteeing its quality and safety, replacing a separate special law with one article in the Law of Ukraine «On Basic Principles and Requirements for the Safety and Quality of Food Products» is hardly expedient.
 Taking into account the specific legal nature of a personal peasant economy, the author proves that persons who run such an economy can produce raw materials for baby food products, subject to compliance with legal requirements for the quality and safety of such raw materials. Based on the latest legislative changes in the field of legal provision of biosafety of Ukraine, the article proposes to legislate the possibility and necessity of using organic agricultural products as raw materials for baby food before creating an effective system of state control in the field of use and circulation of genetically modified organisms.
 In order to ensure the constitutional right of the child to sufficient, high-quality and safe nutrition, the author considers it expedient to conduct in-depth scientific research on these issues and make appropriate scientific conclusions and recommendations on improving the current legislation in this area, taking into account the requirements of EU legislation on the adaptation of the national agricultural, food, environmental and other legislation regarding the production of agricultural products for baby food.

Use of cupping therapy in musculoskeletal disorders: A cross-sectional study on the profile, training, and practice of Brazilian physical therapists

IntroductionCupping therapy is a widely used technique in Brazilian physical therapy for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support its effectiveness. ObjectiveTo investigate the profile, training, clinical practice, and scientific updates of Brazilian Physical Therapists who use cupping therapy as a therapeutic resource for musculoskeletal disorders. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted through an online questionnaire, including 646 Physical Therapists who use cupping therapy in their practice. All data were analysed descriptively. ResultsCupping therapy is a technique that has been widely adopted in clinical practice by Physical Therapists, particularly among young, female professionals who have recently graduated from private universities. The primary reason for interest in this technique among these Physical Therapists is the high demand from patients. Additionally, it is often used in conjunction with other manual therapeutic techniques. They identified easy access, low cost, and ease of use as the key factors that make cupping therapy an attractive option. However, a lack of high-quality scientific evidence, as described in the literature, was identified as a major barrier to its use. ConclusionThe Physical Therapists included in this study use cupping therapy in their clinical practice, relying heavily on their own experience and the preferences of their patients, rather than utilizing the third pillar of evidence-based practice, which is to rely on the best available evidence. This study suggests that these Physical Therapists are currently implementing a technique without current scientific recommendations for its use in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders.

Effect of radiotherapy on head and neck cancer tissues in patients receiving radiotherapy: a bioinformatics analysis-based study

Radiotherapy is pivotal in treating head and neck cancers including nasopharyngeal, tongue, hypopharyngeal, larynx, maxillary sinus, parotid gland, and oral cancers. It holds the potential for curative effects and finds application in conjunction with chemotherapy, either as a radical method to preserve organ function or as an adjuvant postoperative treatment. We used bioinformatics analysis to investigate the effects of radiotherapy on head and neck cancer tissues in patients who had received radiotherapy. In this study, the expression and mutation profiles of The Cancer Genome Atlas–Head-Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma were downloaded from the UCSC-Xena database, categorizing patients into two groups—those receiving radiotherapy and those not receiving radiotherapy. Subsequently, differential expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were performed. Following this, single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) scores related to glucose and lipid metabolism were compared between the two groups. Additionally, immune cell infiltration analysis and single-cell verification were performed. Finally, the mutation profiles of the two groups were compared. The analyses revealed that patients receiving radiotherapy exhibited prolonged survival, enhanced apoptosis in head and neck cancer tissue, and diminished keratinocyte proliferation and migration. A comparison of ssGSEA scores related to glucose and lipid metabolism between the two groups indicated a reduction in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, and fat synthesis in tissues treated with radiotherapy, suggesting that radiotherapy can effectively inhibit tumour cell energy metabolism. Analyses of immune cell infiltration and single-cell verification suggested decreased infiltration of immune cells post-radiotherapy in head and neck cancer tissues. A comparison of mutation profiles revealed a higher frequency of TP53, TTN, and CDKN2A mutations in patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. In conclusion, the bioinformatics analyses delved into the effect of radiotherapy on patients with head and neck carcinoma. This study provides a theoretical framework elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying radiotherapy's efficacy in treating head and neck cancer and presents scientific recommendations for drug therapy following radiotherapy.

ENTERPRISE BANK RELATIONSHIP: ISLAMIC FINANCE AND THE FINANCIAL FAILURE OF COMPANIES IN MAURITANIA

Building a strong business-bank relationship involves clear communication, transparency about your company's financial needs, and understanding the services offered by the bank. Regularly review and update your financial strategy with your bank to ensure it aligns with your business goals. Islamic finance in Mauritania operates in compliance with Sharia principles, avoiding interest-based transactions. While it can provide ethical financial solutions, business failure can still occur due to various factors such as economic instability, mismanagement, or external market conditions. Evaluating risks, adhering to Islamic financial principles, and implementing sound business practices are crucial to mitigate the potential for failure. Financial failure can result from a variety of factors, including poor financial management, excessive debt, economic downturns, or inadequate market research. It's essential for businesses to maintain financial discipline, regularly assess their financial health, and adapt strategies to changing circumstances to minimize the risk of financial failure. Seeking professional advice, managing cash flow effectively, and maintaining transparency in financial reporting are key practices to safeguard against financial setbacks. This research addresses the bank-business relationship by emphasizing the role of Islamic finance in the fight against business failure. The outline of our article is as follows: 1) A literature review on microfinance and its role in financing SMEs and also its role in the fight against unemployment among young graduates. It will be a literature that sweeps from the regional context to an international context. 2) Identification of research hypotheses and development of a questionnaire 3) Analysis of quantitative data using SPSS software and validation of hypotheses. Proposal for a modeling for the relationship between microfinance and the fight against youth unemployment in Mauritania. 4) Discussions of scientific results and recommendations for future research avenues

Optimisation of production and modelling of production costs in farms

A significant area of improvement of the economic efficiency of agricultural enterprises, especially in the context of martial law, is to optimise production and use of resource potential. The purpose of this study was to develop scientific and practical recommendations for optimising the production activities of farms. The study employed the following methods: system analysis and synthesis to determine the reserves of the types of resources involved; economic-mathematical modelling and optimisation to determine best solutions; analytical-calculation method to calculate production indicators; correlation and regression analysis to determine the dependence of milk production costs on resource consumption; graphical method and extrapolation to find the values of the regression function. The principal stages and features of building an economic-mathematical model for optimising the resource potential of enterprise were identified. The model was used to analyse data, identify reserves of resource potential, find an optimisation solution for product sales volumes using the Solution Search spreadsheet tool, and adopt a strategy for improving economic efficiency. The study offered a solution for the economic and mathematical modelling of the best structure of production of a farm, which factors in the available production resources. The modelling found that the maximum income can be obtained by redistributing the production volumes of certain types of products and, accordingly, the resources for their production, considering the standard costs of production per unit of product, prices for products and resources. Using the modelling, the study obtained a regression dependence of the cost of milk produced in household farms on the cost of feed, labour costs, wages, and the number of cows. The study found the impact of certain types of resources on the production cost and builds the corresponding graphical dependencies. The practical value of the findings of this study lies in the possibility of using the recommendations directly by members of farms in planning, organising production activities, and optimising the use of resource potential

Consumption Patterns of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Association with Undernutrition among Children Aged 9-17 Years in Guangzhou, China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Globally, the high consumption levels of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and their effect on health have drawn significant attention. This study aimed to identify the consumption patterns of SSBs among children in rural areas of Guangzhou, China, and explore their association with undernutrition. A total of 1864 children aged 9-17 years old were included in this study. Demographics, lifestyle behaviors, and anthropometric and dietary information were collected. Factor analysis was used to identify patterns of SSBs, while nutritional status was assessed using Body Mass Index (BMI). Latent class analysis was used to establish dietary preference models. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to analyze the association between SSBs consumption patterns and undernutrition. The undernutrition prevalence in children was 14.54-19.94% in boys and 9.07% in girls. Three SSB consumption patterns were identified, including the plant protein pattern, dairy-containing pattern, and coffee pattern. Both medium-high (Q3) and the highest (Q4) scores in the dairy-containing pattern were positively associated with the risk of undernutrition, especially in boys. Furthermore, the highest scores in the plant protein pattern and coffee pattern were positively associated with the risk of undernutrition in children aged 9-10 years old. The dairy-containing pattern was a risk factor for undernutrition in children, especially for boys; the plant protein patterns and coffee patterns were risk factors for undernutrition in children aged 9-10 years old. The findings of the study can provide scientific evidence and policy recommendations for improving children's health conditions.

Chinese expert consensus on the surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (Edition 2024)

The publication of Chinese expert consensus on the surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (2018 edition) has widely accelerated the standardization and homogenization on the surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG). In China, the surgical outcomes of AEG, the universality and practicability of this consensus has also been affirmed after the clinical practice during the past 5 years. Due to the persistent increasing incidence of AEG, the specificity on anatomic site, clinicopathological characteristics, molecular biological characteristics, AEG had been always the hotspot of many clinical trials and more clinical evidences had been published. However, its definition, classification, staging, surgical approach, resection pattern, extent of lymphadenectomy, and the digestive tract reconstruction etc. remain controversial. In light of the above, it is necessary to update the 2018 edition of consensus. The Chinese expert consensus on the surgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (2024 edition) is generated based on the currently available and best clinical evidence, the latest global guidelines or consensuses, and the opinions from the Chinese expert panel. The present consensus focuses on the key points of surgical treatment and issues in dispute, and provides scientific recommendations. The goal of this expert consensus was to improve the homogeneity in understanding and practice between Chinese thoracic and gastrointestinal surgeons, and to further standardize surgical treatment of AEG. Those pending issues in this consensus need high-quality clinical research to further investigate.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND PRACTICE DESIGNING URBAN COMPLEXES ON THE EXAMPLE OF KYIV

The article examines the interaction of architectural research and design practice regarding the reconstruction of nodal public complexes of large cities. Examining the urban transformations of modern Ukrainian cities on the example of Kyiv allows the author to state the low effectiveness of our scientific recommendations. However, the coverage of such studies can have both scientific and practical results as recommendations for urban planning managers and designers. Some directions of the transformation of the urban environment at the turn of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century in Ukraine are highlighted using the example of the city of Kyiv. Prospective trends of possible directions of transformation of the typology of public centers and residential complexes are formulated. The trends of reconstruction and development of the architectural and town-planning structure are considered. The hierarchy of residential and public centers of large cities as the main structural nodes of the city in unity with the transport and pedestrian infrastructure is presented. Conclusions are made on possible directions of transformation of existing buildings with the formation of new types of public centers. A retrospective examination of competition practice in Kyiv at the end of the 20th century allows the author to systematize his many years of scientific research and design practice in the part of forming the architecture of public centers. The scientific results of the research were implemented in a number of experimental and competitive projects of the author of public centers in Kyiv. The use of a systemic approach allows for the development of public centers regarding the placement and organization of the internal structure of such complexes.

Лесная селекция и генетическое разнообразие древесных пород

In scientific literature there are different views on the connection between forest tree breeding and genetic variability of wood species. This article has aimed to review the current Russian and foreign literary sources on the impact of breeding measures on the level of genetic diversity of forest wood species. Maintaining adequate genetic variability is necessary for adaptation to the environmental changes, as well as for long-term breeding. As soon as seed plantations are the source of improved seeds for forest regeneration, the influence of such factors as the number of clones and background pollination on the level of genetic variability of the progeny has been considered in detail. The data on the minimal clone number in seed plantations in different countries has been presented and the variability of the clones based on their fertility has been discussed. The importance of background pollination in seed plantations has been highlighted as soon as, on the one hand, it reduces the effect of breeding, but on the other hand, it increases the level of genetic variability of the progeny. A decline in genetic diversity of wood species can be caused by clone selection (which is the basis for clonal forestry). However the analysis of literary sources has shown that the reduction in genetic diversity is minimal if scientific recommendations are fulfilled. The use of the seeds from controlled cross-breeding of plus trees selected as a result of genetic evaluation (the so-called family forestry with vegetative propagation) in the somatic embryogenesis of the common spruce increases the level of genetic variability of the progeny. It has been shown that the multiple population breeding system allows to combine intensive long-term breeding and genetic conservation of wood species. The conclusion has been drawn that the implementation of optimally planned wood species breeding programs does not lead to significant narrowing of genetic diversity. On the contrary, forest tree breeding contributes to the preservation of a better gene pool, transmitting it in the process of forest regeneration through improved seeds and clones into homogeneous stands. Moreover, the objects of forest seed growing such as the archives of plus tree clones and forest seed plantations, as well as test cultures contain valuable genetic material ex situ.

Psychological and pedagogical factors that determine the need for self-education of elderly drivers.

The subject of the study is the identification of factors affecting road safety by drivers of vehicles.The object of the study is the psychological and pedagogical factors influencing the provision of road safety by elderly drivers in the process of self-study. The authors carry out an administrative and legal analysis of the status of the driver of the vehicle within the framework of the legislation of the Russian Federation. Statistical data on road traffic accidents committed by drivers of various age groups for 9 months of 2022 are disclosed. The authors provide statistics on accident rates caused by drivers with different driving experience. The authors analyze the problem of limiting the use of vehicles by elderly drivers from the point of view of their social activity and the adaptation of elderly drivers to new conditions for ensuring road safety when driving. The authors pay special attention to the study of physiological and psychological changes occurring in older drivers and affecting safety when driving a vehicle. The authors propose the introduction of a specialized self-education program for elderly drivers as part of the prevention of road safety. In the course of the research, the dialectical method of scientific cognition was used, as well as a set of general scientific and special methods for studying factors affecting the safety of elderly drivers when driving vehicles. Implementation of scientific findings and recommendations in the practice of self-education of elderly drivers in safe driving. The main conclusions of the study are the system components obtained by the authors that affect road safety when driving vehicles by elderly drivers. A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is their proposed specialized self-study program. The authors note that programs should take into account the physiological and psychological characteristics of older people. They may include game directions for teaching changes in traffic rules, features of safe driving techniques applicable without the use of specialized polygons, as well as stress management methods and self-regulation techniques, a set of exercises to increase concentration. The novelty of the study lies in the disclosure of the main provisions of the program for self-education of elderly drivers in safe driving, taking into account their physiological and psychological characteristics.

Examining dietary habits in the context of multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive investigative approach

AimsThe aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional status of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to develop suggestions for changing eating habits in a healthy direction. MethodsThe study was conducted on 171 participants (80.1 % female; 19.9 % male) diagnosed with MS between the ages of 18–60 who applied to Ankara Hacettepe University Hospital Neurology Outpatient Clinic between June 2021 and March 2023. Body weight, height, body composition, waist circumference, upper mid-arm circumference and hand grip strength were measured in accordance with the technique of anthropometric measurements. A three-day food consumption record was taken to evaluate the energy, macro, and micronutrient content of the diet. Mediterranean Diet Assessment Tool was used to assess adherence to diet. ResultsMean age of the participants was recorded as 35.2 ± 10.81 years. According to the body mass index (BMI) classification, 59.9 % of females were in normal limits, while 61.8 % of males were classified as overweight and obese. However, when evaluated in terms of body composition, body fat percentage was found to be above of normal limits in both genders. Also, 70.8 % of participants were sedentary. The percentage of patients who met their daily energy requirements in women with light and moderate activity was higher than in men, but it was not statistically significant. In participants with high activity level, the percentage of patients meeting energy requirements was below 50 % for both genders. Dietary fat and saturated fat intake were higher than the recommendations, while monounsaturated fatty acids and dietary fiber intake were less. The percentages of patients meeting their calcium requirement was below 50 % in both genders. Mean intake amounts of vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, and dairy products were below the Türkiye Nutrition Guideline recommendations. ConclusionThis study shows the nutritional characteristic of patients with MS in detail with different aspects. Although most of the patients were in normal limits in terms of BMI, body fat percentages were found to be above normal limits in both genders. Total fat and saturated fat intakes were found to be high according to scientific recommendations while the intake of food groups required for a fibre-based diet and intake of dairy products were low.