Scientific Problems Research Articles

La capacitación docente como apoyo para la gamificación en la asignatura de Lengua y literatura

The objective of the research is to propose a training plan that contributes to the gamification of the Language and Literature subject of the second year of basic general education of the Vicente León educational unit. The research problem revolved around the scientific problem: How to contribute to the gamification of the Language and Literature subject inthird grade of the Vicente León educational unit? For this purpose, a methodological journey was carried out that consisted of applied research, with a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach and empirical methods were used for data collection with the survey as an instrument based on four dimensions and eight indicators. The results reflect the significant lack of theoretical and practical knowledge. Through a correlation matrix, a direct and positive relationship is established between the study dimensions and the need to create a training and continuous support plan is emphasized as a means to reduce the gap between theory and practice and encourage the effective integration of gamification in language and literature classes.

CLIL technology in teaching the English Language of Journalism

Importance. The scientific problem is identified, which consists in the need to study tools that develop the integrated subject-language competence of graduates of non-linguistic areas of study, which underlies the successful functioning of specialists in the labor market, as well as the purpose of the study is to show the importance of the subject-language integrated approach (CLIL) in the formation of this competence.Materials and Methods. Information about the object of study is given, which are educational materials used in teaching English journalism, as well as answers and speeches by students of advanced English language proficiency. The research methods, including observation, description, analysis and synthesis, are indicated.Results and Discussion. The specific author’s results of the conducted research are presented, including a description of the apparatus of exercises on the topic “Manipulation and psychology” in journalism, as well as answers and speeches of students. It is noted that most of the tasks are focused on obtaining professional knowledge using the English language. A foreign language is more a means than a goal of learning here. The purely linguistic component of the educational apparatus is small. However, during the course of study, relying mainly on the material of a subjectthematic orientation, students develop all types of speech activity (speaking, listening, reading, writing) and form appropriate language skills.Conclusion. It is proved that the most important place in the work on the topic is occupied by the preparation and presentation of the project. It is proved that subject-language integrated training is an effective method in the development of integrated subject-language competence of future journalists.

Changes in Red Army tactics during the Battle of Stalingrad

Importance. The topic of the Battle of Stalingrad is investigated, the relevance of which is beyond doubt, since any study in our country devoted to the Great Patriotic War was and remains important both for preserving historical memory and for educating the younger generation. The relevance of the study is enhanced by the fact that the stated scientific problem – the peculiarities of the tactics of the Soviet troops in the autumn-winter period of 1942 – is practically not disclosed in the scientific literature. The purpose of the study is to show how the Wehrmacht characterized the changes that occurred in the tactics of the Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad.Materials and Methods. The research and its source base are captured documents from the funds of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense (CAMO). Research methods: attribution of captured documents from the CAMO funds, comparison, content analysis, microhistoric analysis. The object of the study is the tactics of offensive and defensive battles of the Red Army in autumn– winter 1942.Results and Discussion. The specific author’s results of the study are that it shows how Stalin’s order No. 306 on improving offensive combat tactics and combat formations was characterized in the General Staff of German Ground Forces; data on the main changes in the tactics of defensive combat of Red Army are given; it shows what importance artillery was assigned in offensive and defensive battles, what changes occurred in the tank forces.Conclusion. The changes in the tactics of the offensive and defensive battles of Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad were timely, it was constantly improved and adapted to specific combat conditions, which eventually ensured the final transition of the initiative to the Soviet troops at the front.

THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE THERMAL METHOD – STEAM CYCLIC TREATMENT OF WELLS OF THE X DEPOSIT

Enhanced oil recovery from active fields is equivalent to the discovery of new fields, making this issue critical to all oil-producing countries around the world. Of course, among all modern methods of increasing oil recovery from reservoirs, thermal methods are the most technically and technologically prepared. They make it possible to extract oil with a viscosity of up to 100 MPa and at the same time increase the final oil recovery by 30-50%. In particular, the thermal steam method is widely used both in fields in the CIS countries and abroad. The main factors that determine the growth of oil production using thermal methods include: Availability of significant resources of high-viscosity oil. Application of highly effective technologies for influencing oil deposits. Availability of necessary heat and power equipment. Use of heat-resistant equipment for wells and on the surface. Effective control and regulation of processes inside wells. The widespread development of methods for thermal oil production is associated with the solution of a complex set of scientific and technical problems. Among these tasks, special attention is paid to: The study of oil recovery mechanisms in various geological and physical conditions. The determination of opportunities for effective use of the features of the geological structure of specific fields. The development of combined methods for increasing oil recovery, including thermal methods and others, in order to improve technological processes and achieve high oil recovery rates at the level of 50-60%. The aim of this article is to analyze and justify the choice of a specific thermal oil production technology, namely the method of steam-cyclic well treatment, which is especially relevant for the production of high-viscosity oils.

Recent progress in the application of biodegradable metal implants

With the accumulation of data, magnesium-based degradable metal, iron-based degradable metal and zinc-based degradable metal implantable interventional devices have entered the clinic or carried out human experimental studies, and the future prospects are promising. In this paper, the definition, biodegradability and biocompatibility criteria and their classification are reviewed, and the research status and unsolved scientific problems of magnesium-based degradable metals, iron-based degradable metals and zinc-based degradable metals are introduced, and the future development opportunities and challenges of degradable metals are prospected. With a deeper understanding of scientific issues such as mechanical adaptation, degradation adaptation and tissue adaptation of degradable metal implants, more new materials, new technologies and new methods of degradable metals will be developed in the future, so as to effectively realize the precise adaptation of the two events of degradable metal material degradation and body tissue repair in time and geometric space.

Terrestrial algae: pioneer organisms of carbonate rock solutional weathering in South China karst.

The formation of soil in karst ecosystem has always been a scientific problem of great concern to human beings. Algae can grow on the exposed and non-nutrition carbonate surface, inducing and accelerating weathering of rock substrates, thus promoting soil formation. Yet the actual contribution of algae to solutional weathering intensity remains unclear. In this study, we performed weathering simulation experiment on two algae species (Klebsormidium dissectum (F.Gay) H.Ettl & G.Gärtner and Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck), which were screened from carbonated rock surfaces from a typical karst region in South China. The results showed: (1) both algae have solutional weathering effect on carbonate rock, (2) there is no difference of solutional intensity observed, yet the solutional modes are different, suggesting different ecological adaptative strategies, (3) algae on carbonate rocks have higher carbonic anhydrase activity (CAA) and secrete more extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), accelerating rock weathering. (4) The absolute dissolution amount of carbonate rock with algae participation is 3 times of that of without algae. These results indicate the significant impact of terrestrial algae on carbonate rock solutional weathering and provides quantitative evidence that terrestrial algae are pioneer species. It also contributes to our further understanding of soil formation in karst ecosystems in South China.

Indigenous Knowledge in Post-Pandemic Cultural Tourism: Discussion from Arauco Territories, Chile

In the last two decades, cultural tourism has transformed the aesthetics and the relationship between the actors of the Arauco territories. In the post-COVID context, these transformations could be reinforced, especially considering the actual legal scenario about indigenous rights and the global ecological crisis. In most cases, the indigenous people, with cultural tourism initiatives, highlight their world vision, including the relations with nature. For this reason, we propose to study this scientific problem from the relational ontology perspective. In this study, we describe the situation of cultural tourism in Arauco Province, Chile, where Mapuche people, the Chilean State, and the international market coexist in permanent friction. The main objective is to analyze how the pandemic influenced Mapuche cultural tourism, from the Mapuche cultural perspective and the global conditions for their development. The methods of research mixed historical and ethnographic approaches with a sample of key actors of Mapuche cultural tourism. As results, we can show the Mapuche way of understanding cultural tourism and the new conditions derived from the pandemic and post-pandemic contexts.

Computational multiphase micro‐periporomechanics for dynamic shear banding and fracturing of unsaturated porous media

AbstractDynamic shearing banding and fracturing in unsaturated porous media are significant problems in engineering and science. This article proposes a multiphase micro‐periporomechanics (PPM) paradigm for modeling dynamic shear banding and fracturing in unsaturated porous media. Periporomechanics (PPM) is a nonlocal reformulation of classical poromechanics to model continuous and discontinuous deformation/fracture and fluid flow in porous media through a single framework. In PPM, a multiphase porous material is postulated as a collection of a finite number of mixed material points. The length scale in PPM that dictates the nonlocal interaction between material points is a mathematical object that lacks a direct physical meaning. As a novelty, in the coupled PPM, a microstructure‐based material length scale is incorporated by considering micro‐rotations of the solid skeleton following the Cosserat continuum theory for solids. As a new contribution, we reformulate the second‐order work for detecting material instability and the energy‐based crack criterion and J‐integral for modeling fracturing in the PPM paradigm. The stabilized Cosserat PPM correspondence principle that mitigates the multiphase zero‐energy mode instability is augmented to include unsaturated fluid flow. We have numerically implemented the novel PPM paradigm through a dual‐way fractional‐step algorithm in time and a hybrid Lagrangian–Eulerian meshfree method in space. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the robustness and efficacy of the proposed PPM paradigm for modeling shear banding and fracturing in unsaturated porous media.

Thermal Stability and Weather Resistance of a Bionic Lotus Multiscale Micro-Nanostructure TiC/TiN-Ni/Mo Spectral Selective Absorber Based on Laser Cladding-Induced Melt Foaming.

As the core of a solar collector, a solar selective absorbing coating has become the key material for efficient utilization and development of solar energy. In order to overcome the core scientific problem of poor high-temperature stability of optical properties caused by atomic diffusion between layers in the high-temperature environment of traditional multilayer solar absorption coatings, the multiscale lotus bionic porous structure was constructed by using a TiC/TiN-Ni/Mo material system with excellent intrinsic absorption performance. The melt foam method and laser cladding technology were combined to deposit the multiscale bionic porous structure solar selective absorption coating in situ by a laser-induced melt foaming strategy. It was found that the bubbles in the molten pool were affected by Marangoni force, gravity, buoyancy, and surface tension. The unescaped bubbles formed pores near the surface of the coating and showed a bimodal distribution. For the multiscale addition of 1.8 and 0.4 μm pore-forming agents with a mass fraction of 15 wt %, the multiscale pores enhance the scattering and secondary absorption of light and reduce the amplitude of electromagnetic wave to electron vibration; at the same time, the small-size conductor effect formed by the hole increases the surface electron concentration, strengthens the absorption of light, and enhances the magnetic field strength at the hole, and the structural absorbing effect is significant. The coating absorptivity α reaches 85%, and the temperature stability is excellent. Compared with the substrate, the coating has a smaller corrosion current density, larger polarization resistance, and strong corrosion resistance. The research shows that the laser-induced multiscale bionic porous structure coating obtains the intrinsic absorption-structural absorption composite absorption mechanism and realizes the integration of flexible design and efficient manufacturing of high-temperature solar absorption coatings.

Integrated Bioinformatics and Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal Possible Molecular Mechanisms for Seed Starch Content Differences between Glycine max and Cicer arietinum

Although soybean and chickpea belong to the legume family, their seed starch content is very different. Currently, many studies focus on the molecular mechanisms of starch synthesis within a single species. However, the key genes and regulatory relationships responsible for the difference in seed starch content between the two species remain unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the above difference, multi-omics and bioinformatics analyses were used here to analyze gene expression patterns, protein–protein interaction networks, gene-transcription factor co-expression networks, and miRNA–gene regulatory relationships based on reported sucrose and starch metabolic genes in Arabidopsis. The results were as follows. First, seven differential expression genes of the two species in starch synthesis metabolism, including GBSS1, APL3, APS1, SS2, PTST, SBE2, and ISA, and the starch degradation gene BMY in soybean and chickpea, may contribute to their seed starch content differences. Then, the protein–protein interaction between DPEs and PHS may facilitate seed starch synthesis in chickpea. Finally, the positive regulation of two starch degradation genes (GmBMY and GmPHS) and four sucrose metabolism genes (GmHXK, GmPFK, GmTPS, and GmFRK) by transcription factors may lead to lower seed starch content in soybean. This study elucidates the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the difference in seed starch content between the two species and addresses the scientific problem of why soybean seeds have lower starch content than chickpea seeds.

A review on network representation learning with multi-granularity perspective

Network data is ubiquitous, such as telecommunication, transport systems, online social networks, protein-protein interactions, etc. Since the huge scale and the complexity of network data, former machine learning system tried to understand network data arduously. On the other hand, thought of multi-granular cognitive computation simulates the problem-solving process of human brains. It simplifies the complex problems and solves problems from the easier to harder. Therefore, the application of multi-granularity problem-solving ideas or methods to deal with network data mining is increasingly adopted by researchers either intentionally or unintentionally. This paper looks into the domain of network representation learning (NRL). It systematically combs the research work in this field in recent years. In this paper, it is discovered that in dealing with the complexity of the network and pursuing the efficiency of computing resources, the multi-granularity solution becomes an excellent path that is hard to go around. Although there are several papers about survey of NRL, to our best knowledge, we are the first to survey the NRL from the perspective of multi-granular computing. This paper proposes the challenges that NRL meets. Furthermore, the feasibility of solving the challenges of NRL with multi-granular computing methodologies is analyzed and discussed. Some potential key scientific problems are sorted out and prospected in applying multi-granular computing for NRL research.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-based Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine of Dental Diseases.

Biomedical engineering breakthroughs and increased patient expectations and requests for more comprehensive care are propelling the field of regenerative dentistry forward at a fast pace. Stem cells (SCs), bioactive compounds, and scaffolds are the mainstays of tissue engineering, the backbone of regenerative dentistry. Repairing damaged teeth and gums is a significant scientific problem at present. Novel therapeutic approaches for tooth and periodontal healing have been inspired by tissue engineering based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Furthermore, as a component of the MSC secretome, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to contribute to periodontal tissue repair and regeneration. The scaffold, made of an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM), acts as a supporting structure for new cell development and tissue formation. To effectively promote cell development, a scaffold must be non-toxic, biodegradable, biologically compatible, low in immunogenicity, and safe. Due to its promising biological characteristics for cell regeneration, dental tissue engineering has recently received much attention for its use of natural or synthetic polymer scaffolds with excellent mechanical properties, such as small pore size and a high surface-to-volume ratio, as a matrix. Moreover, as a bioactive material for carrying MSC-EVs, the combined application of scaffolds and MSC-EVs has a better regenerative effect on dental diseases. In this paper, we discuss how MSCs and MSC-derived EV treatment may be used to regenerate damaged teeth, and we highlight the role of various scaffolds in this process.

Linguocognitive Approach to Text Analysis

Cognitive sciences were officially included in the nomenclature of scientific specialties in Russia in 2021. However, the issue of the subject and method of cognitive science in general and its projection on text analysis in particular remains little known to the general scientific community. Linguistic text analysis has gone through several stages of evolution. Each of them accumulates the critical aspects highlighting the necessity to search for new approaches. There are three such approaches in linguistics: structural, communicative, cognitive. The structural paradigm made it possible to solve scientific problems using the example of simple language units. However, it was experiencing serious difficulties in studying complex emergent phenomena, to which the text belongs. Some of these difficulties were leveled by including a communicative approach in the linguist’s methodological baggage. At the same time, a significant layer of factors influencing on the meaning generation of the text remained outside the scope of the research focus. As a result, the linguocognitive approach to text analysis was formed in linguistics. This made it possible to include not only linguistic structures, but also the widest range of mental structures (concepts, frames and slots, prototypes, categories, conceptual oppositions, gestalts, mental spaces and models, conceptual metaphors, precedent phenomena, semantic networks) and cognitive operations (conceptualization, categorization, inference, causal attribution, conceptual projections, blending) in the analysis. Thus, the linguocognitive approach to text analysis increases the heuristics of scientific research due to it is aimed at studying of semantic processes as mental processes.

Can normalized difference vegetation index and climate data be used to estimate soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and their ratios in the Xizang grasslands?

Accurately quantifying the relative effects of climate change and human activities on soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in alpine grasslands and their feedback is an important aspect of global change, and high-precision models are the key to solving this scientific problem with high quality. Therefore, nine models, the random forest model (RFM), generalized boosted regression model (GBRM), multiple linear regression model (MLRM), support vector machine model (SVMM), recursive regression tree model (RRTM), artificial neural network model (ANNM), generalized linear regression model (GLMR), conditional inference tree model (CITM), and eXtreme gradient boosting model (eXGBM), were used for modeling soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), the ratio of SOC to TN (C:N), the ratio of SOC to TP (C:P), and the ratio of TN to TP (N:P) at depths of 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm under non-grazing and free-grazing scenarios in the Xizang grasslands. Annual radiation (ARad), annual precipitation (AP), and annual temperature (AT) were used as independent variables under non-grazing scenarios, whereas ARad, AP, AT, and growing season maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVImax) were used as independent variables under free-grazing scenarios. Overall, the RFM and GBRM were more accurate than the other seven models. However, the tree numbers of the GBRM were much larger than those of the RFM, indicating that the GBRM may have a greater model complexity and lower running speed. Therefore, the RFM had the best performance among the nine models in modeling SOC, TN, TP, C:N, C:P, and N:P in the Xizang grasslands. The RFM established in this study can not only help scientists save time and money on massive sampling and analysis, but can also be used to construct a database of SOC, TN, and TP, and their ratios, and further scientific research related to ecological and environmental issues (e.g., examining whether soil systems intensified global warming over the past few decades by exploring whether climate change and human activities altered soil organic carbon) in the grasslands of Xizang Plateau.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ ДЕЯНИЯ, ПРЕДУСМОТРЕННОГО СТ. 210.1 УК РФ «ЗАНЯТИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ В ПРЕСТУПНОЙ ИЕРАРХИИ» (СТАТЬЯ ВТОРАЯ)

The subject of the study is the composition of the crime under Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study was to solve the scientific problem of determining the subject and the objective side of the crime under Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In the course of the research, the historical-legal, chronological, formally legal method was used. As a result of the study, the subject of the crime, the subjective side of the crime provided for in Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation «Occupation of the highest position in the criminal hierarchy» was established. Various approaches to this status are considered: 1) as a criminal state («occupation» is a fait accompli) and 2) as a desire for a criminal state («occupation» is a process aimed at achieving a criminal state). A comparative analysis of the «person occupying the highest position in the criminal hier-archy» as a special subject of a crime provided for in Part 4 of Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Rus-sian Federation and other special subjects of crimes provided for in the Criminal Code of the Russian Fed-eration, as well as a comparative analysis of the subject of a crime provided for in Part 4 of Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and part 1 of Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The competition of the elements of crimes provided for in Part 4 of Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is considered. Various scientific approaches to the correlation of the concepts of «thief in law» and «person occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy» within the formal, functional and formal-functional criteria for determining the person occupying the highest position in the criminal hierarchy are analyzed.

The dangers of masculine technological optimism: Why feminist, antiracist values are essential for social justice, economic justice, and climate justice

Responding to the climate crisis requires social and economic innovation—because climate change is a symptom of patriarchal capitalist systems that are concentrating—rather than distributing—wealth and power. Despite the need for social and economic innovation, technological innovation continues to be prioritized in climate policy and climate investments. This paper reviews the dangers of technological optimism in climate policy by exploring its links to patriarchal systems and masculinity. The disproportionate focus on science and technology emerges from and reinforces “climate isolationism,” a term that I use to refer to the common framing of climate change as an isolated discrete, scientific problem in need of technological solutions. This framing stems from assumptions of patriarchal white-male conceptions of privilege and power that evolve from a colonizing and controlling mindset. Masculine technological optimism is dangerous because it is exclusive, it minimizes the need for social change and social innovation, and it is ineffective in catalyzing inclusive societal transformation. This paper argues that embracing feminist, antiracist values is necessary for transformative climate policies, economic justice, and climate justice.

The Ethics of Using Dominance-Based Training Within the Equine Leisure Industry: Part 2

The second of a multi-part series examining the ethics of dominance-based training techniques like “Natural Horsemanship.” This part investigates the role of language and appeals to emotion that can cause problems in understanding equine science.

The Pine Cone Optimization Algorithm (PCOA).

The present study introduces a novel nature-inspired optimizer called the Pine Cone Optimization algorithm (PCOA) for solving science and engineering problems. PCOA is designed based on the different mechanisms of pine tree reproduction, including pollination and pine cone dispersal by gravity and animals. It employs new and powerful operators to simulate the mentioned mechanisms. The performance of PCOA is analyzed using classic benchmark functions, CEC017 and CEC2019 as mathematical problems and CEC2006 and CEC2011 as engineering design problems. In terms of accuracy, the results show the superiority of PCOA to well-known algorithms (PSO, DE, and WOA) and new algorithms (AVOA, RW_GWO, HHO, and GBO). The results of PCOA are competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms (LSHADE and EBOwithCMAR). In terms of convergence speed and time complexity, the results of PCOA are reasonable. According to the Friedman test, PCOA's rank is 1.68 and 9.42 percent better than EBOwithCMAR (second-best algorithm) and LSHADE (third-best algorithm), respectively. The authors recommend PCOA for science, engineering, and industrial societies for solving complex optimization problems.

Stanovlenie diplomaticheskoj sluzhby Velikogo knyazhestva Moskovskogo XV v.: k harakteristike otechestvennoj i zarubezhnoj istoriografii nauchnoj problemy

In the publication, the author presents an analysis of the domestic and foreign historiography of the topic from the 18th century - the period of awakening interest in the formation of Russian statehood in Russian science - to the present, which is generalizing. It is a logical continuation of the author's publication “The formation of the diplomatic service of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the XV century: to characterize the sources of a scientific problem” (Voprosy Istorii. 2024. No. 1).

The problems of defining and applying the concepts of gender equality and gender inequality in Russian law

The article examines the issues of the emergence, development and current state of the scientific problem of defining the concepts of gender equality (inequality), as well as the law enforcement aspect of its solution in the Russian Federation and in foreign countries. The object of the study is public relations between the state and citizens of Russia on issues of equality of rights, freedoms, opportunities for their realization and obligations established by Part 2 of Article 6 and Part 3 of Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is the norms of constitutional (Part 2 of Article 6, Part 3 of Article 19 and paragraph "zh.1" of Part 1 of Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), civil (part 1 of Article 12 of the RF IC) and administrative law (Part 2 of Article 3.9 and Part 2 of Article 4.2 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation), other normative legal acts and judicial acts defining gender equality (inequality) of citizens. In the course of the work, dialectical, logical, systemic, functional, formal-legal, comparative-legal research methods were used. The aim of the study is to develop a uniform approach to establishing the concepts of gender equality (inequality) in order to eliminate the problems of ambiguous interpretation and conflict of legislation in modern science and law enforcement practice. This goal has determined the need to set and solve the following tasks: 1. Research on the concepts of gender equality (inequality) as legal categories in the Russian Federation and foreign countries. 2. Formulation of uniform definitions of gender equality (inequality). 3. Definition of the main difference between the concepts of gender equality (inequality). 4. Consideration of the possibility of applying the author's concepts of gender equality (inequality) in law enforcement practice and in normative acts. The study showed that there is no single approach to understanding gender equality (inequality) in modern science and law enforcement practice. Most modern concepts of gender equality (inequality) are based on the recognition of the equality of rights and freedoms of men and women. The author of the article puts forward the theory that gender equality is a right guaranteed by the state and international legal acts, freedom, duties and opportunities to achieve them in relation to citizens without gender separation, and gender inequality, on the contrary, acts as a discriminatory sign in relation to citizens depending on their gender.