Scientific Problems Research Articles

Consideration of the influence of aberrations in the operation diffraction prism spectral device

Spectral analysis is one of the most important methods of physico-technical research for solving many scientific and practical problems. The key parameter of a spectral instrument is its resolving power. Instruments based on diffraction gratings face a fundamental limitation: their resolving power is limited to operation in the first two orders of diffraction. The limitation is due to the fact that the intensity of diffraction maxima drops sharply with increasing diffraction order. As a result, such devices are unable to distinguish closely spaced spectral lines. Increasing the resolving power of spectral priors is an important and urgent task for spectroscopy. The aim of the research was to develop an optical scheme of a spectral instrument based on a high-resolution prism for the detection of nearby spectral lines with minimal influence of aberrations. The optical scheme of the diffraction prism spectral instrument was developed. The possibility of detecting nearby spectral lines is shown. Also a comprehensive study of the influence of aberrations and the development of methods of their minimisation to achieve the optimum quality of the spectral instrument and accuracy of measurements is carried out. The obtained results confirm the possibility of increasing the resolving power of the spectral instrument for the detection of closely spaced spectral lines. Taking into account the influence of aberrations in the diffraction prism spectral instrument will improve the quality of its work and measurement accuracy. The obtained results open new possibilities for studying complex spectra with high detail.

Metaphysics of physics: When the boundaries of science and metaphysics intertwine

The evolution of contemporary physics proved that science cannot abandon metaphysics, there is evidence that there are theories that engage in metaphysical topics or offer metaphysical solutions to scientific problems, there were many concepts and theories that were not based on experience because of the difficulty of testing them. This is the result of the great theoretical progress achieved in physical research, The evolution of contemporary physics has shown that the Positivism call for excluding metaphysics from science cannot be achieved, Metaphysics is found in the principles of science as we rely on postulates that cannot be demonstrated, such as the stability of the laws of nature, The necessity of metaphysics arises from the fact that the development of physics has proven the limitations of scientific experience, The theoretical aspect must advance because cognitive curiosity will not stop the human from asking questions, Metaphysical ideas can play a guiding role in theoretical research in physics,

Influence of Subcooling and pressure on flow boiling in a vertical mini-channel: Heat transfer analysis using inverse method

The background of this study is the problem of thermal runaway in the battery cells of electric vehicles. Increasingly powerful and compact battery packs require highly efficient thermal management. One potential solution is the direct liquid cooling of lithium-ion battery cells using a dielectric liquid which boils over a safety limit temperature. This approach intends to prevent in a first step the cell thermal runaway and if it fails in a second step its propagation to its neighbors: the liquid boiling helps to mitigate the cell temperature rise and to transport and spread the heat. The arrangement of the cells in the pack and their close spacing induce a scientific problem of convective boiling in a mini-channel. To enhance designs using this solution, a comprehensive understanding of flow boiling and a precise local heat transfer quantification is essential. The HFE-7100 has been selected as a working fluid for its attractive thermophysical properties and a suitable saturation temperature.The present paper introduces new experimental results of flow boiling dielectric fluid, the HFE-7100, in a vertical rectangular mini-channel. Measurements are carried out from start of boiling to dry-out. Boiling curves are obtained for a mass flux of 391 kg/(m².s), at different pressures (0.7, 1, 1.5 bar) and at different subcoolings (ΔTsub=0;15;30;45∘C). The test section is an aluminum block instrumented with three lines of five K-type thermocouples located all along the flow. The visualization of the flow is achieved through a glass pane with a high-speed camera to identify different flow patterns. The local heat transfer coefficient is calculated by a resolution of a 2D inverse heat conduction method.The experiment mainly aims at determining the heat transfer coefficient, the critical heat flux (CHF) and the pressure drop and at characterizing both the flow regimes and the dry-out phenomenon. The influence of subcooling and pressure on flow boiling is analyzed. An increase in subcooling enhances the CHF and the heat transfer coefficient, and delays the dry-out. Subcooling has an impact on the flow pattern and modifies the type of CHF. In the operating conditions tested, a decrease in pressure enhances CHF and delays dry-out. On the other hand, the heat transfer coefficient increases with rising pressure. Similarly, pressure drops are lower with higher pressure.

Professor I.V. Gaivoronsky — an outstanding domestic scientist-anatomist and teacher

On February 2, 2024, the prominent Russian morphologist, head of the department of normal anatomy at the Kirov Military Medical Academy to MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.) Professor Ivan V. Gaivoronsky. Ivan V. was born in the town of Kadievka, Voroshilovgrad region, in 1954.
 On February 2, 2024, a prominent Russian morphologist, Professor Ivan V. Gaivoronsky became the head of the Department of Normal Anatomy at the Kirov Military Medical Academy to Doctor of Medical Sciences. Ivan V. was born in the town of Kadievka in the Voroshilovgrad region in 1954.
 In 1973, after graduating from the Starooskolsky Medical School, he entered the Kirov Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated in 1979 with a gold medal. He then studied in an adjunct course at the Department of Normal Anatomy. After completing his studies and defending his dissertation within the walls of his native alma mater, he worked his way up from a teacher to the head of one of the oldest departments, the Department of Normal Anatomy, which he has headed for 35 years. Professor I.V. Gaivoronsky pays great attention to solving modern scientific problems of morphology: collateral circulation, medical craniology, morphology of a gunshot wound, applied problems according to the needs of surgical practice, study of individual and typical characteristics of the human body, development of innovative technologies for the production and preservation of anatomical preparations for scientific and educational purposes, and improvement of the educational process in the departments of morphological profile and history of anatomy. He created a scientific morphological school, which trained 11 doctors and 63 medical science candidates. Professor I.V. Gaivoronsky is the author of polymer embalming technology, which has radically changed the principle of teaching fundamental medical disciplines. Thanks to the development of numerous innovative areas, numerous scientific studies, and use of the latest equipment in the educational process, the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Kirov Military Medical Academy, under the leadership of Professor I.V. Gaivoronsky, became one of the best methodological and scientific centers in the Russian Federation, dealing with the most pressing problems of modern morphology. For his great contribution to the development of domestic science and the organization of the educational process, Professor I.V. Gaivoronsky was twice awarded the Government of the Russian Federation Prize in the field of education. He was awarded the honorary titles “Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation” and “Honored Worker of the Higher School of the Russian Federation”, Academician of the Russian Military Medical Academy, and Honorary Doctor of the Kirov Military Medical Academy. He was also awarded the Order of Honor and the Medal of the Order for Services to the Fatherland, II degree.

Leveraging Directed Causal Discovery to Detect Latent Common Causes in Cause-Effect Pairs.

The discovery of causal relationships is a fundamental problem in science and medicine. In recent years, many elegant approaches to discovering causal relationships between two variables from observational data have been proposed. However, most of these deal only with purely directed causal relationships and cannot detect latent common causes. Here, we devise a general heuristic which takes a causal discovery algorithm that can only distinguish purely directed causal relations and modifies it to also detect latent common causes. We apply our method to two directed causal discovery algorithms, the information geometric causal inference (IGCI) of (Daniusis et al., 2010) and the kernel conditional deviance for causal inference of (Mitrovic et al., 2018), and extensively test on synthetic data-detecting latent common causes in additive, multiplicative and complex noise regimes-and on real data, where we are able to detect known common causes. In addition to detecting latent common causes, our experiments demonstrate that both the modified algorithms preserve the performance of the original in distinguishing directed causal relations.

Identification of mononucleosis by automatic and microscopic methods (clinical case)

Infectious mononucleosis is an acute anthropogenic viral disease caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). According to statistics from the Public Health Centre of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the number of cases in the period from 2018 to 2021 was 5,482; 5,467; 2,431; and 1,023; respectively. 5,467 people developed infectious mononucleosis in Ukraine in 2019. In particular, 863 cases were recorded in non-city dwellers, and 4,597 in children under 17. This indicates an increase in morbidity among urban residents, which determines the relevance of the study of infectious mononucleosis. The development of this disease is accompanied by fever, tonsillar pharyngitis, maculopapular skin rash and the appearance of atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, which make up more than 10% of the total number of lymphocytes. Splenic rupture is the most dangerous complication of this disease. The article analyzes the clinical case of a child who complained of increased body temperature and enlarged lymph nodes. Attention is paid to the indicators of clinical blood analysis, namely to atypical mononuclear cells, which are an indicator of infectious mononucleosis. The results of a quantitative automated hematological analyzer with a microscopic (manual) method of diagnosis were analyzed. It has been established that if, when receiving the results on the analyzer, the indicators are outside the normal range, then it is necessary to use the microscopic method of counting, which will not only clarify but also expand the limits of diagnosis in making the final diagnosis. Thus, the increase in morbidity, difficulties in diagnosis and possibility of complications (splenomegaly and hepatomegaly) make it important to study infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV. This disease is an important scientific and practical problem of modern clinical laboratory diagnostics. Keywords: infectious mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus, atypical lymphocytes.

A core scientific problem in the treatment of central nervous system diseases: newborn neurons.

It has long been asserted that failure to recover from central nervous system diseases is due to the system's intricate structure and the regenerative incapacity of adult neurons. Yet over recent decades, numerous studies have established that endogenous neurogenesis occurs in the adult central nervous system, including humans'. This has challenged the long-held scientific consensus that the number of adult neurons remains constant, and that new central nervous system neurons cannot be created or renewed. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the alterations and regulatory mechanisms of endogenous neurogenesis following central nervous system injury, and describe novel treatment strategies that target endogenous neurogenesis and newborn neurons in the treatment of central nervous system injury. Central nervous system injury frequently results in alterations of endogenous neurogenesis, encompassing the activation, proliferation, ectopic migration, differentiation, and functional integration of endogenous neural stem cells. Because of the unfavorable local microenvironment, most activated neural stem cells differentiate into glial cells rather than neurons. Consequently, the injury-induced endogenous neurogenesis response is inadequate for repairing impaired neural function. Scientists have attempted to enhance endogenous neurogenesis using various strategies, including using neurotrophic factors, bioactive materials, and cell reprogramming techniques. Used alone or in combination, these therapeutic strategies can promote targeted migration of neural stem cells to an injured area, ensure their survival and differentiation into mature functional neurons, and facilitate their integration into the neural circuit. Thus can integration replenish lost neurons after central nervous system injury, by improving the local microenvironment. By regulating each phase of endogenous neurogenesis, endogenous neural stem cells can be harnessed to promote effective regeneration of newborn neurons. This offers a novel approach for treating central nervous system injury.

553 Creating an In-Person Workshop Series Addressing Core Team Science Principles for Early Career Investigators

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: A barrier to the proliferation of team science is that academicians are often trained in disciplinary silos where “independent” research contributions are lauded. To tackle some of the most pressing scientific challenges, dismantling silos and increasing team science training efforts that focus on early career investigators is a must. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A team science training workshop for early career investigators from varied disciplinary backgrounds was informed by a 20-item needs assessment that addressed essential team science competencies and was completed by early career investigators participating in federally funded professional development programs on our campus. During the workshop, the benefits of cross-disciplinary teaming was discussed. Strategies including team formation, team effectiveness and/or dysfunction, diagnosing team strengths and weaknesses, and teaming in community settings were discussed. Instructional methods included short presentations, video clips, case studies, group discussions, pair and share activities, and panel discussions with expert role models encouraged active learning. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The impact and value of the workshop series to participant’s professional development and knowledge of team science concepts will be evaluated before and after the workshop. Multiple Likert-scale items focused on team science competencies (e.g., confidence in your ability to carry out responsibilities specific to your role on a team, recognize when the team is not functioning well; engage team science practices in on-going research), and open-ended questions (e.g., importance of engaging community partners in academic research teams, vision of what factors contribute to an effective team science collaboration) will be completed by program participants before and after completing the workshop. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Effective collaboration among scientists with expertise in different disciplines is needed to address and solve complex scientific problems. We believe our interactive approach to team competency training sessions would work in a variety of settings and improve team skills.

The double face of licorice-kansui herb pair: cure or curse, depending on the combining ratio and mediated by hydrogen sulfide

BackgroundThe safety and efficacy of herbal medicines including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been one of the major scientific problems in the medical field. In TCM prescriptions, reasonable herbal combinations bring stronger efficacy and low risk of toxicity. However, the rules and mechanisms for herbal combinations are far from complete understood yet. Purpose: In this study, we investigated the efficacy-toxicity transformation of the licorice-kansui herbal combination under clinical equivalent doses, and study the inside mechanisms. Study designLicorice-kansui or glycyrrhetinic acid-kansuinine A combinations of different combining ratio were given to malignant pleural effusion mice as well as the IEC-6 and S-180 cells. MethodsThe therapeutic and toxic effects were characterized by various indicators; the chemical changes were analyzed by LC-MS method; the role of H2S was also studied through its inhibitors ResultsLow-proportion of licorice combined with kansui exerted comparable therapeutic effects to cisplatin, by reducing pleural effusion, promoting respiration, increasing urine volume, protecting lung tissue, and inhibiting tumor cells by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. On the other hand, high-proportion of licorice combined with kansui had poor therapeutic effect but induced oxidative stress, inflammation and tissue damages, especially to the small intestine. This efficacy-toxicity transformation was also reproduced by the glycyrrhetinic acid-kansuinine A combination on IEC-6 epithelial cells and S-180 tumor cells. The transformation was not simply caused by the in-solution solubilization effects of licorice during co-decocted with kansui. Furthermore, the therapeutic and toxic effects were both highly related to the hydrogen sulfide level and its anabolic enzymes, cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) or cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), either in tissues or in-vitro cells. By inhibiting CSE or CBS, all the therapeutic or toxic effects were abolished both in-vivo and in-vitro. Moreover, the intestinal sulfide-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio and body drug-metabolism were also important variants influencing the efficacy-toxicity transformation of licorice-fkansui herbal combination. ConclusionThis study comprehensively uncovered the rules of licorice-kansui herbal combination, and for the first time confirmed that H2S plays a crucial role in mediating its efficacy-toxicity transformation. Our study not only supports the reasonable clinical usage of these two herbs but also provide ideas and methods for the study of other herb pairs in TCM prescriptions.

The Impact of the PBL Models Helping iSpring Presenters on Student HOTS Literacy on Reaction Rate

Science literacy in social life is a very important competence for students as it relates to their ability to link problems in science with their perspective as citizens. One of the logical consequences of the need for teacher professionalism in the presentation of chemistry learning is the teacher's ability to create the right learning strategies that fit the problems facing today's education world. The transfer of old learning methods to new ones is one way to solve the problem. The aim of this study is to find out whether the increase in HOTS literacy occurs when the PBL model is integrated with the iSpring Presenter media on the Reaction Speed material in class XI SMA. The research will also explain the most evolving HOTS element of literacy. This study is a Quantitative Descriptive Study using experimental methods with One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The results of the study showed that the literacy ability of HOTS students improved through learning with the PBL model with iSPring Presenter media, this was demonstrated through the t test obtained thitung values > tables (10,55 > 2,032245) with N-gain values of 0.7639 (76.39%).

INVESTMENT SECURITY OF LAND USE IN UKRAINE

Goal. The article is devoted to the organization of state regulation of investment activities in the field of land use. Method. To solve this scientific problem, the structural method and the method of abstract-logical generalization are used. Results. The article reveals the main aspects of state regulation in the field of land use. It was emphasized that a fundamental factor in the development of balanced land use is solving the problem of attracting investments in this area. It is noted that the investment potential of agricultural land should be understood as the possibility of obtaining maximum income in the short or long term from capital investments in the land in order to increase its fertility and ensure sustainable and efficient land use. The methodological principles of GDP formation by types of economic activity (agriculture, forestry, and fishing) are presented. Scientific novelty. The proposed methodological principles will make it possible to increase the efficiency of investing in land resources. Practical significance. The implementation of the proposed methodological principles of GDP formation in the field of land use will make it possible to increase the volume of investments and ensure their optimal distribution.

Analysis of Field Dependent and Field Independent Cognitive Styles in Solving Science Problems in Elementary Schools

This research aims to determine the results of the Science Problem Solving Test, describing students' Field Dependent and Field Independent cognitive styles in solving science problems. The research method used is Mixed Methods, which uses Sequential Explanatory Design. The research results showed that the field-independent and field-dependent students' science problem-solving tests were good. This is proven by using a one-sample t-test with a Sig (2-tailed) result of 0.005. which is smaller than 0.05. The cognitive style of field-dependent students in solving science problems, according to the Polya Stage theory, have difficulty absorbing information, so they do not understand the problem and are unable to explain using their sentences, think globally. The cognitive style of field-independent students in solving science problems is effortless to absorb information so that they can understand the situation thoroughly, analytically, and systematically so that they can present the correct solution steps by determining arithmetic operations that are relevant to the problem.

SMEs sustainability: The role of human resource management, corporate social responsibility and financial management

Research background: The sustainability of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represents a significant scientific and professional problem in the current turbulent period because these enterprises play an important role in any country’s economic and social systems. Purpose of the article: This paper aimed to define the significant sustainability factors of small and medium-sized enterprises and to quantify their impact and importance on the sustainability of SMEs. The areas of Human Resource Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, and financial management were defined as significant sustainability factors. Methods: Empirical research, on which the scientific hypotheses were formulated and evaluated, was conducted in June 2022 in V4 countries (Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Poland, and Hungary) using a structured questionnaire. The study accumulated a sample of 1398 respondents. Data collection was conducted through an external agency, MN FORCE, operating in Central European countries. The Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method was used to record respondents’ perceptions. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the hypotheses. Findings & value added: The research showed that all defined factors in the areas of Human resource management (HRM), Corporate social responsibility (CSR), and financial management of the firm had an impact on defined sustainability attributes. The greatest impact was found on the firm’s financial management, followed by CSR and HRM. The empirical results confirm that the intensity of the independent variables varies across the V4 countries. These results also show that the intensity of the selected HRM, CSR, and financial management factors of a firm is higher in the integrated models than in the models for individual V4 countries. The research results have shown that a range of factors determine the right attitude towards the sustainability of companies. In this context, economic policymakers and entrepreneurs must perceive sustainable growth as complex and apply a systemic approach to its design and implementation.

Борьба за новый мировой порядок: технологическое измерение. Статья первая. Технологическое соперничество и гибридные войны

This research consists of two interrelated articles. The struggle for a new world order is currently becoming very relevant and popular topic. However, it is nearly as broad and multifaceted as the World System, within which there is the intensification of the struggle for the principles of coexistence and development, for what international life will be like in the context of a growing number of rapidly growing states and a declining role of the West. Usually, foreign policy and political aspects are explored within the framework of this topic; less frequently military and economic issues are explored. Recently, geopolitical aspects have been actively discussed. This scientific and political problem is also considered within the framework of global studies and globalization, cultural and ideological influence, sometimes within the framework of the study of the role of global forces (globalists). However, the technological aspects and dimensions of the struggle for a new world order become the object of scientific study much less frequently. Meanwhile, technologies are omnipresent, affecting literally everything, and largely determining who will become a leader, who will be able to become one of the forces determining the fundamental principles and institutions of the new world order. In general, in this work we sought to show the connection between the development of technological trends and their influence on the political and foreign policy course of leading and other powers, as well as on the directions of the struggle to maintain/change the world order and to change the balance of power. The first article “Technological Rivalry and Hybrid Warfare” will provide more information related to general ideas about how technology affects the balance of power and world order. The reader will see how many aspects of foreign policy activity and game are related to technology. The second article “Military-Space, Cybernetic and Other Aspects of Technological Rivalry” will consider this influence in terms of diverse and numerous technological and related areas.

The Issue of Using Certain Copyrighted Iems Whose Right Holders are Unknown: Foreign Experience and Solutions

Introduction. The relevance of this work is due to a significant number of works whose author or right holder is unknown, the impossibility of legally using such works in civil circulation, the urgent need for normative fixation of the status of a work whose author or right holder is unknown, and establishing opportunities for legal use of such works, taking into account the analysis of foreign practice in regulating this issue. The aim of the study is to analyse foreign practice in regulating the use of works whose author or right holder is unknown, to identify the key features of this legal institution, and to evaluate its proposed incorporation into the Russian laws. The task of the study is to analyse the legal institution of using a work whose author or right holder is unknown, and to identify common features of this legal institution in different countries. The scientific problem that the research aims to solve is to establish legal regulation for the use of works whose author or right holder is unknown, taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian laws. Methods. The work used methods of analysis such as general scientific, formal and legal, comparative and legal and system and structural. Results and Discussion. The number of works whose author or copyright holder is unknown in the largest European libraries is estimated at 20—30 %, and some estimates suggest that the proportion of such works in Russia is even higher. The works whose author or right holder is unknown are not given in international treaties of a universal character, but is reflected in some regional (Directive 2012/28/EC of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union) and national regulations of about 30 countries. The legislation of each of the countries reviewed (France, Germany, Norway, Hungary, UK, US, Canada, India, Japan, Korea) has its own peculiarities. Draft Federal Law No. 411043-8 "On Amending Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (in terms of establishing a procedure for the use of certain objects of copyright and related rights whose right holders are unknown)" establishes the concept of an object of an unknown author (right holder), and sets up a mechanism for the use of these objects, the authors (right holders) of which, if identified, will be able to receive remuneration for such use. The proposed mechanism fits seamlessly into the existing system of collective rights management, contains provisions aimed at developing this system (the possibility of using a nominal account to collect and store funds owed to other right holders) and ensuring the interests of authors (right holders) of orphan works. Conclusion. There are no unified approaches in different national legal systems with regard to almost all elements of the works whose author or right holder is unknown, at the same time, the content of applicable laws reveals common ways in the development of regulation. In the absence of a universal international regulation of this issue, each country establishes its own mechanisms to provide the possibility of using orphan works, to return such works to the cultural, scientific and educational environment, to prevent their oblivion and loss, which from time to time make it possible to re-establish contact with their creators, authors or right holders.

Language and cultural creolisation in nigerian script texts

This article deals with the peculiarities of script texts being a part of cinematography – one of modern art form. The scientific problem is determined by the trend towards globalisation of all contemporary art types, on the one hand, and the need to preserve cultural heritage, on the other hand. The aim of the work is to identify the characteristic features of Nigerian English script texts – phenomena created due to creolisation process defined as the process of British English adapting procedure to the realities of local languages and cultures. The Nigerian script text is a creolised type of text with characteristic of unique properties – the presence of detailed instructions in the form of author’s remarks which provide expanded information for subsequent stepwise actions for the director, actors, editors, makeup and costume designers; a double process of creolisation due to the necessary adaptation to numerous local languages and cultures. It is proved that Nigerian script texts, influenced by the process of creolisation, are largely subject to grammatical transformations. The most productive grammatical changes include: the consistent use of nouns and pronouns within the same semantic group; the simplification of the specific verb forms manifested in the use of simple forms and omission of auxiliary verbs in interrogative and negative sentences. High-frequency grammatical transformation processes in Nigerian script texts are explained by the influence of tribal languages and be needs of the Nigerians to preserve the heritage of local cultures.

Problems of abuse of law when applying to the European Court of Human Rights

The article focuses on the fact that abuse of law is not only an urgent problem of modern legal science, but also one of the most complex and important issues to be addressed. This phenomenon is becoming aggressive and global, negatively affecting the processes of democratisation and consolidation of statehood. The prevalence of cases of abuse of law can slow down the development of society, violating the acquired norms and values. It is important to understand that achieving stability in social relations and their further development is impossible without taking into account the specifics of this legal phenomenon. Abuse of law not only violates the basic principles of law, but also poses a significant threat to the development of the rule of law and the determination of its future course.
 The particularities of the use of the term “abuse” in international law are determined. It is noted that the European Court of Human Rights considers that this concept should be understood in its ordinary meaning, namely, as the fact of exercise of a right by a subject of law outside its intended purpose in a manner which causes prejudicial damage. The author identifies the approaches to understanding the abuse of law which are used by the European Court of Human Rights in its work.
 It is noted that in addition to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the provisions defining the basis for preventing abuse of law at the international (supranational) level are also contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
 The author examines a number of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in which cases of abuse of law occurred. The author defines the role of the state in cases of abuse of law. The main features inherent in the abuse of law are outlined. Attention is paid to the fact that in addition to the positive components of preventing abuse of law, this activity also has negative consequences.
 The importance of preventing abuse of law is emphasised, subject to the obligatory observance of the principles of fairness, transparency and consideration of individual rights and freedoms of subjects. Ensuring a balance between the protection of rights and prevention of their abuse is an important task for the effective work of the European Court of Human Rights.

Features of the state of extraembryonic structures in miscarriage early terms of pregnancy

Background. Despite the modern achievements of medicine, miscarriage remains the main problem of obstetrics and gynecology science and practice. Purpose – to assess the features of the state of extraembryonic structures in case of miscarriage in the early stages of gestation. Materials and Methods. Under observation were 32 patients (main group) with a verified threat of pregnancy termination with bleeding in the embryonic period of gestation (up to 10 weeks) and 20 women (control group) with a physiological course of early pregnancy. The exclusion criteria from the study were patients with induced pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, anomalies of the development of female genital organs. All patients underwent a standard clinical and laboratory examination. During the ultrasound examination, both the state of the embryo and the state of extraembryonic structures were evaluated: the volume of the fertilized egg (V f/e), the average internal diameter of the yolk sac, the nature of vascularization of the corpus luteum, the state of hemodynamics in the myometrium. During transvaginal ultrasound, the chorionic volume (Vc) was calculated and its vascularization index (VI) was evaluated using a special three-dimensional VOCAL program. Results. Analysis of embryo biometrics in the studied groups did not reveal any significant difference. When assessing the state of extra-embryonic structures, we found that the volume of the fertilized egg and the average internal diameter of the yolk sac in women with miscarriage in the embryonic period of gestation was significantly lower. The volume of the corpus luteum of the ovary in the main group was equal to 3.0±0.3 cm3 in the control group – 5.3±0.61 cm3 , (p < 0.05). Vascularization of the corpus luteum in patients with bleeding in early pregnancy was also reduced. In patients with threatened termination of pregnancy with bleeding, Vc was 32.5±2.08 cm3 in control 71.6±2.4 cm3 . The vascularization index of the chorion in pregnant women of the main group was equal to 9.5±1.2, while in women with a physiological course of gestation it was 19.1±1.7 (p<0.05). When evaluating the hemodynamics in the myometrium, it was also established that the resistance index in the uterine and spiral arteries in the patients of the main group was significantly higher compared to the pregnant women of the control group. Conclusions. When there is a threat of pregnancy termination with bleeding in the embryonic period of intrauterine development of the child, significant changes occur in extraembryonic structures. A decrease in the volume of the fertilized egg, the average internal diameter of the yolk sac, blood flow disorders in the corpus luteum and myometrium, a decrease in vascularization of the chorion and its hypoplasia create a high risk of developing placental dysfunction and worsen the prognosis of pregnancy.

The influence of reed nanocellulose on the quality indicators of paper-basis for wallpapers

Improving the production technology of products with improved quality indicators and with less impact on the environment remains an urgent scientific and practical problem of paper industry enterprises. This refers to the technology for the production of paper-bases for wallpaper using environmentally safe chemical additives, in particular nanocellulose (NC), which was obtained by acid hydrolysis from reed cellulose. The production of cellulose was carried out in two stages - extraction from reed stalks with a solution of alkali and an organosolvent method of cooking in a solution of peracetic acid. The obtained organosolvent cellulose contained the remains of lignin and mineral substances, which allows it to be used for the preparation of NC. As a result of the hydrolysis of organosolvent cellulose, a time-stable NC suspension was extracted, the properties of which were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (morphological changes in the structure of reed cellulose-containing materials), atomic force microscopy (determination of topographic characteristics of NC), analysis of electronic absorption spectra (transparency of NC films). It was established that reed NC films had nanoparticles with a cross-sectional size of 5-25 nm, density up to 1.52 g/cm3, transparency up to 81.6 %, tensile strength up to 65 MPa. For the production of castings of paper-bases for wallpaper samples, sulfated pine bleached cellulose and polyester synthetic fiber were used, to the fibrous mass of which were added the following chemical additives: alkyl ketene dimer, reed NC, binder, and optical brightener. It has been shown that the use of nanocellulose at a rate of 0.35 % to 1.0 % of the paper mass leads to a significant improvement in the physical and mechanical quality indicators of the paper base for wallpaper. It was established that the replacement of 50 % of the synthetic chemical auxiliary substance alkyl ketene dimer with nanocellulose or additional application of nanocellulose at a rate of 0.5 g/m2 on the surface of the casting with 0.7 % alkyl ketene dimer allows to obtain paper that meets the requirements of the standard. The obtained results indicate the prospects of using reed nanocellulose for the production of other mass types of paper and cardboard.

The definition of the state value in terms of functional quintessence

The article examines the issue of the quintessence of the State's axiology in terms of functional definition. For the purpose of the study, the scientific issue is divided into components which are the substantive elements of the scientific problem. First of all, the issue of the essence of the State as a legal phenomenon is revealed, which is the main basis for the emergence of the scientific problem. The relevant views of scholars on the definition of the State are also considered. It has been concluded that the State is a sovereign, political and territorial organisation of society, on the territory of which there are authorities, legal system and taxation system, as well as other additional elements. The author further provides the features inherent in the State which constitute its ontology.
 Based on a comprehensive analysis of the essence of the concept of “state”, the article presents some theories of the origin of the state which reflect the purpose of its emergence and existence. The most common theories of the origin of the State include: patriarchal, contractual, violence, organic, and psychological. After analysing some of the theories, the author concludes that the purpose of the State’s emergence and existence is to unite society, resolve disputes and develop it.
 The quintessence and diversity of the functions of the State are analysed. As a result, it has been concluded that the functions of the State are a set of activities and processes whose impact is directed at society. Differentiation of functions also has different manifestations. Some scholars distinguish between basic and additional functions, some – internal and external. Internal functions include, for example, regulatory, defence, etc., while external functions include diplomatic and economic (in the context of foreign activities). Based on the analysis of the functions of the State which reflect the directions of its influence on society and which are regulatory in nature (and the very essence of the State is organisational in nature), the article concludes that the axiology of the State in terms of the functional definition is to organise society with the help of its inherent properties and to regulate social relations on the basis of its existing functions with a view to social development.