School Enrollment Rates Research Articles

The children of the missed pill

We assess the impact of exogenous variation in oral contraceptives prices—a year-long decline followed by a sharp increase due to a documented collusion case—on fertility decisions and newborns’ outcomes. Our empirical strategy follows an interrupted time-series design, which is implemented using multiple sources of administrative information. As prices skyrocketed (45% within a few weeks), the Pill’s consumption plunged, and weekly conceptions increased (3.2% after a few months). We show large effects on the number of children born to unmarried mothers, to mothers in their early twenties, and to primiparae women. The incidence of low birth weight and fetal/infant deaths increased (declined) as the cost of birth control pills rose (fell). In addition, we document a disproportional increase in the weekly miscarriage and stillbirth rates. As children reached school age, we find lower school enrollment rates and higher participation in special education programs. Our evidence suggests these “extra” conceptions were more likely to face adverse conditions during critical periods of development.

TREN ANGKA PARTISIPASI PENDIDIKAN SD DAN SMP DI KABUPATEN GUNUNGKIDUL

This research aims to: 1. Describe the trend in the enrollment rate of SD and SMP in Gunungkidul; 2. Describe the policies and programs that have been provided by the Gunungkidul Government to increase enrollment rates for elementary and junior high schools; 3. Describe the follow-up action of the Gunungkidul Government after seeing the trend of elementary and junior high school enrollment rates in Gunungkidul Regency. This research uses descriptive quantitative research with secondary data analysis which is equipped with interview method. Analysis of the data using trend analysis of the number of least squares with the type of linear model and the equation Y = a + bx. The results of this study are: 1. The trend of GER for SD and SMP in 2019-2028 in Gunungkidul tends to decrease; 2. Policies and programs of the Gunungkidul Government through PIP, scholarships and social assistance, compulsory education movement programs, retrieval programs, google for education, and education and training for educators; 3. The Gunungkidul government is following up on the results of the SD and SMP GER trends by validating data, continuing effective programs, and maximizing retrieval programs. Keywords: trends, gross participation rate, primary school, junior high school, gunungkidul regency.

The Determinants of Child Labor in MINT Countries: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

There are many studies in the literature on child labor. However, most of these studies are based on statistics on children, or the factors that cause child labor are explained as economic concepts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons why school-age children adopt the role of "child laborer" and determine the effects of these factors. In this context, in order to examine the factors affecting child labor in developing countries, this study has tried to determine the factors causing child labor with dynamic panel data analysis using MINT Countries data for the period of 1990-2018. The countries’ development levels and poverty are closely related to child labor. For this reason, the human development index is added to the model as a dependent variable. Considering the studies in the literature, population growth, primary school enrollment rate, primary school duration, and labor force participation rate variables were added to the model as independent variables. At the end of the analysis, all variables were found to be statistically significant. The effect of population growth and the number of primary school students on the human development index was negative, while the effect of other variables was positive.

Effects of agricultural cooperative services on rural household welfare in Thailand

AbstractAgricultural Cooperatives (ACs) enable rural households to fight against poverty. ACs provide credit and non‐credit support services to improve household welfare. However, the results of AC effects on household welfare are mixed. This study contributes to the growing literature by investigating the effects of AC credit and non‐credit support services on rural Thai household welfare using the Endogenous Switching Regression and Endogenous Switching Probit models. Data was collected in 2017 using a household survey. A two‐stage stratified sampling technique was employed to obtain the study sample from rural Thai households. The result shows that AC services play important roles in improving household welfare. Both AC credit and marketing services exhibit significant, positive effects on household and farm income. AC marketing services are more effective in improving household welfare compared to AC credit. However, only AC credit considerably increases household consumption and the adoption of improved farm technologies and practices. Interestingly, AC credit and marketing services do not improve children's education in terms of educational expenditure and school enrolment rates.

The Effects of Participatory Budgeting on Local Government Service Delivery: Evidence From Sumedang

This paper examines the effects of participatory budgeting on local government service delivery in the district of Sumedang, West Java, using synthetic control methods. I use four indicators to measure the local government’s service delivery performance: household access to safe sanitation and water, and the net junior and senior secondary school enrolment rates. The findings indicate that participatory budgeting improved the net junior secondary enrolment rate for the overall population compared to the counterfactual, but not that it improved the access of the poor to any of the areas investigated. I argue that this is due to the dominance of local elites in agenda setting, a lack of strategies to target poverty and the low levels of participation of the poor in participatory budgeting processes.

Consequences of serious parental health events on child mental health and educational outcomes.

I show that serious, yet common, parental health events in childhood have immediate and lasting effects on mental health and educational outcomes for children. Following a parental health event, the children are more likely to receive therapy and consume anti-depressant (AD) medication. More so, the children achieve lower test scores and have lower school enrollment rates. The effect immediately occurs following the event and persists at least into early adulthood. I find that the effect on test scores doesn't differ significantly across family income, but that children from low-income families are more likely to be prescribed ADs following the event, while children from high-income families are more likely to receive therapy. Exploiting differences in general practitioners' behavior in prescribing AD and referring children to therapy, I find suggestive evidence that children who are more exposed to medical treatment of mental health issues have lower educational attainments in early adulthood.

The Impact of Savings and Credit Cooperatives on Household Welfare: Evidence from Uganda

Savings and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) help in reducing the financial exclusion gap. This study examines whether SACCOs improve the welfare of households. Data used are from 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS) done in Uganda by the Bureau of Statistics. Treatment cases are households that saved in SACCOs only while control cases are those that did not use the services nor save in SACCOs, banks or microfinance institutions. Propensity Score Matching and a two-step Treatment Effects’ model are used. Findings show that SACCOs have a positive and significant impact on household dietary diversity score, food consumption score, household clothing/footwear expenditure, and school enrollment rates in Uganda. The results are robust to hidden selection bias. The results show that SACCOs play a key role in improving household food security, non-food expenditure, and human capital development for the poor facing financial exclusion from banks and traditional microfinance institutions.

Education enrolment rate vs employment rate: Implications for sustainable human capital development in Nigeria

PurposeThe study examines the dynamic interrelationships among the school enrolment rates and the rate of employment (via unemployment rates) in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approachThe study employed Autoregressive estimates and an unrestricted VAR approach to analyze these relationships. FindingsThe study lends credence to the new-growth theory (i.e. endogenous models) that more investments in human capital, through education especially at higher levels, will allow human capital to evolve dynamically to increase long-run growth positively in Nigeria. This tendency engenders multiplier effects in stimulating sustainable human capital development given that education-driven growth facilitates employment in the short-run. However, to sufficiently sustain human capital development to generate employment in the long-run, it appears there is need to combine education with other cooperant factors such as social safety nets, good governance, private sector development and efficient utilization of human and physical resources. Originality/valueThe growth literature has been definitive on the role of human capital in achieving long-run economic growth. Therefore, investments in education have been identified as a vital channel for building human capital and achieving long run development objectives. Thus, in the nascent quest for sustainable development, this study takes the new growth theory a step higher by examining the modulating effects of education-driven growth (i.e. via school enrolments rates) in setting the pace for employment patterns in Nigeria.

Tourism education in France and sustainable development goal 4 (quality education)

Purpose This study aims to focus on the phenomenon of “over-education” characterized by a discrepancy between education provided and the needs of the economy vis-à-vis employment. The study considers this issue with reference to tourism and courses taught in the field. Specifically, the phenomenon of over-education is investigated with reference to university graduates in tourism and their employability in the sector. Design/methodology/approach The research design draws from secondary data derived from a review of the literature on tourism and education. Findings The findings point to a need to consider aspects of tourism (field of study and discipline) in destination management. This is to avoid discrepancy at macro and micro levels and at a discipline and industry level. This strategy would also help to ensure synergy between tourism education and the needs of the tourism industry as advocated by the Helix model. Originality/value By focussing on over-education, this study shows that Sustainable development goal (SDG) 4, which relates to quality education, may be addressed. The outcome of the study also leads to the conclusion that SDG 4 should be based on not only access to education and school enrolment rates at all levels, particularly for girls, but also the relationship between education and actual employment.

Primary school enrolment rate, completion rate and gender balancing in Nigeria; the financial inclusion perspective

PurposeThe bedrock of growth in education is at the primary/basic education level, hence there is need to ensure that the populace not only enrolls but complete their education as well as maintain gender balancing. Financial inclusion is essential in achieving financial development which if properly tailored should result in economic growth and development. Education is an important development parameter, therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess if financial inclusiveness enhances primary school enrolment, completion and gender balancing.Design/methodology/approachIn order to ascertain if financial inclusion (financial penetration, access and usage) enhances primary school education (primary school enrolment and completion) and gender balancing (primary school female-to-male ratio), the study employed the vector error correction modeling (VECM) to capture both short- and long-run dynamics of cointegration equations and also, ascertain how the long-run deviations are deemed corrected in the short run.FindingsThe findings of financial inclusion showed a significant positive effect on primary school enrollment but regarding primary school completion rate and female-to-male ratio, the responses to financial inclusion measures showed a completely negative effect. From the foregoing, it is not just sufficient to enroll school children but that they complete their basic primary education, and equally ensure that the males are not favored over the females so as to achieve gender balance literacy in the country.Originality/valueThe study focuses on how financial inclusion engenders admission, graduation and gender balancing in primary school education as the bedrock to formal education in Nigeria.

Skills-adjusted human capital shows rising global gap

Human capital, broadly defined as the skills acquired through formal education, is acknowledged as one of the key drivers of economic growth and social development. However, its measurement for the working-age populations, on a global scale and over time, is still unsatisfactory. Most indicators either only consider the quantity dimension of education and disregard the actual skills or are demographically inconsistent by applying the skills of the young cohorts in school to represent the skills of the working-age population at the same time. In the case of rapidly expanding or changing school systems, this assumption is untenable. However, an increasing number of countries have started to assess the literacy skills of their adult populations by age and sex directly. Drawing on this literacy data, and by using demographic backprojection and statistical estimation techniques, we here present a demographically consistent indicator for adult literacy skills, the skills in literacy adjusted mean years of schooling (SLAMYS). The measure is given for the population aged 20 to 64 in 185 countries and for the period 1970 to 2015. Compared to the conventional mean years of schooling (MYS)-which has strongly increased for most countries over the past decades, and in particular among poor countries-the trends in SLAMYS exhibit a widening global skills gap between low- and high-performing countries.

Penerapan Model Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression Pada Data Status Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Kalimantan Tahun 2017

Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR) model is a regression model developed from logistic regression which is applied to spatial data. The aims of research is a GWLR model determination on dichotomous data of community welfare status based on the Human Development Index (HDI) and to find the factors influencing the probability of high welfare status of each Regency/City on Kalimantan Island in 2017. Parameters estimation of the GWLR model was done at each observation location using a weighted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method and maximum likelihood estimator was obtained by Newton Raphson iterative method. Spatial weighting on parameter estimation was determined using Adaptive Gaussian weighting function and optimum bandwidth was determined using Generalized Cross-Validation (GCV) criterion. Based on the result of GWLR parameter testing, it was concluded that the factors influencing the probability of high welfare status of Regency/City on Kalimantan Island in 2017 were school enrollment rates (senior high school), the number of health workers, real per capita income and the open unemployment rate.

Pengujian Hipotesis Parameter Model Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression Data Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Kalimantan Tahun 2016

Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model is a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model with some parameters are global (have the same value) and several other parameters are local (have different values) for each observation location. The purpose of this study is to obtain a MGWR model on the Human Development Index (HDI) data and find out the factors that influence the HDI of each district (city) in the provinces of East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan in 2016. The parameter estimation method is carried out through two stages (backshift), namely local parameter estimation by using the Weighted Least Square (WLS) method and global parameter estimation by using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. Spatial weighting on local parameter estimation is obtained by using an adaptive Bisquare weighting functions, where optimum bandwidth determination uses Generalized Cross-Validation (GCV) criterion. Based on the result of MGWR parameter testing, it was concluded that the school enrollment rates (SMP) affected the HDI of all districts (cities) in East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, while the population density affects the HDI only in a few districts (cities), namely East Kutai, Balikpapan, Samarinda and Bontang.

Penerapan Model Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression dengan Fungsi Pembobot Adaptive Tricube pada IPM 30 Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Tengah dan Kalimantan Selatan Tahun 2016

Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model is a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model which has global (equal value) and local (inequal value) parameters at every different observation location. The goal of this study is to obtain MGWR model of the Human Development Index (HDI) data and find out significant factors influencing the HDI in each district (city) East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan province in 2016. Parameter estimation method is conducted in two stages namely local parameter estimation and global parameter estimation. Local parameter estimation method is Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), with spatial weighting is calculated by adaptive tricube weighting function and optimum bandwidth determination uses the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC). Global parameter estimation method is Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Based on the result of MGWR parameter testing, it was concluded that the school enrollment rates (SMP) and poor people percentage affected the HDI of 30 districts (cities) in East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan. Meanwhile the population density affected the HDI of two districts namely HDI of Samarinda and Bontang.

FDI and educational outcomes in developing countries

This study explores the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on educational outcomes in developing countries. FDI might affect education in host countries through different channels, but this topic has not been systematically studied. Using data from 80 developing countries over 1980–2014, we find that inward FDI promotes primary school enrollment and completion rates for boys and girls. In contrast, inward FDI has no significant impact on male secondary and tertiary enrollment, but a significantly negative effect on female secondary and tertiary enrollment. We also find that FDI from OECD countries promotes secondary and tertiary enrollment rates while non-OECD FDI does not, which can result from the larger spillovers of OECD FDI due to higher R&D content. In addition, considerable heterogeneity exists in the effect of FDI on educational outcomes across various host regions, which might be related to the different sectoral distribution of FDI in these host regions.

Modeling and forecasting life expectancy in India: A systematic approach

In this study, the autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to fit yearly life expectancy data collected from the official website of the World Bank. The results show a steady growth of life expectancy at birth for males, females, and the total population during 2017–2030. Moreover, this study also attempted to examine the risk factors associated with life expectancy at birth in India. The results of the multiple linear regression showed that the employment rate, school enrollment rate, and healthcare expenditure were significant risk factors associated with life expectancy at birth for males, females, and the total population.

Education Enrollment Rate vs Employment Rate: Implications for Sustainable Human Capital Development in Nigeria

The study examines the dynamic interrelationships among the school enrolment rates and the rate of employment (via unemployment rates) in Nigeria. The study employed Autoregressive estimates and an unrestricted VAR approach to analyze these relationships. The study lends credence to the new-growth theory (i.e. endogenous models) that more investments in human capital, through education especially at higher levels, will allow human capital to evolve dynamically and increase long-run growth in Nigeria. This tendency engenders multiplier effects in stimulating sustainable development given that education-driven growth facilitates employment. The growth literature has been definitive on the role of human capital in achieving long-run economic growth. Therefore, investments in education have been identified as a vital channel for building human capital and achieving long run development objectives. Thus, in the nascent quest for sustainable development, this study takes the new growth theory a step higher by examining the modulating effects of educational-driven growth (i.e. via school enrolments rates) in setting the pace for employment patterns in Nigeria.

Youth Disconnection during the COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper studies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on youth disconnection—i.e., the share of young people who were neither in school nor at work. Youth disconnection offers important advantages, relative to unemployment or participation rates, as a measure of the labor market for the most marginal and disadvantaged youth. Before the pandemic, approximately one out of eight young people between the ages of 18 and 24 were disconnected. The disconnection rate increased dramatically in April 2020 because of the pandemic; however, it has decreased quickly since that time. The increase in the disconnection rate at the beginning of the pandemic was mostly driven by a reduction in full-time work, but toward the end of 2020, the school enrollment rate also fell. Within-individual transition analysis reveals that the pandemic drove some individuals to disconnection, regardless of whether those persons were in school, at work, or already disconnected. Full-time workers saw the largest increase in transition to disconnection. Compared to the 2007 recession, the full-time-work to full-time-work transition decreased more and the full-time-work to disconnection transition increased more during this pandemic.

Migration Networks, Export Shocks, and Human Capital Acquisition: Evidence from China

This study empirically examines the impact of tariff reduction caused by trade liberalization on high school enrollment choice of the rural population in China in 1997–2005. We use the variation of export tariffs over time and the initial export structure across prefectures in China to construct prefecture-specific tariff shocks. Different from previous studies that focus on trade-induced shocks on the local economy, this study complements the literature by examining across-region spillover effects of trade-induced shocks through initial migration networks. The empirical analysis finds that the reduction of export tariffs at the migration-destination prefectures significantly decreases the rate of high school enrollment of the cohort between 16 and 18 years old from rural areas of the original prefecture. The mechanism analyses of the impact suggest that employment rates of migrants rise significantly with the reduction of export tariffs at destinations, which thus raises the expected returns of migration and increases the rate of dropping out of school after finishing junior high school education required by compulsory education law. We also find that the impact is stronger for females and people from regions with high initial migration intensity.

HUMAN RESOURCE THROUGH EDUCATION OF SCHEDULED CASTE IN KERALA

This paper analyses the policy of reservation for Scheduled castes in Kerala. The paper provides a brief overview of the caste system and discusses the types of groups that are eligible for reservation, based on data from government reports. The stance of this paper is that affirmative action has not benefited the lower castes due to contextual factors like low school enrolment and completion rates, and high dropout and failure rates. Also, continuous addition of more and more castes to the fold of reserved categories has diluted the positive impact of the reservation policy. This paper suggests that under-representation of any social group in educational institutions should be assessed with reference to sub-populations of secondary school completers and argues that, unlike Scheduled Castes and Tribes, Other Backward Castes are not markedly under-represented. Hence, the 27% quota declared by the government recently is not justified. The paper also highlights the human resources through the education social, pedagogic, psychological and political issues involved in the policy of reservation, and suggests that quotas should be based on economic criteria rather than on caste considerations.