School Enrollment Rates Research Articles

Quota removal, destination-specific export shocks, and skill acquisition in China

This paper uses the exposure of 16-year-old cohorts to an exogenous elimination of export quotas to explore the short-run schooling consequence of destination-specific export expansions and the longer-run effects on adult outcomes. We find that export expansions to rich-country markets resulted in substantially higher high school enrollment rates. The expansions disproportionately favored urban children and children in regions with lower initial skill endowment. Subsequently, the effects translate into the achievement of high school attainment but not the achievement of college and above education. More than a decade later, the affected cohorts exhibit significant differences in employment and fertility outcomes, highlighting the persistent effects of the shocks. Finally, we provide evidence that human capital effects work through an increased educational investment of households, driven by a mechanism involving parental wage growth and education premium in local labor markets.

Special Economic Zones and Human Capital Investment: 30 Years of Evidence from China

By exploiting the large quantity and rich variety of special economic zones (SEZs) in China, this study investigates how such zones affect human capital investment. Results show that SEZs significantly increase the local high school enrollment rate, but the impact varies across zone types: technology-oriented zones encourage education, while export-led zones discourage it. The increased job opportunities and wage premiums inside SEZs for employees with high school education increase high school enrollment, while such opportunities and wages for employees with middle school education decrease enrollment. A very small portion of the impact, if any, can be attributed to increased income. (JEL I21, I26, J24, J31, O15, P23, R32)

Determining Factors for Parents to Choose a School: Empirical Analysis of Religious Based Private Schools

This study explores the factors influencing parental decision-making in choosing a school in the context of private, faith-based education. Using a quantitative descriptive and exploratory approach, this research investigates various factors shaping parents' interest in choosing a school. The population examined were parents of students attending private Christian schools, resulting in a purposive sample of 235 respondents. The sampling technique targets parents actively involved in the school community and has varying levels of involvement and perspectives on the school selection process. Data was collected through an online survey conducted between June and September 2023. Next, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using SmartPLS was used for data analysis. This study identified eight factors influencing parental decision-making: teacher ability, school location, religious values, school facilities, school image, perceived costs, school environment, and school safety. The implications of these findings highlight the school's strategy to increase its attractiveness, thereby increasing school enrollment rates.

Kinerja Program Pendidikan di Kabupaten Kepulauan Yapen Provinsi Papua

Papua's Special Autonomy Policy, which is an opportunity to catch up with human resource development, has not been able to provide changes, especially education issues in the Land of Papua, especially in the Yapen Islands District, Papua Province. This research method is descriptive quantitative research. The results of this study showed that the percentage of school enrollment rate for residents of 7-12 years targeted at 99.22% of local governments succeeded in realizing 97.02% and a difference of 2.2%. Although it has not yet reached the target, this number is relatively small, meaning that the local government is quite successful in opening access to education for the community to receive elementary school education. Success in achieving the School Participation Rate target for residents aged 7-12 years and 13-15 years was not followed by the Participation Rate of residents aged 16-18 years. The local government targets 94.65% that has been achieved is 84.27%, a difference of 10.38%. The low participation rate is caused by the lack of educational infrastructure, especially high schools, which are only available in 3 districts out of 14 districts in Yapen Islands Regency. The conclusion in this study is that the high school enrollment rate is largely determined by the availability of existing infrastructure. The local government has prepared adequate educational infrastructure specifically for high schools in all districts or at least adjacent districts.

Achieving Infant Mortality SDG 3 Target in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Carbon Emission Matter?

This study is necessitated by the high rate of infant mortality in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa and the need to enhance the chances of these regions achieving SGD 3. The endemic nature of infant mortality in these regions constitutes a threat to attaining the 2030 sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 target. This study examined whether carbon emission matters and how other socio-economic factors militate against the attainment of the infant mortality target in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa for the period 1981 to 2019. The study analyzed annual panel series using the Robust Least Squares estimator. The result revealed that carbon emission per capita is the most critical impediment to attaining the SDG 3 target (25 infant mortality rate per 1000 in 2030) in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Fortunately, an increment in per capita income would be the strategic action to attaining the infant mortality target in these regions, and it is imperative to promote maternal education through improvement in female school enrolment rates. While the South Asian economies could afford to rely on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in addition to the aforementioned strategies, the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries should not strongly depend on FDI to address the menace of infant mortality, rather improved social spending that is devoid of corruption and other systemic encumbrances would be more productive in arresting infant mortality in this region. Also, policymakers in Sub-Saharan African economies are encouraged to rely less on FDI and are strongly advised to improve government social spending and to implement pollution abatement policies and environmental regulations in line with international treaties and best practices.

Pengaruh Pengeluaran Pemerintah Bidang Pendidikan, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dan Kemiskinan Terhadap APM (Angka Partisipasi Murni) di Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of government spending on education, per capita income and poverty on net enrollment rates in Indonesia. This research is descriptive and associative. The data used is secondary data from 33 provinces in Indonesia in 2014-2021 obtained from related agencies. This study uses panel data regression with the Random Effects Model approach assisted by Eviews 9 software. The variables used are high school enrollment rates (Y), government spending on education (X1), per capita income (X2), poverty (X3). The results of the study show that (1) government spending on education has a positive and significant effect on net enrollment rates at the high school level in Indonesia (2) per capita income has a positive and significant effect on net enrollment rates at the high school level in Indonesia (3) Poverty as a measure of the percentage of poor people has a negative and significant effect on net enrollment rates for secondary schools in Indonesia

Variables that impact the poverty in regencies/cities of Bali province

This study aims to analyze the effect of economic growth, school enrollment rates, village funds and labor force participation rates simultaneously and partially on poverty rates in regencies/cities of Bali Province, as well as determine the variables that have a dominant effect. The study used secondary data with 54 observation points, which were analyzed using panel data regression analysis techniques. The results of the study show that economic growth, school enrollment rates, village funds and labor force participation rates have a significant effect on poverty in the regencies/cities of Bali Province. Partially, economic growth, school enrollment rates, and labor force participation rates have no significant effect on regencies/city poverty in the Province of Bali, while village funds have a negative and significant effect on regencies/city poverty in the Province of Bali. The variable that has the dominant influence on reducing regencies/city poverty in the Province of Bali is village funds.

Impact of human capital investment on economic growth in Nigeria: Econometric approach of Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL)

The study examined the impact of human capital investment on the economic growth in Nigeria over a period of 1985 to 2021. Specifically, the study sought to: i) determine the impact of government expenditure on education on the economic growth in Nigeria; ii) ascertain the impact of government expenditure on health on the economic growth in Nigeria; iii) evaluate the impact of tertiary school enrolment rate on the economic growth in Nigeria. The variables of the study consist of real Gross domestic Product (RGDP), inflation rate (INFLA), exchange rate (EXCHR), education government expenditure (EGE), health government expenditure (HGE), primary School enrolment rate (PSER), secondary school enrolment rate (SSER) and tertiary school enrolment rate (TSER), child mortality rate (CMR) and life expectancy at birth (LIFE). The data analytical techniques were descriptive Statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller Unit Root test and Autoregressive distributive Lag Model. The following are the major findings of the study: i) education expenditure (EGE) had 43% positive and insignificant impact on the economic growth in Nigeria [P-value (0.8508) was greater than its significant value (0.05]; ii) health expenditure (HGE) had 8% positive and insignificant impact on economic growth in Nigeria [P-value (0.1925) was greater than its significant value (0.05]; iii) tertiary school enrolment rate (TSER) had 48% positive and insignificant impact on the economic growth in Nigeria [P-value (0.2660) was greater than its significant value (0.05]. This study concludes that the human capital investment has positive and insignificant impact on the economic growth in Nigeria. The study recommends that government should start and sustain allocating 20 percent increase of funds to capital expenditure on education to provide facilities such as libraries, laboratory equipment, computers and modern learning equipment. Government should attract international donor agencies like World Bank, United Nations and UNESCO to help and put funds into the educational sector.

Analysis of the K-Means Algorithm for Clustering School Participation Rates in Central Java

One indication of the development of educational services in Indonesia is the School Enrollment Rate (SER). Higher the rate of enrolment, the better a location offers access to training. The dataset source was collected from the Central Java Statistical Agency website. The analysis object is the percentage of SERs for ages 7-12 years, 13-15 years, and 16-18 years in the Central Java region during 2017-2019. In the Central Java province, the aim of which is the third largest province after West Java and East Java, was to analyze the level of school participation as mapped. The created research product is a mapping of locations in the District and City areas in the form of clusters. The solution is the clustering algorithm k-means. In this study, there were two groups: high (C1) and low. The clusters were separated into (C2). Cluster-mapping studies results for the years 7-12 were, that in a high cluster, 24 provinces (cluster 0) and 11 provinces (cluster 1) were in a lower cluster, whereas the 13-15-year-old cluster mapping results from 23 provinces (cluster 0) and 12 provinces (cluster 1) and the 16-18-year-old cluster mapping results from 15 provinces. Final centroid value is the basis for the determination of the clusters where the final centroid value for a cluster aged 7-12 years were high (cluster 0) {99.81, 99.87, 99.75} and low (cluster 1) {99.73, 99.43, 99.25}, whereas the final centroid value of a cluster aged 13-15 years was high (cluster 0). For all age categories, the mapping findings reveal a good proportion, that is, over 50% in the top class. In particular, 24 provinces (57%) were in the low cluster of the 16-18-year age group. Research results information can provide a macro-image of the level of SER development in recent years.
 Keywords: K-Means, algorithm, clustering

Application of Principal Component Regression in Analyzing Factors Affecting Human Development Index

The human development index is an indicator to measure the quality of people's lives. If the human development index number increases, the better the quality of people's lives. There are many factors or variables that affect the level of the human development index, ranging from economic issues, education, health and other factors. However, not all factors have a positive and significant effect. Thus, this study aims to determine the factors that significantly affect the human development index in South Sulawesi. The method used in this study is principal component regression which involves many variables. The variables involved are expected length of schooling, average length of schooling, percentage of population with the highest Diploma, Bachelor and Masters education, school enrollment rate for people aged 7-24 years, percentage of poor people, spending per capita, and life expectancy. From the results of data processing using principal component analysis, 4 main components are obtained which represent the other components, for principal component regression, taking into account the cumulative proportion of > 80%. The results of this study indicate that the human development index in South Sulawesi is influenced by all the variables involved, which is equal to 95.7%. With the variable percentage of poverty being one of the variables that has a negative effect on HDI in South Sulawesi which shows that the higher the percentage of poverty, the lower the human development index. Thus, in order to increase the human development index in Indonesia, it is necessary to take strategic steps to improve people's welfare.

Impact of the human papillomavirus vaccine in low-resource settings

Impact of the human papillomavirus vaccine in low-resource settings

Prolonged internally displacement and common mental health disorders among students in tertiary institutions in the North West, Nigeria

The study examined prolonged internally displacement and common mental health disorders among students in tertiary institutions in the North West, Nigeria. This study adopted descriptive research design of survey type. The study area is North West Nigeria which comprises of six states (Katsina, Zamfara, Kaduna, Kebbi, Sokoto and Kano) where the insurgence of kidnapping and banditry are prevalent. The participants of the study comprise students who are victims of prolonged internally displacement and ministry of welfare officials in the respective states. The instruments used are: (i) Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire to measure prevalence of mental health disorders among the internally displaced persons, and (ii) Official records from office of the ministry of internal affairs. Data collected were analyzed descriptively using frequency count and percentages. The study revealed that the total number of IDPs in the north-west is 465,859 which is distributed 121,434 26.06%, 24.10%, 19.23%, 10.87%, 9.9% and 9.74% across the six states: Katsina, Zamfara, Kaduna, Kebbi, Sokoto and Kano respectively. The common mental health disorders experienced by internally displaced persons are depression (63.69%), anxiety disorders (63.05), loneliness is (61.14%), Suicidal feelings (60.50%) and frequent fear (60.50%). The study shows that prolonged internally displacement leads to low academic performance, drop in school enrolment rate and disrupt academic calendar. The study recommends that School authority should provide social and professional support systems to maintain mental health care of students who suffer mental health disorders.

The impact of social change on the decreasing trend of subjective well-being in Chinese adolescents: A cross-temporal meta-analysis

Based on the fact that subjective well-being (SWB) is a critical index measuring the mental health status, it is vital to investigate the SWB level of Chinese adolescents and its changes over time. The present research conducted a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 36 studies using the General Well-Being Schedule (GWBS) to explore adolescent SWB (N = 21, 822) from 2004 to 2018. Results showed that the average scores of SWB among Chinese adolescents were negatively associated with the year. This study also found that the scores of SWB were significantly related to nine social indicators from economic condition (per capita GDP, residents’ consumption level, and Gini coefficient), overall threat (crime rate), social connectedness (divorce rate, family size, and urbanization level), and enrollment pressure (junior and senior high school enrollment rate), which indicated that social change may explain the decrease in Chinese adolescents’ SWB level. This study investigated the changes in Chinese adolescents’ SWB over the past 15 years and provided a valuable reference for the intervention of SWB.

Analyzing the Consequences of Long-Run Civil War on Unemployment Rate: Empirical Evidence from Afghanistan

This article aims to uncover the asymmetric labor-market consequences of the long-run civil war in Afghanistan by employing a non-linear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) model and an asymmetric causality technique over the period from 2004Q3 to 2020Q4. The findings from the NARDL model reveal that the positive asymmetric shocks from the cost of war, GDP growth, final government expenditure, foreign direct investment, and the rule of law significantly decrease the unemployment rate, while their negative asymmetric shocks increase the unemployment rate in the short and long runs. Innovatively, the composite financial inclusion index has been incorporated into the model, which provides interesting results. It demonstrates that enhancing the outreach of financial services plays an important role in reducing the unemployment rate during wartime in Afghanistan, while its exclusion is found to increase the unemployment rate both in the short and long runs. Moreover, the results of the asymmetric causality test reveal that an asymmetric causality runs from both the positive and negative components of the cost of war, the composite financial inclusion index, GDP growth, foreign direct investment, inflation rate, population growth, and the rule of law to the unemployment rate, while no evidence is found to support a causality nexus between the unemployment rate, final government expenditure, and the secondary school enrollment rate. The results entail several policy implications that are discussed.

Prediction of Indonesia School Enrollment Rate by Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System

Prediction of Indonesia School Enrollment Rate by Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System

Analysis of factors affecting fertility rate in China

Fertility is an important factor that determines the trend of population development in China. In recent decades, Chinas fertility rate is declining. Nevertheless, the formation mechanism and influence behind it are still lack of unified explanation. Hence, this article researches and analyzes the reasons of the decrease of Chinas fertility rate through factor analysis and cluster analysis based on the data collected in the past two decades since 2002. On the basis of this article, the per capita disposable income of residents, the crude divorce rate, the number of divorce registrations, the urban population ratio, and the high school enrollment rate have a prominent relevance with the fertility rate. In addition, the fertility rate alters in the past 20 years in this paper can be divided into three categories: the fertility rate was relatively stable from 2002 to 2011, the fertility rate increased significantly and fluctuated slightly from 2012 to 2015, and the fertility rate decreased rapidly from 2016 to 2021. If the government hopes to maintain a high birth rate, it can achieve this by easing the birth policy and improving the divorce calm down period system.

Educational Investment and Unemployment in Nigeria

Education is a fundamental human right and is essential for the development and progress of any nation. It is a general belief that educated individuals fare better in the labour market than the less educated. This study empirically examines investment and expenditures in education, and its influence on unemployment rate in Nigeria from 1991 to 2021. Unit root test, ARDL approach, bound test, Breusch Godfrey serial correlation LM test and the CUSUM test were employed. Unemployment rate (UER) was used as the dependent variable while Federal government recurrent expenditure (GEE), credit to private sector (CPS), average of school enrollment rate (ASE) as proxy for literacy rate, labour force participation rate (LFP) and gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as the independent variables. Findings revealed that apart from UEM that is stationary at the level, the other variables are stationary at first difference given the 5% level of significance. Labour force participation rate is statistically significant. There is an insignificant positive relationship between government recurrent expenditure on education and unemployment rate in the long -run. On the other hand, credit to private sector, school enrolment rate, and gross fixed capital formation all conform to their a priori expectations, but are insignificant, i.e., statistically indifferent from zero. The study recommended among others that an actionable and working fiscal policy in the educational sector should be established and government should improve on the quality of institutions through better teacher training, investment in educational research development, and the establishment of vocational training centers that provide practical skills to students.

Infectious diseases and health outcomes’ implications of natural resource curse in Africa

The far-reaching implications of natural resource curse on most resource-rich developing economies arguably suggests no aspect of the broader economy is spared. In light of this stark reality, this inquiry probes into causal linkages between infectious diseases, its associated health outcomes and natural resource rents on 42 African economies for which there are no missing data, over the period 2000–2019. Employing an endogenous–resistant estimator of the system generalized method of moments, the following findings are unambiguously documented. First, natural resource curse thesis is validated for curable infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis but refuted for an incurable HIV prevalence. Second, the established resource curse equally affects health outcomes by shortening life expectancy, raising under-five mortality rate, increasing both birth and death rates, respectively. Third, the curse and the blessing that are often associated for owing abundant natural resources spread across other confounding variables such as per capita GDP, urbanization, control of corruption, polity, temperature, latitude, government spending on health, prevalence of HIV for females, secondary school enrolment rate, telephone per 100 subscriptions, foreign direct investment, per capita carbon emissions, trade openness, and globalization depending on which of the diseases and health outcomes’ models is estimated. Lastly, the established resource curse narrative is robust to using alternative measures of natural resource curse. In line with above findings, policy implications are drawn.

Precarity in the lives of contract teachers: A qualitative study from Odisha, India

School enrollment rates in developing countries have increased substantially over the past few decades. However, due largely to budget constraints, hiring contract teachers has become an ad hoc, yet a popular solution to teacher shortages in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Studies concerning contract teachers have primarily focused on their performance, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. In light of the literature on precarity associated with contractual employment, this article seeks to explore how contractual employment affects teachers in India. The study analyzes narrative data obtained through semistructured interviews with 17 contract teachers employed in government-run schools in Odisha, a state in eastern India. According to thematic analysis of the data, participants experience precarity in six dimensions: prioritisation of non-teaching work over teaching, financial hardships, sense of inferiority, anxiety about transfer, experiences of discrimination and desire for course correction. We argue that these six dimensions contribute to the demoralization and disempowerment of teachers. We also explore possible explanations for why Odisha continues to employ contract teachers despite criticism. It is recommended that policymakers be sensitized to the plight of contract teachers and reconsider the policy of contractual employment.

Convergence économique au sein de l’espace ouest-africain: L’intégration économique régionale à l’épreuve des faits

Dans cet article nous proposons d'abord une discussion à la lumière des travaux récents sur la convergence économique ou non des pays ouest-africains qui sont dans le processus de régionalisation des échanges depuis 1975. Nous examinons, ensuite, les déterminants de la convergence en prenant appui sur une analyse économétrique spatiale de tous ces États sur la période 1990-2021. Les résultats obtenus font ressortir que les économies sont globalement et fortement divergentes ; les convergences absolue et conditionnelle n'étant pas réalisées. Mais trois clubs de convergence ont été décelés, avec le Sénégal qui fait bande à part. Le taux d'investissement, les dépenses publiques, le taux d'inflation, la parité du pouvoir d'achat, le taux d'ouverture commerciale, le taux de scolarisation et le taux de croissance démographique, variables structurelles de contrôle, ont joué un rôle important dans l'appréciation de la vitesse et du niveau de divergence des économies ouest-africaines. Ceci a mis en évidence les écarts des revenus par tête, le retard dans les mécanismes intégrateurs et les effets des chocs auxquels ces économies sont soumises.