Sanitary Protection Zones Research Articles

Study of drainage water treatment at a copper concentrator tailings storage facility

This article provides an assessment of the negative impact of a tailings storage facility (TSF) on surface and groundwaters. Impact assessments for the settling ponds were conducted in several stages to establish the migration of pollutants outside the TSF. Sample selection analysis and a subsequent evaluation of the current situation were used to identify the possible pollutant infiltration points, find pollutant migration patterns, and establish respective technogenic hydrochemical pollution halos, reaching outside the sanitary protection zone of the plant. The composition of tailings and waters in the TSF and the drainage wells was studied to describe the erosion mechanism behind TSF elements migration into the dilution ponds. A water treatment method is described, based on the use of slaked lime. This method reduces the concentration of heavy metals in the ponds and enables further use of the waste generated as a backfill material. Balancing ponds have been identified as the main sources of acidic drainage waters deposition and migration into surface and groundwaters. The article identifies the formation mechanism for such waters at the TSF. Various treatment methods were investigated, aimed to eliminate the pollution problem. The need to increase the pH value of acidic waters and reduce the contents of dissolved elements in model solutions through precipitation was set as the main selection criterion. A mixture of Ca(OH)2 + NaOH (3 : 1) was selected as the preferred option as it allows raising the pH value to 5–6, causes the formation of smaller amounts of sediment, and reduces the amount of pollutants to a suitable level for the plant. The use of a flocculant (polyacrylamide) is an important factor in this treatment method since it reduces the settling time from 22 to 4 hours.

ГЕОДЕЗІЯ, КАРТОГРАФІЯ І АЕРОФОТОЗНІМАННЯ

The problem of applying thematic mapping of production facilities in order to obtain spatial data about the harmful effects on the environment is relevant. One of the factors that minimizes this impact is the observance of sanitary protection zones. Areas designated for sanitary protection zones must correspond to current data, which can be modeled by modern GIS technology using remote sensing data of the Earth, which will allow you to quickly and accurately obtain spatial characteristics of objects and analyze thematic information. Therefore, the aim of the work is to obtain and to analyze spatial thematic data on sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises. Methods. For the spatial analysis of sanitary protection zones the method of modeling of spatial data using cartographic and remote sensing data and the analysis of the constructed model are applied. Results. A cartographic model was created and compliance with sanitary protection zones by industrial enterprises of Slavuta and Khmelnytsky nuclear power plant was analyzed. Scientific novelty and practical relevance. It consists in the complex application of cartographic and remote sensing data for modeling and analysis of the location of sanitary protection zones of enterprises in the city of Slavuta. The obtained thematic geospatial data can serve to eliminate the shortcomings of planning and development of both enterprises and the surrounding infrastructure. The analysis of the results showed an unsatisfactory state of compliance to requirements of sanitary protection zones by industrial enterprises in Slavuta. The tested workflow can be used for modeling and analysis of sanitary protection zones of enterprises that have a harmful effect on the environment, which will increase the level of control in the field of sanitary legislation using GIS technologies.

Spatial aspects of urban population vulnerability to natural and man-made hazards

The research paper provides an assessment of spatial differences of vulnerability levels for the population Moscow to possible natural and man-made hazards, taking into account the actual population size and aspects of its intraday spatial movement. In addition to official statistical sources, we used data of mobile operators, which made it possible to characterize the localization of subscribers at a certain point in time with the maximal degree of reliability. Thus, it helped us to significantly correct and clarify the current concepts of the population in Moscow. According to the cluster analysis’ results, the potentially most vulnerable areas of Moscow were identified, and grouped into six types. The cluster analysis and typology were based on the characteristics of the density of the existing population, the regime of population fluctuations and the deviation of population indicators from the data of official statistics. In order to man-made risk assessment consideration of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) of industrial and utility facilities of the city have been added to the idea of ​​the population vulnerability. The results of the study show the inconsistency of existing approaches to risk assessment based on official social statistics. The paper also first presents the typology of urban areas of Moscow, which sheds light on the main features of its spatial structure in the context of potential vulnerability of citizens to natural and man-made emergencies.

ASSESSMENT OF THE AMOUNT OF EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE

The results of the assessment of the composition of emissions of pollutants during the process of epitaxy into the atmosphere are presented. Using the example of a typical model of the epitaxy process and instrumental measurements, it was found that in the air removed from the epitaxy and charge discharge installations, the lead content is at the level of 99 %. Based on the material balance, the total lead emission capacity and its gross values are determined for the current and expanded production scale. It is shown that with an increase in the volume of production, the size of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise is subject to revision in the direction of increase.

Monitoring the waste management system in preschool educational institutions

The article presents the results of assessing the degree of negative impact of the enterprise LLC Collective fishery "Tihiy okean" on the atmospheric air. The enterprise releases 33 pollutants into the atmosphere. Substances of the first hazard class include: dimethylamine, benzo/a/pyrene. Substances of the second hazard class include: manganese and its compounds, sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfide, gaseous fluorides, poorly soluble fluorides, phenol, formaldehyde. All other substances belong to 3–4 hazard classes, or are not assigned to any. The work takes into account 23 sources of air pollution at the enterprise, operating at the time of the inventory of them: including 9 — organized, fourteen — unorganized. In order to analyze the compliance of indicators with hygienic standards for the quality of the surface layer of air, according to the content of 23 pollutants in it, was carried out using a unified program — UPRZA Ecolog ver. 3.0. assessment of the magnitude of surface concentrations of these impurities at the border of the sanitary protection zone of the enterprise. The results of the calculations indicate the observance of hygienic standards of atmospheric air quality, taking into account background atmospheric pollution for 23 substances emitted by the sources of the enterprise LLC "Cf" Tihiy okean. Consequently, emission limits are proposed at the level of existing emissions. The development of air protection measures is not required, but it is recommended to use the most environmentally friendly equipment currently available. The purpose of the work is to assess the degree of negative impact of the enterprise LLC Collective fishery "Tihiy okean" on the atmospheric air, determination of the level of air pollution by the enterprise.

The assessment of the level of environmental pollution at the solid waste landfill of KazEcoProm LLP (Pavlodar, Republic of Kazakhstan)

This paper presents a study of the impact of the KazEcoProm LLP landfill located in the north-east of Kazakhstan (Pavlodar) on groundwater, soil and atmospheric air. Sampling for each environmental component was carried out once per quarter at the landfill site. The amount of pollutants in the components of the environment was determined in a specialized accredited laboratory of KazPII KazakhstanProject LLP. The level of pollution of environmental components by harmful substances of wastes was assessed by the ratio of the total indicator of pollutants for each component to the maximum permissible concentration on the border of the sanitary-protection zone of the landfill. No exceedances of the maximum permissible concentrations were detected. Thus, the conducted investigations have showed that the level of environmental pollution on the territory of the landfill is assessed as permissible. However, further monitoring of the negative impact of the landfill on the environment is required. The received data can be used to estimate a level of environmental pollution and determine an observance of norms and rules of storage and gathering of wastes on a landfill.

Optimization of methods for sanitary-microbiological and sanitary-parasitological control of wastewater

Introduction. The main reason for the problems of surface reservoirs in many regions of Russia is the non-compliance with sanitary protection zones and the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater into reservoirs. SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 introduced a list of the new controlled sanitary-microbiological and parasitological safety indicators for disinfected wastewater and surface water bodies. For some indicators, there are no methods of determination in the current methodological documents. In this work, studies were carried out using various methods, including accelerated ones, which make it possible to determine the normalized indicators in wastewater and surface waters. Goals and objectives - optimization of methods for the study of surface and wastewater in the implementation of sanitary-microbiological and sanitary-parasitological control. Materials and methods. Bacteriological, parasitological indicators, as well as coliphages were determined in samples of surface and wastewater. To detect and identify generalized coliform bacteria, E. coli, enterococci, P. aeruginosa and legionella, in addition to membrane filtration and direct seeding methods, test systems (IDEXX) were used: Colilert-18 and Colilert-24, Pseudolert, Enterolert, Legionelert. Obligate anaerobes of C. perfringens were cultured in an anaerobic box (Anaerobic Station A55, Don Whitley Scientific) in an atmosphere of a three-component gas mixture. Species identification of microorganisms was carried out by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) using a Microflex mass spectrometer with MALDI BioTyper software (Bruker, Germany). Isolation of RNA/DNA of viruses and bacteria was carried out using a set of reagents “AmpliSens. RIBOT-prep.” Results. As a result of the conducted studies, P. aeruginosa; E. coli, R. ornithinolytica, A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. molluscorum; E. hirae, E. faecium, E.faecalis; C. perfringens; S. lutetiensis, S. suis were isolated and identified from wastewater at all stages of treatment, high fungal contamination was found, and also Group F adenovirus DNA (both in wastewater and surface water samples) and additionally rotovirus and norovirus RNA, Campylobacter DNA. SarsCov-2 virus RNA was not detected in any sample. Lamblia spp., Blastocystis spp. and Cryptosporidium parvum were identified; opportunistic Entamoeba spp.; helminth eggs - Toxocara spp., Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana, Asagis lumbricoides, egg oncospheres Tenia spp.; Nematodes spp. larvae. Limitations. Since clinically significant strains of bacteria, fungi, and parasitic protozoa were found in the studied water samples, it is important to expand knowledge about water sources as reservoirs and spreaders of these pathogens. Conclusion. Monitoring is now urgently needed to quantify pathogens circulating in surface water and wastewater.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СВАЛОЧНОГО ГРУНТА И ПОЧВЫ В РАЙОНЕ ПОЛИГОНА ТВЕРДЫХ КОММУНАЛЬНЫХ ОТХОДОВ

The article presents data on heavy metal contamination of landfill soil of the landfill and soils in the area of the sanitary protection zone of the MSW landfill. It was established that the studied landfill soil refers to extremely hazardous soils with heavy metal contents that are up to 68 times higher than TLV

SEVERSKY PIPE PLANT – THE LEADER IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIA – 2021

Seversky Pipe Plant (STZ) is one of the oldest metallurgical enterprises in Russia and one of the most hightech pipe plants in the world. A Strategic program for the technical revamping of the plant has been developed and implemented, within the framework of the Strategic Program for the development of the TMK enterprises (STZ became its part in 2002). The environmental measures in this program are considered as the biggest priority. The total investments included 35 billion rub., and 5.5 billion rub. of this amount were assigned for the implementation of measures directed to the environmental safety. As a result of its implementation, 19 significant sources of hazardous emissions into the atmosphere were decommissioned, including four open-hearth furnaces. Eight newly commissioned facilities are equipped with modern gas treatment equipment. These measures contributed to 4 times reduction in the specific emissions of steelmaking production. Ten new recirculation cycles of water supply were introduced during the revamping. The water intake for technical water supply was reduced by 4 times, the volume of effluents decreased in more than half. The introduction of the best available technologies made it possible to bring the border of the sanitary protection zone very close to the border of the enterprise territory. The effluents discharged by the plant have several times lower hazardous substance concentration than the background ones on a number of components. In 2021, STZ became the winner of the XVII All-Russian competition “The leader in the environmental activities in Russia-2021” in the nomination of “The best environmentally responsible town-forming enterprise”.

CRITERIA AND MECHANISMS OF RATIONING OF SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES: DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The tendencies of change of domestic requirements to sanitary protection zones are analyzed. It was found that the criteria and mechanisms for rationing of sanitary protection zones and their sizes in Ukraine have not changed significantly over the past 30 years.
 The foreign experience of sanitary classification of industrial enterprises and the sizes of sanitary protection zones for them is studied. The criteria and mechanisms of rationing of sanitary protection zones in relation to residential areas in different countries of the world are revealed. Classification of countries according to the mechanisms of rationing of sanitary protection zones has been carried out.
 There were detected tree groups of countries in which: on the nationwide level approved a clear sanitary classification of enterprises, industries and facilities and strictly regulated sizes of sanitary protection zones for them; on the nationwide level, the sanitary classification of enterprises is of a recommendatory nature, there are regional or local regulations on the sizes of buffer zone, setback distances and safe zone; sanitary classification of industrial facilities of hazard classes is unclear, the sizes of sanitary protection zones are set only for certain types of industrial enterprises.
 There were identified reasons for differences in the sizes and criteria for the establishment of sanitary protection zones in different countries.
 The differences between the sizes of sanitary protection zones and the criteria for their establishment in different countries are explained by: using different of technologies in production; different sanitary requirements for the relative positions of industrial facilities and residential areas; time of writing and validity of standards and regulations for the establishment of sanitary protection zones; the speed of response of legislative and regulatory government agencies to the emergence of new technologies for use in production processes; decision-making mechanism for the establishment of sanitary protection zones; involvement of different groups of experts in terms of composition and qualification to discuss and adopt at the legislative level urban planning and sanitary requirements for the relative positions of industrial facilities and residential areas.
 It is proved that the mechanism of establishment and standardization of sanitary protection zones is closely connected with the form of government, administrative-territorial structure of the state and features of its legislative activity.

Metrological problems of measurements of environmental objects in terms of spectrometry and radiometry of alpha, beta, gamma-emitting radionuclides

This article deals with methods for measuring the characteristics of ionizing radiation in solving problems of radiation monitoring of the environment, industrial premises, sanitary protection zones, human pollution control using measurement techniques certified in the prescribed manner. The types of measuring instruments involved in the measurement of various quantities are listed. The main objects of measurements used in radiation monitoring of the environment, control of surface contamination and human contamination are named. The metrological characteristics (measured quantities) of measuring instruments are compared with the metrological characteristics of real measurement objects. A number of necessary established metrological characteristics for radiometric and spectrometric measuring instruments for the successful use of a measuring instrument in solving one or another problem of radiation measurements is indicated. An example from a real work is considered, in which the method of mathematical modeling when calculating additional metrological characteristics showed a significant discrepancy with the real data obtained during the experiment.

The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of «healthy» and «weakened» balsam poplar trees (<i>Populus balsamifera</i> L.) growing under conditions of industrial pollution (Republic of Bashkortostan, Sterlitamak industrial center)

The paper presents the results of studies on the assessment of the relative vitality of balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera L.) plantations under the conditions of polymetallic pollution of the Sterlitamak Industrial Center (SIC). Poplar plantations of the sanitary protection zone of the SPC are classified as weakened. External signs of oppression are manifested in a decrease in crown density, an increase in the number of dead branches, damage to the assimilation apparatus by chlorosis and necrosis. Trees belonging to the healthy category grow in the plantations. It was shown that the average content of chlorophylls ( a + b ) in the leaves of healthy poplar trees varied from 25,0 to 28,0 g/cm of fresh weight, while in weakened trees it was relatively low and amounted to 17,2-22,6 g/cm wet weight. The decrease in the total content of chlorophylls and the deterioration in the relative vitality of trees are interrelated. It has been established that during the period of active leaf growth (in June and early July), a high content of chlorophylls and nitrogen balance index (NBI) is noted in the leaves of both healthy and weakened balsam poplar trees. The relationship of the indicators under consideration is confirmed by the regression equations of the polynomial function ( y = -2,15x + 8,05x + 23,2 ; y = -2,35x + 8,75x + 19,9 for the leaves of healthy trees; y = -3,1x + 11,1x +13,4 ; y = -3,9x + 14,1x + 10 for the leaves of weakened trees), as well as determination coefficients (R = 1 for the leaves of healthy trees; R = 1 for the leaves of weakened trees). The maximum differences in the ratio of chlorophyll content ( a + b ) and nitrogen balance in the leaves of healthy and weakened poplar trees were noted at the end of August. During the growing season, in the leaves of weakened trees, compared with the leaves of healthy poplar trees, a decrease in the values NBI and the content of chlorophylls is observed. At the same time, there are no significant changes in the content of chlorophylls on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaves of healthy and weakened balsam poplar trees during the growing season.

Comparative analytical study of landfill soil and soil from sanitary protection zone of the solid municipal waste landfill of the Irkutsk city for 2014 and 2019

The largest SMW landfill in the Irkutsk region is that in the Irkutsk city. In 2014, high heavy metal contents were registered in landfill soil samples taken at the landfill site, and it was proposed to perform monitoring outside the landfill in 2019 and determine the pollution distribution area. In this article, the comparative analysis of the degree of heavy metal pollution of the landfill soil and soil from sanitary protection zone is presented. It was established that the studied landfill soil refers to extremely hazardous soils with heavy metal contents that are up to 68 times higher than TLV. Soil samples from the landfill-affected area also contain heavy metals in high concentrations. The manufacturing supervision of the SMW landfill should include the continuous observation of the soil, water, and air condition in the zone of possible impact of the landfill for taking timely environmental protection measures and preventing further negative impact of the landfill on the ecosystem.

Study of Soil in an Area Affected by a Solid Municipal Waste Landfill

The aim of this study is the detailed assessment of the impact of a solid municipal waste landfill on its adjacent land. The contents of heavy metals and some major components in soils at the SMW landfill boundary and in the sanitary protection zone were determined by potentiometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was established that the actual concentration values in soil are significantly higher than the standard limits.

Hydrogeological Assessment and Modified Conceptual Model of a Dinaric Karst Island Aquifer

Vis Island is situated in southern Croatia. The island is mostly composed of karstified carbonate rocks and belongs to the Dinaric karst region, which is a locus typicus of karst landforms. Located far from the mainland, Vis island has maintained a successful water supply from its own karst aquifer for decades. Hydrogeological research has been undertaken to protect this excellent karst aquifer by establishing sanitary protection zones and to explore the possibility of increasing the pumping yield. New groundwater velocity data obtained via a tracer test were in accordance with the rock mass hydraulic conductivity calculated from previous pumping tests. The hydrochemical interpretation indicated several different phenomena, from carbonate and sulfate rock dissolution to seawater mixing with groundwater. A conceptual model of the island’s aquifer was improved, and two main catchments were delineated according to tracer test results, and connected with the geological setting, hydrochemical data, and new climatological insights. Such an approach is applicable for similar karst aquifers, in which topographic and hydrogeological divides usually do not coincide.

The influence of the hydrothermal regime on the electrical resistance precompiling complex tissues of the trunk of a silver birch ( <i>Betula pendula roth.</i>) in the conditions of oil sludge pollution

The study of the life processes of woody plants by the electrometric method under the influence of adverse factors, including oil sludge, serves as one of the adequate methodological approaches to assessing the state of forest biogeocenoses. The purpose of the study was to study the influence of the hydrothermal regime of the air environment in terms of sludge contamination of the soil by the amount of electrical resistance precompiling complex tissues of the trunks of silver birch. The object of the study is hanging birch trees (Betula pendula Roth) growing in the basin of buffer ponds of JSC Gazpromneft ‒ ONPZ (Omsk). The research area is the central forest-steppe of the south of Western Siberia. Comparisons of the experience options were carried out according to the Student's criteria. The dependence of the electrical resistivity of the precambial tissue complex (PCT) of the birch trunk under different conditions of atmospheric moisture in the conditions of oil-sludge contamination of soils was studied. A close dependence of the change in the value of the electrical resistance (ES) of the PKT on the hydrothermal regime of the air environment in both the control and experimental groups was revealed. According to the results of our long-term studies, it can also be noted that the duration of a significant negative effect of oil sludge (at the given concentration) on the ES of birch trees in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia continues to manifest itself for eleven years (факт 0.5). The obtained results can be used in screening studies of the state of forest biogeocenoses and in planning and organizing biorecultivation activities in the territory of sanitary protection zones of oil refineries and in areas of oil production and transportation. The results of the studies were processed by standard methods of variational statistics, correlation, regression and variance univariate analyses using the Statistica 10 package.

Noise as a Criterion for Designating Sanitary Protection Zones of Traffic Arteries

The article is devoted to the study of a possibility of designating the boundaries of sanitary zones (distancing) for traffic arteries outside settlements within the right-of-way.The study was conducted regarding the current Russian laws, projects of possible changes in legislation and draft amendments. It offers definitions of the right-of-way and of sanitary zone and highlights topics that have not yet been regulated.At the same time, the research methods are of universal character and after introducing other regulatory parameters may be applied for similar research in other countries as well.Calculations and field studies allowed to find that within the railway right-of-way and with the existing train traffic intensity, equivalent continuous sound pressure level in aggregate does not exceed the established maximum permissible level of 80dBA for personnel performing their labour functions within the railway rightof-way.A growth in the Leq/LAeq on the right-of-way from 80,0 to 95,0 dBA may lead to an increase in the hazard class (subclass).An analysis of the actual results of a special assessment of working conditions at JSC Russian Railways showed in the vast majority of cases the acceptability of working conditions evaluated according to noise factor measured at the workplaces of employees working during full or part-time shift on the right-of-way. Hazardous working conditions at the level of some subclasses for certain professions (operator of track measurement, railway track worker) arise rather due to indicators of severity of the labour process.

Оценка радиационной обстановки в районе расположения АО «ГНЦ НИИАР» до начала эксплуатации ИЯУ МБИР. Часть 1. Наземные экосистемы

The paper presents results of radiation survey of terrestrial (natural and agrarian) ecosystems in the 30-km zone around the State Scientific Centre "Research Institute of Atomic Reactors" (SSC RIAR, Institute) before the commissioning of the fast neutron reactor MBIR. Due to long-term emissions during the RIAR operation, 137Cs was mainly emitted into the environment. The most part of the radionuclide activity never extends beyond the border of the Institute sanitary protec-tion zone. In 2011 the average density contamination of the soil with 137Cs was 11.16.5 in the sanitary protection zone (0-5 km), 3.12.3 in the observation zone (5-12.5 km), 1.30.4 kBq/m2 in the influence zone (12.5-30 km). The 137Cs/90Sr ratio is maximum in the soil cover in the sanitary protection zone – 24.519.4; it is 8.26.8 in the observation zone and it is close to the level of global fallout – 2.00.5 in the influence zone. More than 90% of 137Cs is deposited in the 0-5 cm soil layer in forest and meadow cenoses and the radionuclide is deposited at a depth of up to 20 cm in a swamp. The highest 137Cs concentration was found in ecosystems components: in vege-tation in the RIAR sanitary protection zone and, to a greater extent, in forest litter. At the initial pe-riod of RIAR operation discharges of process water happened, a piece of land of 0.12 km2 was contaminated with 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu. Over the past 15 years (2005-2020), the density of soil contamination with 137Cs and 90Sr in RIAR zones of observation and influence has been decaying in accordance with the radioactive decay law. It means that no significant emissions from the In-stitute have been registered. The content of artificial radionuclides in agricultural products and foodstuffs of local production fully meets the established radiological standards and does not have a significant effect on the additional exposure of the population living near RIAR. To assess the impact of the SSC “RIAR" activities on the environment and to assess the radiation safety of the MBIR after putting it in operation, a forecast of 137Cs and 90Sr contamination levels in soils of terrestrial ecosystems within 30-km around the Institute until 2080 was made.

Problems of acoustic safety in power engineering

Environmental safety issues are becoming increasingly important in the life of society. Among environmental safety issues in power engineering, acoustic safety occupies a special place. The problem of acoustic safety is associated with the fact that the regular operation of power equipment leads to an increased noise level, and power facilities are located in close proximity to residential areas. In this work, acoustic calculations were performed to determine the sanitary protection zone for gas turbines units (GTU) and combined cycle gas turbine units (CCGT) of various capacities. A formula was obtained for calculating the width of the sanitary protection zone depending on the capacity of gas turbine units and combined cycle plants and their number. It is shown that the sanitary protection zone (SPZ) of a power unit of high capacity is smaller than the sanitary protection zone of several power units of the same capacity. It is found that the noise levels from individual groups of equipment can determine the noise level at the entire border of the sanitary protection zone or in its individual sections. At the same time, noise suppression measures should be taken for all sources that generate noise levels in excess of standards. It is necessary to start noise suppression measures from those sources that generate excess noise in a larger section of the sanitary protection zone.

Assessment of the Astrakhan gas complex’s potential affecting the soil cover outside the sanitary protection zone

Assessment of the Astrakhan gas complex’s potential affecting the soil cover outside the sanitary protection zone