Bottled Water Samples Research Articles

BISPHENOL A DETECTION IN PACKAGED DRINKING WATER AND BEVERAGES USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Background: Bisphenol A is characterized as an endocrine disruptor as it interferes with the synthesis of hormones and metabolism resulting in abnormality in the homeostatis of exposed persons. It is used in the production of polycarbonate and epoxy resins which are utilized in the preparation of almost all plastic packaging materials like plastic bottles, cans, food containers, and coating on food containers. Objective: To detect leaching of Bisphenol A in 15 samples of Bottled water and Beverages using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Methods: Liquid-liquid extraction technique was used for analytical detection of BPA from bottled drinking water and beverages. Results: BPA contamination in Bottled drinking water was calculated through mean concentration for a time period of 30 days as (0.38 ng/ml - 0 day), 8.86 ng/ml (5th day), 17.85 ng/ml (10th day), 30.35 ng/ml (20th day) and 44.48 ng/ml (30th day)). The mean concentration of BPA was observed to be 0.25 to 2.25 ng/ml. Also, the mean concentration of BPA at different temperatures was observed to be 5.96 ng/ml (at 40C), 5.62 ng/ml (at 200C) and 8.80 ng/ml (at 550C). The above results revealed presence of high concentration of BPA in all the samples of bottled drinking water and beverages. Conclusion: The results obtained in the above study depicted considerable amount of BPA leaching from bottled containers into drinking water and beverages. Prolong usage of bottled water and beverages should be avoided to reduce the risk of human exposure to BPA through leaching. Also, it was found that high temperatures resulted in increased BPA leaching.

Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration in Some Bottled Water Brands in Kurdistan Region

Recently Bottled waters became the main resources for drinking water supply, where the use of bottled waters in some region has exchanged the distribution system of drinking water. However, several different chemicals may be found in drinking bottled water, for instance heavy metals, that have accumulated in lethal amounts which could affect human health after prolonged periods of exposure. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate some bottled water brands in Kurdistan region of Iraq in term of their contents of heavy metal comparing with both WHO and SQI water standards. About 108 samples were collected (18 brands; 6 samples from each brand) from October to December 2019, bought randomly from grocery shops and supermarkets in Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Selenium (Se) and Mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Heavy metal pollution index (HPI), degree of contamination (Cdeg) and heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) were also calculated for evaluating the overall quality of bottled water. Results of individual criteria revealed that, excluding Cd and Hg, heavy metals content in all bottled water samples were lower than approved limits according to Iraqi's (IQS:417) and WHO standards. Though, the results exhibited that Cd content in some of the studied water samples was greater than the allowable limits (3μg/L) according to the depended standards. Concerning the values of metal pollution indices, although there were higher HPI values than critical value (100) in three water brands i.e. Al-Joud, Al-Waha and Sanbenedetto, the indices values for all other bottled water were below the critical value. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that except for Cd value in few brands and all Hg values, the studied bottled water are safe for drinking. Moreover, companies of bottled water package are recommended to monitor their products through analyzing the water sample periodically and use activated carbon filtration to ensure the safety of drinking bottled water.

Perchlorate Levels in Polish Water Samples of Various Origin

Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.

A new probe with high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting copper ions in traditional Chinese medicine and water sample

A new probe TR-V (Indolo[2,1–b]quinazoline-6,12-dione,6-{(6Z),(2′E)-2′- [(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene]hydra zinylidene}) based on tryptanthrin has been synthesized for selective and rapid detection of Cu2+. The synthetic route is facile, economical and viable. TR-V reacts in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH = 8.0) with cupric to a deep yellow chelate which has a significant peak at 450 nm in the UV–Vis spectra. The reaction is instantaneous, ranging from light yellow to dark yellow and the change in color can be observed with the naked eye. Over 13 competitive metal ions do not interfere in the determination. The detection limit is 84 nM (R2 = 0.9998). Thus, this method was selected for the analysis of copper ions in tap, bottled water and traditional Chinese medicine samples under optimized experimental conditions.

Occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits

BackgroundThis paper aims to investigate the occurrence and removal characteristics of phthalate esters from bottled drinking water using silver modified roasted date pits. Three adsorbents, namely roasted date pits (RODP), silver-modified roasted date pits (S-RODP), and activated carbon (AC) were used to investigate their adsorption characterizations in removing dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) from the collected bottle water samples.MethodsThe occurrences of the phthalate esters in the collected bottled water samples were carried out at different temperatures (30, 50, and 60 °C), and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis - selected ion monitoring. Batch adsorption isotherms were used to study and establish the efficiency of such adsorbents in removing phthalate esters, in which they describe the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction systems. Adsorption efficiency of the various adsorbents was investigated by using different adsorbent masses (0.05 g, 0.10 g, and 0.15 g) and temperature (30 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C). Different physical and chemical characterizations were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore radius, and pore volume.ResultsThe results indicated that the most abundant phthalate esters were DMP followed by DEP under 30 °C; however, DNOP was not detected in any of the tested water samples, except for one sample under 30 °C with a concentration of 0.031 μg/mL. The obtained results showed that phthalate esters leaching to the bottled drinking water were affected by storage temperature. The phthalate esters levels were increased with increasing the temperature to 60 °C. It was concluded that the ability of S-RODP for the adsorption of phthalate esters was better than the removal percentage obtained by AC and RODP. The removal percentage was increased from 90 to 99% by increasing the temperature from 30 to 50 °C and then decreased to 92.3% at 60 °C.ConclusionRODP was successfully used as an effective adsorbent for phthalate esters removal from drinking water. However, S-RODP has the highest removal abilities than other adsorbents due to the newly formed functional groups on its surface.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AMDK AND AMIU AROUND UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH KUDUS

This study is intended to find the quality of bottled drinking water (AMDK) and drinking water (AMIU) sold around University of Muhammadiyah Kudus, in terms of organoleptic and microbiological parameters in drinking water according to SNI 01-3554-2006 and PMK No. 492 of 2010. The test is carried out using 10 sample of drinking water. They are 7 sample of AMDK (Ades, Airmu, Aqua, Cleo, Crystalin, Le mineral and Vit) and 3 sample of AMIU (Pasuruhan, Prambatan and Purwosari depots). The research consists of chemical physics which includes testing of TDS, pH, and three heavy metal elements which includes testing for the content of the elements Fe, Mn and Cl2 (chlorine), organoleptic and mikrobiologis (TPC, presence of E. coli and total coliform).The results of research shows that of physical and chemical measurements, the total dissolved solid (TDS) results 0 for Airmu and Cleo (demineral) and below 500 ppm for 8 samples of mineral water, this is according with the TDS requirements of SNI, > 10 ppm for demineralized and > 500 ppm for mineral water. The results of the pH test or the degree of acidity are in normal pH, which are around 7 out of 9 samples and only one with an alkaline condition is 8.37, namely the sample from the Pasuruhan depot. The test for the presence of heavy metals, Fe, Mn, is in good condition, showing the number zero with the brand brand test kit. Whereas for testing the presence of chlorine content, the results were above the threshold, namely 0.05 ppm from the Pasuruhan depot water sample, 0.02 ppm from the Prambat depot and the Purwosari depot. This is not in accordance with SNI provisions for chlorine content of 0 ppm. The organoleptik of all samples is in normal condition. Whereas, microbiologically, the TPC results before dilution were only Cleo and Ades which were suitable for consumption because they were absent from bacterial contamination. While the TPC results after dilution, testing the difference between E. Coli and Total coliform resulted in 7 samples of bottled drinking water which were safe and feasible as drinking water according to SNI 01-3553-2006 and 3 samples AMIU does not fulfil PMK No. 492/2010, as drinking water requirements.Keywords: AMDK, AMIU, Organoleptic Quality, Microbiology

Monitoring Analysis of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and F-53B in Bottled Water, Tea and Juice Samples by LC-MS/MS

Monitoring analysis of 14 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonate (F-53B) and dodecafluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate (ADONA) in bottled drinking water, tea and juice samples was performed using LC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). In the electrospray negative ion mode, the limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.1 to 0.8 ng/mL and 0.2 to 1.6 ng/mL, respectively. The calibration curves were linear from LOQ to 50 ng/mL (r2 > 0.999). The SPE procedure (Presep PFC-II) was utilized for sample preparation and recovery rates for three standards (35, 70 and 140 ng/L) were 80.4-118.8% with relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤ 0.6%. Using the developed method, various samples (n = 54) from Japanese markets were investigated for PFAS and F-53B contamination, and values below the LOQ were observed. It is concluded that for monitoring products in the Japanese market, our method represents a significant improvement over complex techniques for the quantification of PFAS and related compounds from various foods.

Intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded cavity containing macrocyclic/acyclic aromatic pyridone foldarands as modularly tunable ionophores for selective potentiometric sensing of metal ions

Abstract Three kinds of intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded cavity containing macrocyclic and crescent-shaped aromatic pyridone foldarands were evaluated as ionophores for polymeric membrane metal ions selective electrodes. Highly selective potentiometric alkali metal ion (such as K+) and heavy metal ions (for example, Cu2+ and Hg2+) determination could be achieved over their environmentally significant interfering cations, owing to the comfortable cavity surrounded by convergently aligned O atoms whose electron density is significantly higher than that of the O/S atoms in crown/thio-crown ethers, which have been traditionally used as metal ions ionophores. To disclose their comprehensive ion-differentiating profiles provide pragmatic guiding principles for designing other potential ion-selective foldarands, the cation-ionophore complex constants in membrane phase were determined and inspected carefully. Optimizing the membrane composition such as lipophilic additives and plasticizers yielded ISEs displaying superior response to K+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ in a wide pH range with good reversibility and long on-shelf time. The analytical results from the proposed ISEs for target ions detection in artificial groundwater, industrial waste water and bottle water samples demonstrate their potential for real-life applications. These results provide pragmatic guiding principles and shed new light on how new ionophores could be designed to broad the scope of potentiometric sensing.

Poly(glutamic acid) Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode for Voltammetric Determination of Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is an endocrine-disrupting substance, is often utilized as beverage and food packing material, and it may accumulate in nutrition and water sources, which is why it is important to monitor. In this study, for the determination of bisphenol A, electro-polymerization of glutamic acid (GA) was performed on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE). The performance of the sensor (PGA/PGE) for determining bisphenol A was examined utilizing the cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) methods. Electrochemical characterization process of the PGA/PGE was carried out by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and CV methods. The morphological property of the PGA/PGE was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of functional groups in the PGA/PGE composition was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The electrochemical behavior of BPA was observed with the bare PGE and the PGA/PGE. Based on the findings, the response of BPA was considerably raised with PGA/PGE. With the optimized parameters and based on the findings from DPV, the BPA oxidation current was linear in a concentration interval of 1.0 to 100 μM (R=0.9992), and the detection limit was found to be 0.37 μM. Detection of BPA in the plastic bottled drinking water sample using PGA/PGE was performed successfully, and the recoveries were in the range of 89.3 to 104.7%. This strategy can provide several prospects in electrochemically determining BPA in practical applications.

Perancangan Sistem Monitoring Konduktivitas dan Padatan Terlarut PDAM Banyumas Berbasis IoT

PDAM merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dalam distribusi air bersih bagi masyarakat. Sebagian masyarakat Indonesia telah menjadi pelanggan air PDAM guna memenuhi kebutuhan air untuk aktivitas sehari-hari. Kualitas air menjadi persoalan penting karena berhubungan erat dengan kesehatan. Pada makalah ini dilakukan perancangan sistem monitoring kualitas air PDAM Banyumas berbasis IoT dengan meninjau parameter konduktivitas (EC) dan padatan terlarut (TDS). Hasil data pengukuran dapat diakses melalui aplikasi Andorid pada smartphone. Aplikasi dirancang menggunakan protokol HTTP dan MQTT. Protokol HTTP digunakan pada user interface untuk mengambil data terakhir pengukuran, sedangkan protokol MQTT digunakan untuk update data pengukuran sehingga proses transmisi data lebih cepat. Sistem akan mengirim pemberitahuan melalui Telegram apabila kualitas air berada di bawah baku mutu. Pengujian akurasi pengukuran dilakukan dengan membandingkan perangkat monitoring yang dibuat dengan alat ukur bersertifikat pada sampel air minum kemasan dan air PDAM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kinerja perangkat monitoring kualitas air PDAM yang dirancang sebesar 97,31% serta kualitas air PDAM Banyumas yang didistribusikan sangat stabil dan aman dikonsumsi.

Construction of hypercrosslinked polymers for high-performance solid phase microextraction of phthalate esters from water samples

Design and synthesis of novel coatings for solid phase microextraction (SPME) is urgently needed for sample pretreatment. In this study, three hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) were constructed by the facile Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions between tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene (BCMB), 4,4′-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (BCMBP), and cyanuric chloride (CC), respectively. The newly-synthesized HCPs were employed as SPME coatings for the extraction of phthalate esters (PAEs). Various parameters influencing the SPME efficiencies, including extraction time and temperature, ionic strength, stirring rate, desorption temperature and time were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, low limits of detection (0.003–0.033 μg L − 1), wide linearity (0.01–10 μg L − 1) and good repeatability (4.1–9.3%) were achieved. The HCPs-based SPME method was successfully applied for the determination of eight PAEs in environmental water and bottled water samples with recoveries from 75.3% to 116%. This method provides a good alternative for monitoring trace level of PAEs in water samples.

Assessment of concentrations of anions in bottled natural mineral waters from the Turkish market in accordance with national and international standards

ABSTRACT In this study, the concentrations of anions (fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, sulphite, sulphate, oxalate, and phosphate) in bottlednatural plain and fruit-flavoured mineral waters of twenty-one commerciallybrandssold in Turkish markets were determined by using an ion chromatography (IC) system to assessthe suitability of their chemical quality according to national and international regulations.The phosphate concentrationsanalysed in all bottled natural mineral water samples are below the detection limit. Results revealed that the nitrite and sulphite concentrations analysed in most bottled natural mineral water samples were higher than the maximum permissibleconcentrations of 0.1 and 0.05 mg L−1, respectively, and other anion concentrations are within the maximum permissible limits.

Dual-template magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer-based sorbent for simultaneous and selective detection of phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds in foodstuffs.

In this research, an efficient (94.9-99.4%) and fast (5min) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous identification and quantification of phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds with an emphasis on bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-cumylphenol (4-CP) in food stuffs using a dual-template magnetic, molecularly-imprinted polymer (dt-MMIP). The dt-MMIP was synthesized by a sol-gel method using Fe3O4@SiO2 (as the core) and BPA and 4-CP (as templates). The dt-MMIP was coupled with magnetic solid phase extraction to simultaneously detect BPA and 4-CP in food samples. BPA was measured from bottled water and fruit juice samples samples at 0.36 and 0.24ngmL-1, respectively, while 4-CP in those samples was 0.33 and 0.16ngmL-1, respectively. Their detection limits were estimated as 0.04 and 0.05ngmL-1, respectively. The developed dt-MMIP method was highly reproducible, while maintaining a good cyclability up to 20 cycles.

Simultaneous Species Analysis of Arsenic, Selenium, Bromine, and Iodine in Bottled Drinking Water and Fruit Juice by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.

A method for the simultaneous determination of arsenobetaine, arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsinic acid, monomethylarsonic acid, selenite, selenate, bromate, bromide, iodate, and iodide in bottled drinking water and fruit juice samples was established by using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The separation of eleven compounds was performed on an ion exchange chromatography column (Dionex IonPac AS14) with 20 mmol L-1 (NH4)2CO3 (pH 10) and 50 mmol L-1 (NH4)2CO3 (pH 10) as a mobile phase. The limits of quantification of the method were 0.17 - 1.2 μg L-1 for the test compounds in bottled drinking water and 0.34 - 2.4 μg L-1 in fruit juice. The average recoveries ranged from 85.8 to 102.2%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) obtained in fortification recovery studies were generally <4.2% for bottled drinking water samples. The average recoveries ranged from 88.1 to 118.0% (except for iodate) for fruit juice sample.

Spectrochemical Analysis of Bottled and Tap Water from Selected Counties of Middle Tennessee, USA

A total of 37 elements were determined in tap and bottled water samples from six counties of Middle Tennessee (USA) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The overarching goal of the study is to dispel the myth that bottled water is better than tap water or vice versa. Other parameters analyzed were pH, conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The results were compared with the Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). The concentrations of phosphorus, silicon, fluoride, and chloride conformed to the established values by US-EPA maximum contaminant level corresponding value. The level of Aluminum (Al), Boron (B), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lithium (Li), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), and Zinc (Zn) conformed to the established values by governmental agencies (USEPA). Heavy metals such as Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), and Silver (Ag) were detected in the tap water of the urban (Davidson) and urbanizing (Rutherford and Williamson) counties; suggesting that rural counties had a less heavy metal concentration in their drinking water sources than urban counties (P < 0.05). However, the values were below the Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs).

Đánh giá điều kiện an toàn thực phẩm của cơ sở sản xuất nước uống đóng chai tại thành phố Cần Thơ năm 2020

Objectives: The main objectives were the evaluation of food safety conditions, the determination of the rate of microbiological contamination in bottled drinking water at Can Tho city in 2020. Methods: Samples were collected from 116 factories with 58 samples of bottled water during a period of time (from February 2020 to May 2020). Results: The ratio that met the criteria for food safety conditions was 44,0% (51/116). The ratio for microbiological contamination was 39,7% (23/58). Conclusions and recommendations: The ratio that met the criteria for food safety conditions is low and the ratio for microbiological contamination is quite high. From the these results, it can be recommended thatirregular inspection of production facilities which have problems of microorganisms should be applied; and the frequency of periodic inspection should increase (e.g. 2 times/year) for factories where do not maintain food safety conditions according to regulations. Keywords: Bottled drinking water, microbiological contamination, food safety.

ICP- quadrupole MS for accurate determination of chromium in environmental and food matrices

Chromium determination in different matrices is very important, whether due to the harmful or beneficial effects of this element. The quantification of chromium present at very low concentrations in foods and environmental samples requires the use of highly sensitive analytical techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A major difficulty of ICP-MS concerns the overlap of spectral interferences with the analyte signal, which can be addressed using various strategies. In this work, a single method was proposed for Cr determination in different matrices, and the instrumental conditions were optimized with evaluation of the accuracy using CRMs of water (NIST 1640a), fish tissue (DORM-4), and soil (NIST 2709a). Statistical analysis showed that the best results for interference removal were obtained using a collision gas (helium) flow rate of 3 mL min−1, which provided the lowest LOD, LOQ, and RSD values, with the highest accuracies in the CRM analyses. Analyses were performed in water samples collected from fountains in the municipality of Ibirá (São Paulo State), as well as still and sparkling bottled water samples. Tissue samples from different fish species (Abrotea, Pangasius, and Tilapia) were acquired in a local market and, samples of sludge and sediment were collected at Mariana city (Minas Gerais State, Brazil). The concentrations of total Cr determined in the samples of water (from 8 ± 0.1 to 34 ± 2 μg L−1) and fish tissue (from 0.056 to 0.084 μg g−1) were within the limits established by ANVISA, 50 μg L−1 for water and 0.1 mg kg−1for fish. The range concentrations in the sludge and sediment (from 127 ± 1 to 221 ± 2 μg g−1) exceeded the limit established by Brazilian Legislation (90 μg g−1), CONAMA. The analytical technique presented LODs from 0.0009 to 0.3 μg L−1, LOQs from 0.004 to 1.1 μg L−1, RSDs from 5 to 14 %, and recoveries from 91 to 105 % for the CRMs. Satisfactory precision and accuracy of the method were achieved, plus a single analytical method for all samples.

Plasticizer contamination in the urine and hair of preschool children, airborne particles in kindergartens, and drinking water in Hong Kong.

Common plasticizers and their alternatives are environmentally ubiquitous and have become a global problem. In this study, common plasticizers (phthalates and metabolites) and new alternatives [bisphenol analogs, t-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), and bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP)] were quantified in urine and hair samples from children in Hong Kong, drinking water (tap water/bottled water) samples, and airborne particle samples from 17 kindergartens in Hong Kong. The results suggested that locally, children were exposed to various plasticizers and their alternatives. High concentrations of BPDP and BDP were present in urine, hair, tap water, bottled water, and air particulate samples. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of phthalate metabolites in urine samples (126-2140ng/L, detection frequencies<81%) were lower than those detected in Japanese and German children in previous studies. However, a comparison of the estimated daily intake values for phthalates in tap water [median: 10.7-115ng/kg body weight bw/day] and air particles (median: 1.23-7.39ng/kgbw/day) with the corresponding reference doses indicated no risk. Bisphenol analogs were detected in 15-64% of urine samples at GM concentrations of 5.26-98.1ng/L, in 7-74% of hair samples at GM concentrations of 57.5-2390pg/g, in 59-100% of kindergarten air samples at GM concentrations of 43.1-222pg/m3, and in 33-100% of tap water samples at GM concentrations of 0.90-3.70ng/L. A significant correlation was detected between the concentrations of bisphenol F in hair and urine samples (r=0.489, p<.05). The estimated daily urinary excretion values of bisphenol analogs suggest that exposure among children via tap water intake and airborne particle inhalation in kindergartens cannot be ignored in Hong Kong.

Radioactivity of Bottled Water from Trade Network in Kyiv

In 2018-2019, we examined the radioactivity of 40 samples of bottled water of popular brands produced both in Ukraine and abroad, which were purchased in one Kyiv supermarket. The first stage of the study provided for the identification of total alpha and total beta activities. In the case of excessing their regulated values, we proceeded to the determination of the content of radium-226 and natural mixture of uranium isotopes. The study results evidenced that total alpha and total beta activities of low mineralization water do not exceed the regulated values. Total alpha activity exceeded the regulated value of 0.1 Bq/l ten times in specific cases and total beta-activity exceeded the value of 1.0 Bq/l almost three times for the majority of high mineralization water brands.&#x0D; The results of measuring total alpha and total beta activities depending on time elapsed from the moment the sample was prepared to the start of the measurements showed an increase in the alpha activity over time is typical for individual water samples, which indicates the accumulation of radioactivity from radium-226 decay products. However, the results of measuring the activity of radium-226 and a natural mixture of uranium isotopes did not reveal cases of exceeding regulated levels, which allows considering water of all brands suitable in terms of radionuclide content.&#x0D; Assessment of radiation doses from consumption of bottled water containing the measured values of radium-226 and natural mixture of uranium isotopes did not reveal exceeding regulated value of 0.1 mSv/year. Only one bottled water brand was an exception, since the estimated radiation dose for it was 0.2 mSv/year for the category of children aged 12 to 17 years with 98 % of its value due to radium-226. Such a radiation dose value was received assuming an annual consumption of 1.5 liters per day.

Technical note: Evaluation of a low-cost evaporation protection method for portable water samplers

Abstract. Automated field sampling of streamwater or precipitation for subsequent analysis of stable water isotopes (2H and 18O) is often conducted with off-the-shelf automated samplers. However, when water samples are stored in the field for days and weeks in open bottles inside autosamplers, their isotopic signatures can be altered by evaporative fractionation and vapor mixing. We therefore designed an evaporation protection method which modifies autosampler bottles using a syringe housing and silicone tube, and we tested whether this method reduces evaporative fractionation and vapor mixing in water samples stored for up to 24 d in 6712 full-size portable samplers (Teledyne ISCO, Lincoln, USA). Laboratory and field tests under different temperature and humidity conditions showed that water samples in bottles with evaporation protection were far less altered by evaporative fractionation and vapor mixing than samples in conventional open bottles. Our design is a cost-efficient approach to upgrade the 1 L sample bottles of the ISCO autosamplers, allowing secure water sample collection in warm and dry environments. Our design can be readily adapted (e.g., by using a different syringe size) to fit the bottles used by many other field autosamplers.