Abstract
Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.
Highlights
Perchlorate has been identified as an environmental pollutant [1] and it has been found in many countries in their soil, snow, ice, and in their drinking water and dietary products [2,3]
Perchlorate can be formed during the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite used in water disinfection, it may contaminate drinking water
Seven standard solutions were prepared using a dilution of CRM to 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 μg/L
Summary
Perchlorate has been identified as an environmental pollutant [1] and it has been found in many countries in their soil, snow, ice, and in their drinking water and dietary products [2,3]. Perchlorate is commonly used as a propellant, a component of solid rocket fuels, fireworks, signal flares, airbags, munitions, and other pyrotechnic materials. It can be found in Chilean nitrate fertilizers and usage of those kind of fertilizers is a very important source [4]. Soil, and fertilizers are considered to be potential sources of perchlorate contamination in food [7]
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