Car Sales Research Articles

EVs double EU market share as VW invests euro10bn in production

Electric vehicles (EVs) almost doubled their market share in the EU during the first quarter of 2022. Their rising popularity is reflected in Volkswagen's (VW) decision to invest 10bn in building a new EV gigafactory in Spain. Battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs) almost doubled their market share in the European Union during the first quarter of 2022, as the rollout of models across the continent gathers pace. BEVs accounted for 10 per cent of total passenger car sales in the EU, according to data from the region's carmaker association (ACEA), surpassing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, which accounted for an 8.9 per cent share. In total, 224,145 BEVs were sold across the EU in the period January-March 2022 - a significant increase over the 146,125 vehicles sold in the same period in 2021.

E‐mobility in Slovakia by 2030—End of oil dependency?

AbstractMore European countries seriously depend on oil supplies from Russia primarily via one pipeline, which makes energy security weaker. This energy balance brings a massive problem for the import intensity; therefore, e‐mobility might be a potential solution for the trade deficits of many European countries. Battery Electric Vehicles and Plug‐In Hybrid Electric vehicles have been introduced within the priorities of the EC but also by car manufacturing companies worldwide. By 2050, massive growth of Electric vehicles (EVs) is expected, and significant changes in favour of electric cars have to be observed in new car sales till 2030. The article's main objective is to investigate whether and to what extent new sales of e‐cars bring lower oil imports to Slovakia. The authors use three scenarios (based on regression models) differentiating market force intensity and regulation stringency till 2030. The significant findings of the models provide an estimated number of EVs on Slovak roads in 2030 and significant oil import cuts stemming from oil import substitution. The conclusion suggests that by 2030, Slovak oil imports will only slightly decrease due to e‐mobility penetration, even in the most optimistic scenario.

Polski Ład – wątpliwości konstytucyjne

The Polish Deal – constitutional uncertainties The aim of this article was to assess the constitutionality of the Act of October 29, 2021 amending the Personal Income Tax Act, the Corporate Income Tax Act and certain other acts. This regulation – proclaimed by politicians as the most significant reform of the tax system in history – was created extremely quickly, with no extensive consultations, and the manner of the proceedings was reflected in the quality of the act itself. In the opinion of the author of this article, the flawed regulations also concern their constitutionality. Due to the hasty proceedings, it is questionable whether the appropriate vacatio legis period was maintained and whether the regulations on accounting for sale of cars used for business activity and the prohibition of amortization of residential property as part of business activity infringe the previously acquired rights of taxpayers.

Covid 19 Effects on Automobile Sector

The study focuses on the impact of COVID-19 situation on the automobile industry in India, its impact on sales during the pandemic situation and the Market share of the Automobile industries during this pandemic situation. This study used secondary data collected from various automobile related websites like ministry of automobile industries IBEF (India Brand Equity Foundation), Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. The study suggests automobile industries to take some initiativesto increase their car sales by reducing prices or giving some extra offers during the pandemic situation.

Carbon capture clusters

Net zero is an endeavour that will impact every corner of the world. We need global communication and collaboration. To move fast, the transition must become more efficient and spread the best solutions far and wide. For difficult to decarbonise industries, collaboration is essential. The other essential ingredient is policy. The UK banned diesel and petrol car sales from 2030. This is driving electric vehicle manufacturing and supply chains. The EU banned single-use plastics from 2021. Consequently, Coca Cola Europe announced 100% of their bottles would be based on recycled plastic. Norway introduced a carbon tax in 1991 to encourage research into low-carbon solutions. It became the first country to geologically sequester CO2 and the first to do it from an LNG facility. Ten years after the tax was introduced, Norway’s carbon emissions had dropped by 14%. Policies influence emissions. They drive not only environmental outcomes but also sustainable growth and the ability to future-proof their economies. In 2007 and 2012, the UK announced funding for a commercial-scale carbon capture and storage project, both times the programs were aborted. A third attempt, this time focussing on decarbonising four industrial clusters by 2030, was announced in 2018 along with the first ‘net-zero’ carbon cluster by 2040, with the support of a number of UK policies it is expected to progress to construction. This paper discusses the journey from policy through partnerships to the development of Carbon Capture and Hydrogen Clusters in the UK and looks at lessons learnt for Australia.

Two decades of hybrid electric vehicle market

The article presents a cross-sectional view of the development of the HEV car market over the last two decades. Hybrid cars are currently the widest group of cars equipped with alternative to classic drive systems. They are also the most numerous group among electric vehicles. The historical meanders of HEV development were described, as well as the current level of development of this market and the real prospects for the popularization of HEV cars. The level of world production of this category of motor vehicles in the twenty-year period 2001-2020 was also characterized. The article attempts to estimate the real size of the world\'s HEV fleet. The level of sales of this category of vehicles by individual countries and their changing percentage share in the passenger car market were also presented. Sales of electric hybrids even in the crisis year 2020 increased from 3.2 million to approx. 4 million vehicles, despite a decrease in sales of new passenger cars from 64 to 54 million units. The above fact also proves the market attractiveness of this type of vehicles and the constantly growing interest in them.

CONSUMERS WHITE AUTOMOBILE PURCHASE BEHAVIOR: TURKEY AUTOMOBILE MARKET APPLICATION WITH SWARA METHOD

The automobile industry is one of the leading commercial markets around the world. In this enormous market, countries, companies, and manufacturers compete boldly to increase their international market shares. In this great competition, there are centuries old giant companies such as Mercedes, BMW, Volkswagen, Opel, as well as new automobile brands such as Tesla, Renovo, Tritonev. Turkey is one of the significant markets where these brands are competing fiercely. When this market is analyzed, one preference of Turkish consumers draws much attention. This is the color preferences of automobile purchasers. Considering the sales figures of the previous years, white automobile sales are above 50% rate regardless of brand and model. The objective of this study investigated why Turkish automobile consumers prefer white automobile color. In this study, the SWARA method, one of the MCDM method is used to analyze consumers white automobile preferences. The findings of the study show that aesthetic perceptions are significant in purchasing white automobiles. The results of the study allow us to draw implications for the white automobile purchasing behavior for the global automobile market in the concept of international marketing.

Role of Effective Model to Assure Price of Used Cars

Predicting the price of used cars is both an important and interesting problem. According to data obtained from the National Transport Authority, the number of cars registered between 2003 and 2013 has witnessed a spectacular increase of 234%. From 68, 524 cars registered in 2003, this number has now reached 160, 701. With difficult economic conditions, it is likely that sales of second-hand imported (reconditioned) cars and used cars will increase. It is reported that the sales of new cars have registered a decrease of 8% in 2013. In many developed countries, it is common to lease a car rather than buying it outright. A lease is a binding contract between a buyer and a seller (or a third party – usually a bank, insurance firm or other financial institutions) in which the buyer must pay fixed installments for a predefined number of months/years to the seller/financier. After the lease period is over, the buyer has the possibility to buy the car at its residual value, i.e. its expected resale value. Thus, it is of commercial interest to 754 Sameerchand Pudaruth sellers/financers to be able to predict the salvage value (residual value) of cars with accuracy. If the residual value is under-estimated by the seller/financer at the beginning, the instalments will be higher for the clients who will certainly then opt for another seller/financer. If the residual value is overestimated, the instalments will be lower for the clients but then the seller/financer may have much difficulty at selling these high-priced used cars at this over-estimated residual value. Thus, we can see that estimating the price of used cars is of very high commercial importance as well. Manufacturers’ from Germany made a loss of 1 billion Euros in their USA market because of mis- calculating the residual value of leased cars . Most individuals in Mauritius who buy new cars are also very apprehensive about the resale value of their cars after a certain number of years when they will possibly sell it in the used cars market. Predicting the resale value of a car is not a simple task. It is trite knowledge that the value of used cars depends on a number of factors. The most important ones are usually the age of the car, its make (and model), the origin of the car (the original country of the manufacturer), its mileage (the number of kilometers it has run) and its horsepower.

The market for electric vehicles in China: modelling the abolition of policy incentives

ABSTRACT Government policies that contain incentives have promoted the development of China’s electric vehicle (EV) market from its inception. However, following the dramatic evolution of the EV market, the incentives impose a considerable burden on the State. It is time to consider abolishing various policy incentives. This paper uses the discrete choice experiment (DCE) model to study how consumer behaviours are influenced by the different policies. A system dynamics simulation model is constructed to simulate long-term EV development trends while considering the impacts of these policies. The simulations use the results from the DCE model to measure the sensitivity to policy changes of consumer purchase intentions (measured by consumers’ willingness to purchase EVs). Finally, in relation to likely future policy trends, this study designs policy portfolio scenarios that are a strong mix, mid-mix, weak mix, or fully market-oriented with varied timing for policy implementation, and that are likely to affect the growth of China’s EV market. The results of the simulation indicate that the optimal policies: (1) continue to increase government expenditure and support for the construction of charging facilities; (2) make charging more accessible and convenient; and (3) implement bans on the sale of fossil-fuelled cars. The results also show that the ideal timing for banning the sale of fossil-fuelled cars and, in parallel, cancelling current incentive policies (e.g. consumer purchase subsidies) is around 2025. These changes could reduce government expenditure and thus confer substantial financial savings, and they would effectively promote a significant increase in EV sales. Key policy insights Increasing support for the construction of charging facilities, improving the access and convenience of charging, and implementing bans on the sale of fossil-fuelled cars could increase consumer willingness to purchase EVs in China. Support for the construction of basic charging facilities should continue to increase and accelerate leading up to 2025; this would promote a significant increase in EV sales. To send clear near-term signals to the EV market – both consumers and producers, the Chinese government could usefully implement a ban on the sale of fossil-fuelled cars by around 2025 and in parallel abolish the current incentives policy for EVs. Abolishing current policy incentives (e.g. subsidies and VAT tax exemption) in the same time frame as other policies (e.g. support for charging infrastructure and a ban on fossil-fuelled cars), could lead to substantial financial savings to the government and a rapid scaling in the market for EVs. Lessons learned from China’s potentially large and rapidly growing EV market will have implications for other countries in Asia and beyond.

Forgotten passwords and Long-Gone exes: the life and death of Renren

Founded in 2005, Renren was a popular and leading Chinese social media network, especially among college students. However, after reaching its heyday in 2011, user growth dwindled and advertisers fled. By 2018, Renren morphed from a social network to a secondhand car sale business. This paper reconstructs the history of Renren and documents its failed transformation from a social network to a platform. Grounded in platform studies and a political economy theoretical framework, this paper traces Renren’s platform evolution from two perspectives: first, from an end user’s point of view, it examines how Renren’s user interface registered and mirrored shifting corporate strategies and platformisation processes writ large; second, given Renren’s status as a privately-owned, publicly-traded and for-profit business entity, the paper examines how Renren pursued different strategies in search of a viable business model and later on in managing shareholder value and profitability. Ultimately, this paper presents the rise and fall of Renren first and foremost as a platform historiography project. It then discusses Renren’s demise by looking retrospectively at changing interface design, business strategies, and financialisation against the broader dynamics and shifting sociocultural uses of the commercial Chinese internet.

Lithium Drives EV, Grid Storage as Industry Scrambles To Fill Supply Deficit

What fossil fuel was to the industrial revolution, lithium is to today’s energy transition. Often referred to as the oil of the 21st century, this strategic commodity is essential to the manufacture of batteries, from the 35- to 100-kWh type that power electric vehicles (EVs) to grid-size 100-MW (and larger) battery energy storage systems (BESS) such as those at Tesla’s Gambit Energy Storage Park near Houston, whose power capacity is among the highest in the US. Because lithium-ion batteries charge quickly and last longer due to their higher power density, it is not surprising that as the energy transition picks up the pace, the demand for lithium is rapidly outstripping supply, leaving the industry scrambling to find new sources—whether that means opening new mines or devising new technologies to extract lithium from brines, including brines found in water produced from oil and gas operations. In the EV arena, Deloitte forecast a 29% compound annual growth rate in EV sales over this decade, predicting that EVs will comprise 32% of new car sales by 2030 with China commanding 49% of the market, Europe holding 27%, and the US at 14%. The US Environmental Protection Agency attributes 30% of US greenhouse-gas emissions to transportation, a fact that has prompted the automobile industry to shift into transformational mode to make this decade the tipping point when EVs become mainstream. Catching the Vibe at CES In her keynote at the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas, Nevada, in January, General Motors CEO Mary Barra announced that in 2023, GM will launch production of its long-anticipated electric Chevrolet Silverado pickup truck, a move made possible by the company’s $35-billion investment strategy announced last summer to compete with Tesla. GM’s investment plan through 2025 targets, among other things, “on lining” four new, US-based lithium-ion cell production plants with a combined cell production capacity of 140 GWh/year, based on the company’s proprietary Ultium platform. Ultium Cells LLC, a joint venture with LG Energy Solution, announced in late January it would build its third plant in Lansing, Michigan. The JV is currently constructing plants in Lordstown, Ohio, and Spring Hill, Tennessee; the location of the fourth plant has yet to be announced. Back in Las Vegas, Sony grabbed headlines at CES by reaffirming it will open its own automobile unit, Sony Mobility Inc., in the spring of 2022, and Chrysler, a part of the Netherland’s Stellanis group, treated CES visitors to a look at its first EV concept car which is planned to launch in 2025. From that standing start, Stellanis said it expects to convert 70% of its European vehicle sales and 40% of its US sales over to the EV category by 2030.

National Culture and the Market Development of Battery Electric Vehicles in 21 Countries

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become a symbol of the fight against climate change. However, in many countries, the market development of EVs is sluggish, and adoption rates greatly vary worldwide. This study examines the impact of Hofstede’s six dimensions of national culture on the development of the electric car market using sales data from 2019 and 2020 in 21 OECD countries. Results of (OLS) linear regression analyses show that uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, and indulgence have a significantly negative impact on the sales of battery electric cars, while long-term orientation positively influences their market share. The results indicate that national culture is an important cross-country factor that influences the rate and direction of the adoption electric cars. The research also explains how cultural values are translated into the purchase of EVs and provides marketers and policymakers with an insight into how they can increase the spread of alternative-fuel vehicles.

Research Note: Assessing the Impact of K-pop on the Sales of Korean Brands: A Case of Automobile in the U.S. Market

The aim of this paper is to expand upon previous research into the country of origin effect through the use of empirical data by formulating an analysis method which allows the measurement of the extent of country of origin effect by the proxy of K-pop musicians associated with country of origin image and to propose an alternative framework which provides an explanation as to the discrepancies between empirical data and prior research. Our analysis results reveal that the impact of country of origin associated with ‘PSY’ and ‘BTS’ on the automobile sales of ‘Hyundai Sonata’ was significant in the U.S. market. An asymmetric country of origin effect was found vis-à-vis American and Japanese brands.

The Impacts of Additional Automotive Tax to Selected Car Manufacturers in Metro Manila

The implementation of the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN) caused several adjustments across various industries including the automobile business. This study was conducted to determine the total unit sales of automobiles of selected car manufacturers in Metro Manila a year before and after implementing the TRAIN law; identify the effect of change in retail price on the total sales; and determine the impact of competition to the total sales The study employed a descriptive research design. A total of twenty-five purposively chosen key respondents were included in the study. Five high-ranking management members from each brand with local manufacturing operations in the Philippines namely, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Foton, Honda, and Nissan were the respondents. The data was collected through the use of online survey questionnaires and were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, etc.), frequencies, and percentage. There was a significant effect on the automotive industry in the Philippines brought by the implementation of the TRAIN law. It was found out that the total unit sales of the five selected car manufacturers have decreased during the year of implementation of the additional automotive tax compared to their sales prior to the year of its actual implementation. These car manufacturers have also adjusted their retail price necessitated by the TRAIN law, which also affected their total sales. Competition between the leading car manufacturers in the country was also taken into account. It was found out that there was a high level of competition among car companies.

Electric vehicles growth until 2030: Impact on the distribution network power

In the coming years, we will witness a change in the current car fleet sales, from traditional fuel engines towards electrical vehicles (EVs), particularly passenger light-duty vehicles. They plug into the grid and store the electricity in rechargeable batteries; therefore, the widespread adoption of EVs will bring many challenges for the distribution network. Forecasting the impact of EVs on distribution networks is a difficult task given the uncertainty on the potential evolution of their sales.This study forecasts the EVs sales growth for the 2020–2030 decade in 3 possible evolution scenarios, carried out for a given Portuguese regional area. The demanded energy for charging the batteries was estimated, considering one long and one short route. The analysis was applied to three EVs models: Nissan Leaf, Tesla Model 3, and Renault Zoe. Their impacts on the rated power of the distribution network are calculated for the three scenarios, and the results are presented, standing out the insufficient power at peak hours.

Improving the Forecasting Performance of Taiwan Car Sales Movement Direction Using Online Sentiment Data and CNN-LSTM Model

The automotive industry is the leading producer of machines in Taiwan and worldwide. Developing effective methods for forecasting car sales can allow car companies to arrange their production and sales plans. Capitalizing on the growth of social media and deep learning algorithms, this research aimed to improve the overall performance of the forecasting of Taiwan car sales movement direction forecasting by using online sentiment data and CNN-LSTM method. First, the historical sales volumes and multi-channel online sentiment data for six car brands in Taiwan were collected and preprocessed for labeling of car sales movement direction. Then, three models, namely, the classical, sentimental, and CNN-LSTM models, were constructed and trained/fitted for forecasting car sales movement directions in Taiwan. Finally, the performance of the three prediction models were compared to verify the effects of online sentiment data and the CNN-LSTM model on forecasting performance. The results showed that four forecasting performance indices, i.e., accuracy, precision, recall and F1-score, improved by 27.78% (from 41.67% to 69.45%), 0.39 (from 0.38 to 0.77), 0.27 (from 0.42 to 0.69) and 0.33 (from 0.35 to 0.68), respectively. Therefore, the online sentiment data and CNN-LSTM method can indeed improve the overall performance of car sales movement direction in Taiwan.

Assessment of the impacts of different policy instruments on achieving the deep decarbonization targets of island energy systems in Norway – The case of Hinnøya

Norway enjoys an electricity-dominant clean energy system with a high share of hydropower. The power and heating sectors are characterized by high penetration of renewables. But the transportation and offshore industries remain challenging to be decarbonized; therefore, it needs more exploration on cost-effective energy transition strategies. This study develops a long-term energy planning model, TIMES-Hinnøya, for the Hinnøya island in Norway and couples it with a detailed electricity system model with hourly time resolution, EnergyPLAN, to overcome the low temporal resolution limitation of the long-term energy planning model. The two models run iteratively. Using the model, five scenarios are designed to investigate the effects of key policy instruments on the energy transition. These scenarios assume the continuation of current climate policies, such as carbon tax on fossil fuels, preferential policies towards purchasing and owning electric vehicles, ban on new internal combustion engine (ICT) cars as of 2025, and the potential incremental carbon tax rate. The results illustrate that although absolute reduction occurs in all the scenarios, the goal of net-zero emissions by 2050 can only be achieved by forbidding the sales of new ICE cars, highlighting the importance of zero-emission vehicles in the future transportation system.

Analysis of Lifestyle and Consumer Attitude Towards Intention to Purchase a Personal Car During Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic is a new virus that allegedly originated in Wuhan, China, in 2019. This COVID-19 has spread rapidly, disrupting all sectors of life in various countries. The Covid-19 pandemic also impacted Indonesia's economic decline in 2020 and triggered the acceleration of the world recession. The policy of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) and regional quarantine significantly impacted the delay in the distribution of goods, which resulted in employee housing and even layoffs. The fear of contracting COVID-19 triggers the intensity of the use of private vehicles as well as the intention to own a car. Lifestyle changes in traveling, especially the choice of the private car, are also influenced by the primary destination and distance traveled during the pandemic. But the economic pressure of the impact of the pandemic has become a substantial perception control that holds back the realization of intention to make a personal vehicle purchase decision. Although there has been an increase in the frequency of private vehicle use during the pandemic, in reality, the increase has not impacted private car sales. This is caused by the purchasing power of consumers, who are still hampered because of the pandemic. The government itself is aware that the automotive industry is an industry that has a significant contribution to 20 percent of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and absorbs 1.5 million workers. This prompted the government to issue a stimulus in the form of policy relaxation to boost the productivity of the auto industry.

Implementation of Sustainable Reforms in the Indian Automotive Industry: From Vehicle Emissions Perspective

The scenario of the Automobile Industry has changed, not only in India but also for the world as a whole. Rise in demand for more sustainable mobility and vehicles with increased usage of renewable energies have given rise to a revolution. This revolution has not only been affecting mankind for better implementation of resources but has also shown tremendous greener and cleaner effects on the flora and fauna of the land as a whole. There has been electrification of vehicles, addition of superior systems to generate lesser harmful effluents and also changing the guidelines of emissions to cleaner and more sustainable ones. The purpose of this paper is to review and state the existence of different pieces of literature for the transition from Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV) to Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI). Much has been written about the transition to BS-VI, the difficulties, and the positive effects on vehicle reliability, economy and the environment. In particular, this work explores the parallels between BS-VI and the corresponding Euro norms and their sequence of implementation. The aforesaid transition has increased the number of oil refineries in India that produce BS-VI-compliant fuels, keeping in mind the increased need for it. This paper explores the current state of the literature and throws light on many of the questions regarding this significant transition. The authors have tried to study the ongoing issues including the stress of inventory management of diesel-run passenger cars, the different refinements required to process and manufacture the BS-VI-compliant vehicles, people's reaction on the changes brought in by the issuing bodies with respect to the norms, to name a few. The focus of the research has been on Bharat Stage emission norms, their implementation challenges and automobile pollution in India to name a few. The authors also discuss the needs, advantages and challenges faced by the industry, producers and customers and conclude that this change is one of the reasons for the decline in car sales in India as it may affect the buying power of the customers.

Novel Policies are Required to Reduce Pediatric Lead Exposure from Legacy Lead (Pb) in Soil and Air

In 1925, a U.S. conference on lead (Pb) additives tacitly approved their use in petrol. Over five-decades an exponential increase of air lead occurred from commercial marketing of leaded petrol and the sale of automobiles. The ability to measure microgram quantities of Pb was unavailable to medical researchers until the late 1960s and early 1970s. The clinical application of advanced analytical technology demonstrated that pediatric lead exposure was excessive. Beginning in the mid-1970s, actions were taken to curtail Pb additive and decreases of pediatric lead poisoning coincided with decreased air Pb from leaded petrol use. Exogenous Pb exhaust particles are absorbed through inhalation and ingestion routes of exposure. Exogenous Pb is metabolically mistaken for calcium and stored endogenously in bones, teeth, and other tissues. Endogenous Pb has intergenerational effects. All organs, most notably the nervous system, are affected. Clinical studies indicate that there is no safe level of Pb exposure. A worldwide ban on leaded petrol was achieved on August 30, 2021. Banning leaded petrol corresponded with marked decreases in lead exposure. However, exogenous Pb dust persists in soil as a legacy from the era of leaded petrol. Soil Pb is remobilized into the air. Because of traffic congestion and Pb dust emissions, population centers are of particular concern. An exceedingly strong association exists between soil Pb and blood Pb indicating that at the community-scale Pb dust mitigation is necessary to decrease pediatric Pb exposure. Urban soil Pb and blood Pb studies indicate the risk of excessive exposure from legacy Pb dust in communities is highest where the median soil Pb is ≥ 50 mg/kg. The objective of this article is to demonstrate the practical application of an advanced hand-held analytical instrument to map Pb in children’s playgrounds adjacent to a major traffic corridor. We illustrate soil Pb mapping and then consider mitigation procedures for primary prevention of legacy Pb. Mapping soil Pb provides an informed basis for advising parents and encouraging community mitigation responses for reducing pediatric Pb exposure from legacy Pb dust. The soil health-plant health-animal/human health signaling nexus is compromised by legacy Pb. For the medical pediatric community, the existence of legacy lead requires new policies to address intervention of the soil-air-blood linkages of the Pb exposure pathway.