Russian-language Newspaper Research Articles

Особенности репрезентации отдельных компонентов фреймовой структуры образа звезды (знаменитости) в русском языке (на материале СМИ довоенного, послевоенного и современного периодов)

The article presents a general characteristic of the “star (celebrity)” frame in the Russian linguoculture based on the material of three chronological periods. The author substantiates the relevance and practicability of studying the star (celebrity) image from the standpoint of the frame approach. It is established that the structure of the “star (celebrity)” frame is determined by the actual nature of the stardom phenomenon, as well as the factual research material. Based on the material of the Russian-language newspapers and magazines of the Soviet pre-war and post-war periods, as well as the media texts of the modern period, the structure of the “star (celebrity)” frame is modelled, which contains a number of slots and terminals. The author remarks that this frame structure is not constant in all three periods and it is represented by some variations. Using the example of the leading slot “wide popularity”, which includes such terminals as “a high degree of popularity”, “a medium degree of popularity” and “the number of fans”, the article discovers the similarities and differences in the objectification of the separate structural components of the “star (celebrity)” frame in the mass media texts of the above-noted periods. It has been established that the terminal “a medium degree of popularity” is eliminated from the texts of the pre-war and post-war periods. In the factual material of all three periods the clichéd expressions, as well as the linguistic units with the root мир- (world) were identified as the leading representatives; the frequent language units in the texts of the Soviet pre-war and post-war periods are a group of impassioned vocabulary, as well as nominations of creative work artifacts. Within the framework of the above-mentioned slot, the linguistic and cultural characteristics of the stardom phenomenon are defined as follows: “glory”, “popularity” and “attention”. Modelling of the invariant structure of the “star (celebrity)” frame in the Russian linguoculture is indicated as one of the prospects for further research.

Образ глубинки в российских и немецких СМИ

The article considers the media image of the hinterland as objectifying the categories of social exclusion, social inclusion based on the material of the National Corpus of the Russian Language newspaper subcorps and the system of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences digital dictionaries (German). For the purpose of a more in-depth description of this media image, the article also provides a characteristic of a close media image of the province. The research paper establishes synonymic row of units representing the media image of the hinterland, it considers the lexeme of the same name in Russian (glubinka) and the Hinterland lexeme in German as key ones; within the media image of the province key lexemes are provintsiia and Provinz. In the structure of the hinterland media image in both languages, nuclear and peripheral zones and their constituent groups of linguistic means are distinguished: adjectives (derived from horonyms); spatial qualifiers; units nominating the subject; descriptives; deictic units; constructions of opposition (within the framework of the opposition «center – not the center»), verbal units of various actions; constructions of negation. The paper establishes that the media image of the province, compared with the media image of the hinterland, is structured to a lesser extent in the factual material and is positioned mainly within the framework of the opposition «capital – province» (Russian), «city – province» (German), while the socio-cultural stereotyping of this image in the German language is noted. A certain pattern of the social exclusion and social inclusion actualization processes in media texts is revealed. In the Russian language, the media image of the hinterland in the texts of the central media reflects both the processes of social exclusion and inclusion (to a lesser extent); in the texts of regional media – mainly the processes of social inclusion. In German, the reflection of these processes is directly related to the designated territory. The article comes to a conclusion about the national and cultural coloring of the hinterland media image. In the Russian language, this image is characterized by ambivalence (static, problematic / “Russianness”, authenticity, cultural potential). In the German language, the national and cultural specificity of the media image is due to the geographical and spatial location of the territory described.

Rol' i mesto pervoj russkoyazychnoj gazety «Stambul'skie novosti» v Turcii

In 1908, immediately after the Young Turk Revolution, the Russian revolutionary Jalalettin Korkmasov, originally from Dagestan, came to Istanbul at the invitation of the Young Turks, whom he met while studying in Paris. From 1909 to 1910, he published the Russian-language newspaper Istanbul News in the Ottoman capital. The Istanbul News was not only the first continuous publication to appear in the Ottoman Empire, but also the first Russian printed newspaper to be distributed in the East outside of Russia. The newspaper published articles, essays, short stories, essays by famous public figures, cultural figures, politicians of both Russian and Turkish origin. The materials of Turkish authors were published in translation into Russian. Despite the importance of this newspaper as a source on the history of the early years of the Young Turk Revolution, as well as on the history of the Russian and Turkish press, the newspaper has not attracted scientific interest either in Turkey or in Russia so far.

Формирование политических эвфемизмов: этапы, способы, динамика

The paper is devoted to the study of political euphemisms. The aim of the research is to identify and substantiate the dynamic characteristics of political euphemisms used in Russian-language newspaper texts. The use of political euphemisms depends on the political reality and on the intention of communication: what appears to be a relevant political euphemism in this historical era, may be regarded as an obsolete euphemism in another era that requires a new euphemistic replacement. As the denotations of euphemisation change, a variety of linguistic means emerge. The paper describes the productive ways of formation of political euphemisms used in mass media texts of different historical periods (namely, under President Boris Yeltsin and President Vladimir Putin). The research is novel in that it is the first to present the tendencies of changes in the composition of political euphemisms from a diachronic perspective. As a result, it has been shown that as the language develops, semantic calquing occurs, the change of connotation strongly influences the ways of formation of new groups of euphemistic substitutes. Active processes at the lexical level of the language system contribute to the fact that some of the lexemes acquire the status of euphemisms. The main strategies for forming political euphemisms are prefixation, borrowing and metaphorisation.

Кодирование массмедийного дискурсивного формата знаний (на материале изданий Le Monde и «Российская газета»)

The article discusses mass media discourse and provides the author’s typology of discursive formats of knowledge. The coding features of the mass media discursive format of knowledge in two multilingual publications, the French newspaper “Le Monde” and the Russian publication “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” are revealed. The author’s algorithm for encoding the mass media discursive format of knowledge, consisting of seven stages, is proposed. Projecting the author’s coding algorithm onto articles in French and Russian newspapers revealed: 1) the number of articles in the “Culture” heading, the “Art” subheading in the publication “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” is five times greater than the number of articles in the newspaper “Le Monde” in the corresponding heading “Culture”, subsection “Art”, for the same period; 2) the number of coded components prevails in the titles of articles in a Russianlanguage newspaper; 3) among the coded components, proxemes prevail in the articles of both newspapers.

Русские эмигранты в Китае в 1920–1930-е гг.: две гражданские войны на одном жизненном пути

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to present a picture of the life path of Russians (military, cossacks) who witnessed and participated in two civil wars: in Russia and in China. This topic is relevant, since its research allows us to analyze the ways of adaptation of people who have experienced severe forms of transformation in various spheres of life of the two states. Methods and materials. The source base of the study is represented by narrative sources (personal diaries of Russian emigrants A.P. Budberg, G.P. Larin, E.N. Pastukhin, A.A. Tikhobrazova, I.I. Shtina) and periodicals published in Russian by Russian emigrants in China in the 1920 (newspapers “Molva”, “Zarya”, “Russian Voice”, “Gun-Bao”). To present a multifaceted picture of the life of Russian emigrants in China, the following methods were used: dialectical, systemic, analytical-synthetic, historical-comparative, historicalanthropological. Analysis. This study examines the unique history of various categories of emigrants who survived the collapse of spiritual values, ideology, political and economic systems, and the breakdown of the social structure during the civil wars. Against the background of political games, battles, the formation and destruction of military alliances, the story of former Russian military and civilians unfolds, who, in search of earnings and / or for ideological reasons, fought in the ranks of the military units of the Chinese militarists in the 1920–1930. The presented study reflects the struggle between Soviet and anti-Soviet ideology in the Far East, in China: the participation of Russians in the civil war in China, condemnation of Soviet policy on the pages of personal diaries and Russian-language newspapers published in China, support by some public organizations of fascist ideology and the occupation policy of Japan. Results. Historical events were identified that linked the fate of a large number of representatives of the two states. Shown are the various life paths that Russians chose in a foreign land, the difficulties they faced. Their attitude to the spiritual (moral) values of Russian culture is noted. The problem of disunity between military units and their leaders, which killed the “white” army in the civil war in Russia, was not overcome in China. The modern world never ceases to accept the challenges of supporters of radical transformations. This increases public interest in the experience of adaptation of Russian emigrants in China.

Неузуальные способы словообразования в дискурсе СМИ

A characteristic feature of modern media is the active production of numerous occasional innovations, which are characterized by expressiveness and implement the language game. The analysis of the innovations that we have encountered in the Russian and Kazakh Russian language press allows us to talk about the variety of ways of language game. The purpose of this article is to describe some non-casual game methods and techniques of the formation of occasional words that we have encountered in two discourses of modern media (written and oral), for further use of this material in classes in Russian as a foreign language. The article describes innovations formed according to some occasional word-formation models that are used by journalists to create a language game. According to our observations, the most common occasional way of word-formation game is contamination, represented by particular varieties: inter-conditional overlay («pure» and with formal modifications), cross-overlay and word-formation by analogy with the replacement of a substantive root component. Also, such a method of expressive word formation as «hocus-pocus» reception, or repetition-sounding, is actively implemented. Analysis of innovations that we found in two discourses of modern Russian and Kazakh Russian-language media (written and oral), allows us to speak about the variety of methods of word-formation. The material for the article was collected directly by the author for the period 2008-2020 (the headlines of publications from Russian and Kazakh Russian-language newspapers, the texts of articles, materials from Internet sites and political programs aimed at different audiences). The author believes that the collected and described material can be used in a foreign audience in the study of courses in morphemics, word-formation and lexicology of the modern Russian language.

Русскоязычная детско-юношеская периодика Латвии 1920-1930-х гг.

The article analyzes Russian-language periodicals for children and youth, published in Latvia in the 1920s-1930s. The study is based on the material of a wide range of archival sources, many of which are first introduced into scholarly discourse. After the October Revolution of 1917, the Russian diaspora of Latvia, which consisted of the indigenous local population, was replenished with refugees from the Russian Empire. A significant part of the emigrant flow were children. In order to prevent the loss of national and cultural identity, of historical memory, and of their native language, Russian emigrants turned to the publication of newspapers and magazines for the younger generation. Children’s periodicals of Russian emigrants were based on the professional principles of classical children’s journalism, typological and formal and semantic features of prerevolutionary publications. Russian-language children and youth periodicals in Latvia in the 1920s-1930s are marked by the diversity of types of publications: handwritten and typewritten editions of educational institutions; professional press published by the Salamandra publishing house; periodicals of public and youth associations, religious organizations. The foundation of the value system transmitted to the younger generation was the focus on preserving the Russian language, the cultural heritage of pre-revolutionary Russia; general socialization; education, developing creative abilities; assistance in solving acute social problems, etc. Russian-language newspapers and magazines for children and youth of the Republic of Latvia were created by teachers, professional publishers, editors and journalists, as well as by non-professionals - religious, public and political figures who were not indifferent to the problems of childhood. The creators’ activities contributed to the fact that the majority of Russian emigrant children not only retained the awareness of their belonging to Russia, the Russian language, traditions, cultural values, but also successfully integrated into the Latvian society, became full citizens of the country of residence. The study of the Russian-language children and youth periodicals of Latvia made it possible to conclude that the most favorable conditions for the publishing activity of Russian emigrants in Latvia were created before 1934, during the existence of a parliamentary republic. The policy of forcible assimilation of “non-Latvians” proclaimed in 1934 significantly limited the autonomy of the national minorities in Latvia. Against the background of the reduction in Russian-language periodicals, the reading circle of young people was forced to expand due to publications that were not aimed at children. The accession of Latvia to the USSR in August 1940 completed the stage of the existence of the emigre press and marked a new period in the functioning of the Russian-language press of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Językowe środki wywierania wpływu na odbiorców w rosyjskojęzycznej prasie w Izraelu

The article presents the results of the analysis of the lexical means of influencing the audience used in articles from the Russian-language newspaper “Vesti”, which has been published in Israel since 1992 and is connected with the Russian minority. The author also presents the history of the origin and development of this periodical against the background of the situation in the publishing market in Israel. The analysis has been conducted on the basis of linguistic material taken from socio-political press articles published on the newspaper’s website. The study, conducted with the use of semantic and contextual analysis, showed that the analyzed press texts use units which evoke emotional connotations, i.e. colloquial words and lexemes with secondary metaphorical meaning.

Современный политический дискурс в СМИ Королевства Испании по вопросу об отделении Каталонии

This article reviews the latest events in late summer and early autumn 2021, covered by the two leading Spanish newspapers “El Mundo” and “El Pais”. The choice of Spanish-language publications is due to the fact that Russian-language newspapers do not cover events, especially those related to the negotiation process, in such detail and frequently. The same can be mentioned about a certain delay in analytical materials on this issue. The main attention is paid to such issues as: the extradition of the former President of Catalonia Carlos Puigdemont, the pardon of nine Catalan politicians, a split within the separatist movement, a massive demonstration that took place on the National Day of Catalonia. The negotiations between Pere Aragones and Pedro Sanchez, which took place on September 16, 2021, as well as the events preceding them and after the negotiations, were analyzed thoroughly. Due to the government crisis that erupted on the eve of the negotiations, the delegation from Catalonia was represented only by left-wing Republicans, which caused a flurry of criticism from the party “Together for Catalonia”. However, neither the contradictions existing between the parties “Left Republicans” and “Together for Catalonia”, nor the condemnation of Pedro Sánchez by the right-wing forces, nor the conflict over the expansion of El Prat airport in Barcelona, failed to disrupt the meeting of representatives of the Spanish and Catalan governments. The author concludes that despite the difficult internal political situation at the moment, we can see the emergence of a negotiating table between the Spanish and Catalan governments, which is being attacked by both Carles Puigdemont and many radical separatists. Given the upcoming national elections at the end of 2023, it can be assumed that the parties will repeatedly try to find common points of contact and may even make mutual concessions.

Features of newspaper headlines in the Russian-language press in Armenia

The coverage of significant world events in various mass media and the attitude of the journalists differ substantially. Newspaper headlines give the opportunity to navigate in the information flow and find the most important and interesting information. The headlines of the Russian-language newspapers in the Republic of Armenia are analyzed. The relevance of the research lies in the need to study headings from the point of view of their functions, grammatical structure, the use of punctuation marks in them, and their semantic components. The aim of the study is to identify and describe the grammatical, semantic, punctuation features and functions of headings in the Russian-language press in Armenia. The following methods were used: continuous sampling, statistical, descriptive, including methods of observation and comparison, component analysis, comparative analysis. The research material included the articles of the newspapers Respublika Armenia and Golos Armenii of June - July 2021. Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions were made: in the Russian-language press of Armenia, all types of sentences are used as headlines; almost all punctuation marks are used in the titles; headings form thematically organized groups. The peculiarities of the headlines of the modern Russian-language press in Armenia are determined by such factors as the tendency of the language to expressiveness, dialogue, democratization, creativity and the author's principle in the design of the heading. Taking into account the tendency to change the proportion of types of speech activity and highlight the most demanded and important at the present time - reading, the study of the linguistic features of the newspaper and journalistic style, in particular the headlines, is very relevant. The results of the study are promising, since they make a significant contribution to the study of the modern Russian-language press in the Republic of Armenia.

Normalizing a new language hierarchy: Event names in post-Soviet urban space

Naming practices not only reveal ideological contestation in a particular community, but also contribute to the discursive construction of a new social reality. However, the transformative role of naming practices as a semiotic resource for reimagining language hierarchy has been overlooked. This socio-onomastics study aims to explore shifting ideological premises and semiotic mechanisms of normalizing a new language hierarchy in post-Soviet urban space. In doing so, the study diachronically examines naming practices of choosing and using event names, which are more fluid and often short-lived in comparison to other names such as toponyms, anthroponyms or brand names. The study analyses 1246 unique event names mentioned in a local Russian-language newspaper Вечерний Алматы (Vechernii Almaty) over the period of time from 1989 to 2019. The results show a decrease in the use of Russian for name production. Further examination reveals a steady increase in non-integrated event names in Kazakh and English in Russian-language newspaper texts; there are few examples of translation and transliteration, no examples of transcription or loanwords in more recent texts. Our comparison shows that in the context of the multilingual Almaty transgressing the purist norms of standard Russian has become a new norm. We argue that these new local strategies of naming and using names are a semiotic mechanism of domination; they work to normalize a new language hierarchy where the Russian language is no longer the only dominant code of the public and official domain. Our account adds to the discussion of the discursive power of naming in challenging dominant language practices.

Literature as a Source of Metaphorical Modeling in Russian Media Discourse

The goal of this article is to analyze the principles and methods of using the precedent semantics of literary onyms in the process of metaphorization of the high-profile international event Brexit in contemporary (2016–2021) Russian-language media discourse. The research material encompasses media discourse, from which fragments of online versions of Russian-language newspaper and journalistic texts of different genres and socio-political orientation have been selected. As an additional source of empirical material, the author uses the newspaper subcorpus of the national corpus of the Russian language, as well as the Russian-language subcorpus of the international databases Eastview and Aranea. In order to achieve the main goal of the research the author uses the method of continuous sampling, methods of corpus linguistics, methods of content analysis, as well as narrative and contextual analysis (of fragments of media discourse), linguocultural analysis of texts, methods of conceptual analysis and interpretation. Thanks to the use of methods of corpus linguistics, more than 400 contextual realizations of the use of precedent names in connotative metaphorical meaning (in connection with Brexit) have been collected and analyzed. The article presents only the most expressive and most common examples of metaphorization of precedent names when describing the discursive event of Brexit. On the basis of the analysis, the author concludes that the so-called universal-precedent phenomena (mainly of English but also European literature) prevail in the process of metaphorization compared to those of Russian literature, which are extremely rare. In the paper’s study, the author also focuses on the fact that precedent names in the process of metaphorization undergo desemanticization (simplification of the meaning) and become distinctive cultural stereotypes. Initial hypothesis that the intertextuality of the Russian media discourse has a pronounced literary-centric character is confirmed.

The strategy of informing and tactics of its realization in the polemical discourse of the print mass media

All areas of our life, including interaction between people is now under the influence of technological progress. Information becomes available through various means, including the Internet variants of the press publications. In this sense, the polemical discourse of the print media becomes very popular with participants of communication – both the addresser and the addressee who get the possibility to take part in solving different urgent problems which arise in the society. The specifics of this kind of communication requires careful analysis in order to clarify the mechanisms of achieving the main goal of the polemical discourse of the print mass media, as well as compare them on the material of two languages – English and Russian. Mechanisms of realizing the communicative strategy of informing which are represented by the communicative strategies and have specific features have not been studied yet as the polemical discourse of the print mass media in its complete form has appeared only recently, at the end of the 20th century. The developed methodology was tested on the material from the English-language newspaper “The Guardian” and the Russian-language newspaper “SB. Belarus Today”. As a result, the authors have identified the set of communicative tactics which serve the realization of one of the main communicative strategies of the polemical discourse of the print mass media – the strategy of informing. Moreover, the comparative analysis of the data obtained on the material of two not related languages can be used at practical classes in linguistics to develop students' skills in article writing and modeling strategic situations.

РУССКАЯ И РУССКОЯЗЫЧНАЯ ЖУРНАЛИСТИКА В ВОСПРИЯТИИ АРМЯНСКОЙ ПРЕССЫ ТИФЛИСА (1865–1918 гг.)

The article analyzes journalistic criticism in Armenian periodicals. Examining the large textual material of the informational analytical genre, the author reveals a generalized image of the Russian press. According to Armenian opinion journalists, representatives of the press and literature were the “stepchildren” of the Russian Empire, since publishing was on an unequal basis with other types of entrepreneurship. According to the Armenian periodicals, the only characteristic inherent in all periodicals published in the empire was defining the “non-native”. In other cases, a differentiated approach to journalistic activity was observed, which was the result of the program policy of the newspaper’s editorial board, ideological orientation, economic benefits, and interpersonal relations. Speaking about the work style of the capital city’s press, Armenian journalists emphasized the regularity of its superiority and dominant position, andpointed to the hierarchical subordination of the non-Russian press. The onesidedness and verticality of the information flow were criticized. These were thought to be due to the indifference of the metropolitan press to the newspaper and literary activities of other peoples. Armenian journalists noted that Russian writers generally stood above selfish intentions and loyalty to the party, wanting only the freedom of speech and pen, while Russian journalism was characterized by stereotypical thinking (in particular, in relation to other nations), commercialization, and – in some cases – mercantile interest. Expanding their activities in the same cultural space, formed when comparing the cultures of different nations, journalists of Tiflis often opposed each other taking into account these cultural characteristics. According to Armenian journalists, periodicals published by Russians, Armenians, Georgians and representatives of other nationalities, just like representatives of these periodicals, were alienated from the local society and marginalized. The Russian-language periodicals mostly ignored the “natives” and rarely addressed their problems. Moving away from the national essence, Armenians publishing Russian-language newspapers, involuntarily, or on the basis of personal motives, harmed the national publishing business and, with their actions, hindered the development of Armenian culture. In the perception of Armenian journalists, part of the Russian periodicals published in the two capitals and in Tiflis adhered to a stricter colonial policy, which often acquired a xenophobic character. Recognizing that the Russian conservative press was more established and, unlike the liberal press, developed according to a clear ideological program, Armenian journalists considered the representatives of this trend to be the defenders of regression, not of national identity. The alienation of some Russian and Russian-language publications was especially evident during periods of interethnic clashes and socio-political tension. Since national regions were governed situationally, often unevenly, the press, as an echo of this style of action, further aggravated the chasm between the peoples inhabiting the Caucasus Viceroyalty and contributed to the deterioration of relations between the Russian and national peoples, and extremist calls were reflected in Armenian periodicals.

The Coverage of Events After Maidan Protests and the Annexation of Crimea in Local Russian-Language Newspapers in Lithuania (March, 2014)

In 2014, some significant geopolitical changes in the region of Central and Eastern Europe took place. After the so-called Euromaidan events in Ukraine, Moscow took advantage of the situation and annexed the Crimean peninsula. The global agenda was dominated by the discussions about “hybrid war”, “information warfare,” etc. It was obvious that the Kremlin used propaganda in its operation in Crimea in order to manipulate the public opinion and to include ethnic minorities (Russian-speaking inhabitants of Crimea) into its games.In the above context of Kremlin’s practice of involving compatriots from near abroad (including Lithuania) into geopolitical processes, as well as facing the challenge of propaganda, it is important to look how the events in Ukraine were covered in the Russian-language newspapers in Lithuania. The materials of research become publications in the weeklies “Litovskij kurjer”, “Obzor”, and “Ekspress-nedelia”. The question of the research was: did these newspapers use narratives of the Kremlin propaganda, and if so, how strong was the representation of these narratives?

ПЕРЕДОВИЦЫ СОВЕТСКИХ ГАЗЕТ 1941 ГОДА КАК СЕМИОТИКО-ЦВЕТОВОЙ СПЕКТРС ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ КВАНТОВОЙ ТЕОРИИ (или Применение метода квантового хроноса в идентификации семиотических и колористических маркеров текстов газеты «Московский большевик» за 1941год при их восприятии современными украинскими читателями 2020года)

The aimof the study was to use the quantum chronos method to identify semiotic and coloristic markers of the texts of the Moscow Bolshevik newspaper for 1941 when analyzing their perception by modern Ukrainian readers 19-20 years old, living in 2020 and studying at one of the country's universities.Methodology: metaphysical methods of monistic idealism and the method of quantum chronos, as well as approaches, categories and principles of quantum mechanics (“approach to many worlds or approach of many minds” by H. Everett, category of quantum nonlocality). The study used the methodological principles of positivism, namely: the principle of fallibilism by Charles Peirce and critical realism (Popper's criterion). Empirical methods were also involved: associative experiment, observation, description and measurement.The methodology(experimental procedure) consisted in the following: 6 newspaper editorials were selected in six issues of the Russian-language newspaper "Moskovsky Bolshevik" in 1941. The experiment took place on an individual basis from April 1 to April 20, 2020 using the electronic resource “free mail” on the “.ua” domain. 48 subjects aged 19 -21, living in two regions of Ukraine, were asked to see photocopies of newspaper editorials. According to the instructions, the subjects were asked to answer three questions: 1) “What color, in your opinion, is the text that you read?”; 2) “Why exactly this color?”; 3) "What does your chosen color mean?"Conclusions.The use of the quantum chronos method made it possible to establish specific reactions of subjects living in 2020 when analyzing their perception of distant communication texts (six editorials of the Moscow Bolshevik newspaper, which were published on January 15, March 16, May 17, July 16,September 16 and November 16, 1041). We have established that the frequency responses are three colors, namely: black, yellow and red. Semiotic reasons for color identification are reduce to the declaration of the names of the object realities of both thefirst year of the Great Patriotic War (1941) and the modern realities of 2020.

Psycholinguistic Identification Sign-Color Markers of Perception Newspaper Editors

Цель исследования: процесс идентификации цветных маркеров восприятия редакционных материалов газеты "Московский большевик" за 1941 год. Методика: выбраны 6 газетных редакций в шести номерах русскоязычной газеты "Московский большевик" за 1941 год. Эксперимент проводится индивидуально, с 1 по 20 апреля 2020 года с использованием электронного ресурса "Свободная почта" на домене ".ua". 48 испытуемых в возрасте 19-21 года, проживающих в двух областях Украины, были запрошены ксерокопии редакционных статей газет. Согласно инструкции, субъектам было предложено ответить на три вопроса: (1) "Какого цвета, на Ваш взгляд, текст, который Вы читаете?"; (2) "Почему именно этот цвет?"; (3) "Что означает выбранный Вами цвет?".Выводы. Существенные причины идентификации цвета шести редакционных статей шести номеров советской газеты "Московский большевик" за 1941 год по субъектам, живущим в 2020 году, сводятся к декларированию названий предметных реалий как первого года Великой Отечественной войны (1941), так и современных реалий 2020 года. Подтверждена позиция об эффективности применения в исследовании метода квантовых хронографов.

Партия и СМИ (развитие партийно-советской печати Калмыкии в 20–30-е гг. ХХ в.)

Introduction. The paper provides insight into archival sources and shows the development of Kalmykia’s party-Soviet print media during the 1920s and 1930s. Kalmyk Party Organization tended to keep a strong focus on the growth of mass media in the region. So, before 1926 there was only one newspaper in Kalmyk Oblast ― Ulan Khal’mg (Kalm. ‘Red Kalmyk’), while that very year proper witnessed the emergence of multiple periodicals, such as Krasnaya step’ (Russ. ‘Red Steppe’), Kalmytskie izvestiya (Russ. ‘Kalmyk News’), journals Vestnik Kalmytskogo obkoma VKP(b) (Russ. ‘Newsletter of Kalmyk Oblast VKP(b) Committee’), Za rabotu (Russ. ‘Down to Work’), etc. Goals. The study seeks to clarify the impacts of Kalmyk Oblast Party Organization on the development of regional print media. Materials and Methods. The article analyzes multiple ― and authentic ― documents stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia (Party Collection), key research principles being those of objectivity and historicism. Results. The work concludes that issues of print media’s development were regularly discussed at Party conferences, plenums, and meetings of Kalmyk Oblast Party Committee. The latter’s Bureau would employ experienced journalists to strengthen republican and district-level newspapers. The published books and brochures were summarizing political, organizational, and ideological experiences of party organizations. Kalmyk- and Russian-language newspapers and journals were tightening ties between the Party and people, which facilitated an easier implementation of state policies. Thus, print media were used by the Party and its agencies as a means of political mobilization and education.

“I FIND A RUSSIAN JOURNAL IN FINLAND TO BE ABSOLUTELY SUPERFLUOUS”. THE CASE OF HELSINGFORS’ RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER IN 1870’s

This article is devoted to the unsuccessful attempt to establish a Russian-language newspaper in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the 1870’s. This is a case study of Russo-Finlandish relations of the 1870’s, but examining its socioeconomic and cultural context leads to general conclusions about the direction of the government policy towards Finland under Emperor Alexander II. The work is based on an analysis of legislation, newspaper articles, and other archival materials. The work argues that public demand for such a periodical already formed. Representatives of the Finlandish bureaucracy considered its implementation, and tried to enshrine and reflect the special position of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the letter of the law when it came to establishing the periodical. Simultaneously, the Emperor personally saw no need for either a new Russian-language newspaper or new special legislation on Russian press for this autonomous part of the Russian Empire with a predominantly non-Russian population. Thus, the existing well-known privilege of Finland was the main context against which these events unfolded.