Russian Approach Research Articles

The evolution of the rule of law from the perspective of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

In the new age, there are two views on the rule of law, which is one of the most fundamental principles of modern governance; Hobbesian approach to the rule of law and the Russian approach, in which both approaches share the idea of ​​a social contract. Hobbes considered the ruler of the pyramid of society, the ruler, to be the basis of law, and intended unlimited power for the governing body, which was given to him by the first agreement between the people and the ruler. There is no power. In another plan of the rule of law, which derives from Rousseau's philosophical point of view, the public will is the source of law and in a higher position than the ruler. This idea became the basis for extensive changes in the relationship between government and citizens in the new era, which was reflected in the French Revolution. During the 19th and 20th centuries, with all the changes that took place in legal discourse, the importance of this Russian view of the rule of law as the basis for real democracy rather than formal democracy increased. Therefore, in this article, we have tried to compare these two approaches to the rule of law and show the innovative aspects of Rousseau's social contract. This descriptive-analytical research is an introduction to the broader and deeper research in the political thought of these two prominent theorists in the modern world, with an emphasis on the evolution of the concept and basis of the rule of law in the new era.

A Russian approach to ensuring economic growth

Subject. The article investigates a Russian approach to ensuring economic growth. Objectives. The aim is to identify the basis of the Russian approach to ensuring economic growth. Methods. The study rests on the systems approach, using the methods of statistical, neural network, and cluster analysis. Results. The paper defines the structural importance of exports of goods and services, and changes in inventories. It highlights significant links with public consumption expenditures. The Russian approach to ensuring economic growth comes down to devaluation of the national currencyб resulting from the loss of the real inflationary potential of economic growth to maintain the volume of exports of goods and services in the context of maintaining public consumption expenditures. The increase in M2 forces the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to increase its foreign exchange reserves. This has a restraining effect on the growth of Russian Ruble’s monetary exchange rate. This phenomenon causes a drop in the Russian federal loan bond (OFZ) index and a replacement of strategic priorities with tactical ones. Conclusions. The basis of the Russian approach to ensuring economic growth is a reflection of the limits of the Russian economy development and the effectiveness of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Cybersecurity in Russia.

Cybersecurity in Russia is not a standalone concept but an integral part of national information security, which influences its legal status and applicable regulation, and determines its development trends. The purpose of this article is to outline the Russian approach to cybersecurity, describe the related legal framework, representative business cases and trends in legal development.

The Return of the Syrian Refugees: Russia’s Approach

ABSTRACT This article explores the efforts undertaken by Russia together with Syrian authorities to bring Syrian refugees home since the conclusion of the major combat operations in the summer of 2018. It focuses on analyzing the Russian approach and its primary elements, the organizational entities taking measures to return the refugees, and their functions. It sums up the results of the first year of the program of returning refugees to Syria. It also examines the obstacles impeding the return of Syrian refugees on a mass scale. The author shows the inappropriateness of efforts to put the entire responsibility for refugees’ return on Russia alone, which was forced to take on the role of chief foreign sponsor of the process due to the passivity of other powers.

On Data, Media, and the Deconstruction of the Administrative State

On Data, Media, and the Deconstruction of the Administrative State

Comparative Analysis Of Geopolitical Interests In The Caspian Region: Research, Conclusions And Mechanisms For Their Protection

The article deals with the characteristic features of the Caspian region. The article analyzes the geopolitical understanding of the history of Russia's relations in the Caspian region in the context of the Eurasian geopolitical school. The evolution of the Russian approach to determining the international legal status of the Caspian Sea is determined, and the main mechanisms of Russian diplomacy in the region are studied based on the analysis of dissertation studies of foreign scientists.

Is there a “compensation culture” in contemporary Russia? The role of liability insurance, non-pecuniary damages, and legal profession in personal injury litigation

This article explores current trends in personal injury litigation in Russia compared with the common law countries (the UK and US). In contrast to the British and American situation, there is no concern about the problem of “compensation culture” or “litigious behaviour” in Russian public discourse. The number of personal injury cases considered by Russian courts is not particularly high despite the growing number of accidents. This state of affairs can be explained by the influence of the Soviet culture of tort law. The most visible areas of the Soviet impact addressed in the article are liability insurance, non-pecuniary damages, and the legal profession. The article demonstrates the specificity of the Russian approach to these issues. The research is based on the analysis of judicial decisions on personal injury cases, court statistics, and expert interviews with personal injury lawyers. The findings are discussed from a historical and comparative perspective.

External economic factors of food security of Russian Federation

The article is devoted to an urgent problem of our time — the problem of ensuring food security which under the infl uence of globalization and high countries’ interdependence requires to study the role of foreign economic factors in its ensuring. The analysis of the scientific literature shows that there is no comprehensive approach to the definition of external economic factors. It allowed the author to propose the definition, identify the characteristic features and classify the foreign economic factors that affect food security. It is revealed that in the current conditions of economic development the problem of various forms of malnutrition (from the defi ciency of micro — and macronutrients to obesity and exhaustion) is relevant, related to food security through the quality nutrition. The author offers the new definition of food security and concludes that the solution to the food problem today is to find a balance between the production capabilities of the national economy and the provision of necessary food with the help of factors of foreign economic activity that contribute to quality nutrition. The COVID-19 pandemic, which affects the demand, supply, production and distribution of food around the world, attaches particular importance to the topic. In this regard the Russian approach to ensuring food security is noteworthy, because over the past five years it has been formed in the difficult conditions of the aggravation of relations with the countries of the Western world. The study of the role of foreign economic factors in ensuring Russian Federation food security allowed the author to propose the new concept of Russian import substitution in the agroindustrial complex, as well as to raise the question of determining the possibilities of activating foreign economic relations for the development of the Russian agri-food sector in the context of the post-crisis economic recovery and the growth of geopolitical tensions in the world for further research.

COVID-19 и антикризисная социальная поддержка

The authors analyze the response of the Russian government to the shrinking of household incomes during the 2020 economic crisis — the social support measures that were put in place to check the increase in poverty, and the social groups that were targeted by direct federal cash benefits. The anticrisis social support measures in Russia were, on the whole, comparable in composition and scope to what the governments in other countries were doing. A special feature of the Russian approach was that the new social benefits and the increased amounts of already existing benefits were addressed exclusively to families with children and were granted irrespective of household income levels. The authors estimate that the additional social support benefits, had they been implemented before the crisis, would have reduced the pre-crisis level of poverty by almost one third, although seven out of ten Russian households were left out of this additional support because they had no underage children. This leads to the conclusion that, in the future, social support policies must change to meet new challenges not only quickly, as they did during the last year’s crisis, but also in a more targeted manner.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОЦЕССА ВВОДА СПЕЦИАЛИЗИРОВАННОЙ ЛЕВОПОВОРОТНОЙ ФАЗЫ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ

The paper analyzes the foreign and Russian approach to the calculation of a controlled intersection, defines the basic principles and approaches used in the construction of phase-by-phase crossing schemes. The classification of the ap-proaches used is carried out taking into account foreign and domestic experience. In the course of the analysis of regulatory sources, it was found that there are many approaches to the choice of the organization of the traffic scheme in regulated areas. Particular attention in this matter is paid to the introduction of a specialized phase for performing a left turn, basically this choice is made by a design engineer, based mainly on the demand for performing a left turn, without analyzing the main characteristics of the traffic flow, namely the queue length, speed and traffic delays. funds. The main design parameters used to determine the need to enter a specialized left-turn phase when using traffic light control have been determined.

Russian Approach to Withholding Taxation of Payments under Finance Leases

The author, in this note, discusses the recent Russian Supreme Court decision in Coiltubing Service (A33-5439/2019), which addressed the taxation, at source, of payments under international finance leases. The Supreme Court’s decision is noteworthy, as it formulates a fundamental approach to the application of tax treaty provisions.

What Does Russia Want with Its Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force Weapons

ABSTRACT This commentary asks why Russia has started again to invest in land-based intermediate-range missiles, which can be used both in conventional and nuclear roles. As resorting to the action-reaction scheme cannot explain Russian efforts, the nature of the specific Russian approach towards military issues requires consideration. Russia obviously seeks to achieve major strategic advantages in case of a regional war occurring in Europe by having available a capability for escalation dominance. Only Russia can initiate such a war, not the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation [NATO]. The Western Alliance should respond by improving the conventional defence capabilities with which it is going to protect particularly the Baltic States and Poland. Moreover, NATO will have to review its nuclear posture in Europe.

РОССИЙСКИЙ ПОДХОД К СУВЕРЕНИТЕТУ И ЕГО РОЛЬ В КОНЦЕПТЕ СООБЩЕСТВА БОЛЬШОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ

Over the last twenty years Russian approach towards sovereignty has underwent significant changes and has become more rigid and defined. After numerous attempts to integrate into the West, Russia began to acquire its own identity, but no longer as an appendage of Europe, which was not supposed to be reckoned with as an equal, but as a central Eurasian power, acting not only as a balancing county between East and West, but also as the security provider in the Eurasian region. In this regard, the article examines how the Russian approach towards sovereignty fits into the concept of the Greater Eurasian community. From this point of view, the Greater Eurasian Partnership, which is a continuation of Moscow’s policy of revising the world order that has developed after the end of the Cold War, has not only geopolitical and geo-economic aspects, but also cultural and normative ones: the emergence of a community of countries where relations are built on mutual respect for the sovereignty of each other. It is sovereignty, according to the authors, that underlies both the concept of Greater Eurasia and other Russian foreign policy initiatives in this direction.

Functions of the prosecutor’s office in the system of functions of modern states: russian approach and comparative legal analysis

Functions of the prosecutor’s office in the system of functions of modern states: russian approach and comparative legal analysis

Переформатирование геополитического пространства и институциональные трансформации (на примере Балтийского региона)

This article adopts the historical neo-institutional approach to analyse the dissolution of the Livonian Confederation and the ensuing reshaping of the Baltic region in the 16th-19th centuries. These historical events are employed to describe the post-bifurcation incorporation of a society in a different social system. Several inclusion models are identified. The centralised model suggests that the incorporated society reproduces the institutions of the incorporating society. Modified institutions are transplanted to the incorporated society within the quasi-centralised model, whilst only selected modified institutions are transferred within the autonomist one. The author analyses the mechanisms playing a part in state mergers and emphasises their dependence on the institutional environment of the incorporating society. For instance, a part of Livonia was incorporated in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (PLC) through transplanting PLC institutions, primarily political ones, to the newly acquired territories. To this end, a mechanism was developed to encourage cooperation from the nobility without further stratification. Sweden, however, acted on the autonomist model when incorporating Estland and Livland. Economic, political, and socio-cultural institutions, many of which were of hybrid type, were transplanted, whilst socialisation mechanisms and incentives applied to a wider section of the population. The Russian approach, which had at its core security considerations, combined autonomist elements (establishment of hybrid institutions in the new territories) and centralised components (propagation of Russian imperial institutions). The merger mechanisms included the creation of an Ostsee estate system and incentives for the higher estates coupled with repressions against commoners. Overall, the nature of state mergers and institutional transplantations depends on whether the incorporated territories have had a history of statehood, another significant factor being the degree of similarity between the institutions of the acquired territories and the metropole.

Prevention of NEO hazard: the Russian approach

Abstract Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) is actively working to solve the problem of preventing Near-Earth Object (NEO) hazard. The article provides the goals and objectives of preventing NEO hazard, as well as ways to achieve them. The described ways of achieving the goal are applied in RAS best. The current state and prospects of the Russian contribution to the prevention of NEO hazard are considered. Statistical data on the dynamics of observation of minor planets by Russian telescopes is presented. The structure of the NEO part of hazardous situations classifier developed by Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics (KIAM RAS) and structure of perspective National System Security of space activities in outer space are presented, including the system’s response to event classified as dangerous. The article is accompanied by illustrations of potentially hazardous objects in the sky, made by telescopes of the International Network of Optical Telescopes (ISON), coordinated by the KIAM RAS.

The Policy of Social Support for Families in the Context of globalization: Russian and European Experience

The article analyzes the legal framework of the state policy of Russia in the area of family support. The approaches of a number of EU countries to the interpretation of the concepts of ‘social policy’ and ‘social support’ in comparison with the Russian approach are considered. The key tasks of the state's social policy that need to be implemented to strengthen the system of the rule of law are highlighted.

Country Note: Combating Tax Avoidance In Russia: Historical Perspective And Current Trends

The development of anti-avoidance techniques in Russia has historically had some difficulties. The nascent development of anti-avoidance techniques in the pre-revolutionary period was actually suspended by the tax policy of the Soviet Government. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia faced significant socio-economic transformations that required a reform of the taxation system. The beginning of the XXI century in Russia was characterized by the formation of a modern tax system and intensification of the search for new effective anti-avoidance techniques. In the 1990s, the problem of tax avoidance became extremely acute on the Russian tax policy agenda. Due to the absence of the developed tax legislation and unstable federal government, tax avoidance threatened the economic security of the state and could even have undermined its social and economic development due to budget losses. According to various estimates, as a result of massive tax avoidance in the 1990s, Russia annually lost approximately 30% of the payments that were due. Over the past decade, the mechanism for combating tax avoidance in Russia has been remarkably improved. Currently, the Russian tax authorities are making significant progress in applying various anti-avoidance techniques. The two semantic parts of this article reveal the Russian efforts in the formation of effective anti-avoidance techniques. The first part of the article is devoted to the Russian approach to the definition of ‘tax avoidance’ and outlines the main stages of the development of anti-avoidance techniques. The second part of the article deals with the major financial techniques successfully used in Russia, including judicial, statutory, tax treaties, organizational, and other means for countering tax avoidance. Gig economy, sharing economy, crowd work, online platform, gig worker, employment status, personal service company (PSC), misclassification, deemed employment relationship, independent contractor.

ОЦЕНКА УРОВНЯ ГОТОВНОСТИ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ОТРАСЛИ РАСТЕНИЕВОДСТВА К ЦИФРОВЫМ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯМ

The main directions in the development of technical re-equipment in the modern world are the transition to a digital economy aimed at reducing costs through the use of computer technologies in the management, repair and regulation of equipment, the use of IT technologies to improve the quality and efficiency of technology. At present, serious «digital» transformations are taking place in the agro-industrial complex of Russia, as well as in other sectors of the economy. Identifying their directions, nature and degree of influence, in particular, on agriculture is an important urgent task. The article discusses the trends in the creation and implementation of digital technologies in the agro-industrial complex, as well as the demand for these technologies by the economic entities of the agro-industrial complex. The article analyzes foreign experience in the development of information and communication technologies in the agricultural sector and the peculiarities of the Russian approach to digitalization of the agricultural sector of the economy. The digital backwardness of the country is substantiated, which creates significant barriers to the digitalization of the domestic crop industry. Special attention is paid to the material and technical condition of the industry as a key element of digital transformations. It is emphasized that the informatization of technological processes in conjunction with the use of high-performance agricultural machinery in agriculture has a significant impact on the average annual number of employees of the crop industry. A model of a complete innovative integrated scientific and technical cycle of end-to-end digital systems for the Russian crop industry has been developed. A comparison of the dynamics of the indicators of the Digital Agriculture project and the total costs of its implementation made it possible to assess the level of readiness of the domestic crop industry for digital transformations.

Real law of virtual worlds: russian approach to regulating contractual relations between a player and an operator of multiplayer online game

The widespread dissemination of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) games causes new problems not only in the technical field, but also in the field of law. A number of countries have successfully implemented provisions in their legislation governing the legal relationship between players and distributors of online games. However, most states have left this question unresolved. Based on the real cases, this article examines the judicial practice of resolving disputes between players and operators of MMO games in the Russian Federation. The author shows a real picture of the current state of contract law governing relations in the field of the gaming industry and the position of courts in this matter. It substantiated the conclusion on the duality of approaches to solving the question of the nature of contractual relations depending on the subject going to court in Russia. It shows the imperfection of Russian civil law in this area.