Russian Academy Of Sciences Research Articles

Strategic development of human potential at the regional level

Aim. The presented study aims to structure strategic planning documents at the global and national levels in the context of human development and to identify strategic priorities for human development.Tasks. The authors investigate the development of human potential in Soviet and modern Russia; systematize strategic planning documents adopted at the global and national level; examine global and national development goals and human development indices of several countries,including Russia.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to consider strategic approaches to human potential development in various aspects. The study also uses the strategizing methodology developed by foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), PhD in Economics, Professor V.L. Kvint.Results. The share of human potential in the capital structure is determined. The highest human development index is observed in the Scandinavian countries, the USA, Japan, several developed countries of Western Europe, and the CIS. The development of human potential in Soviet and modern Russia is investigated. Differences in the application of the human potential index for Russian regions are identified. The need for the interconnection of programs at the international and national levels is established when preparing documents. The importance of human potential forecasting in the development of strategic documents at the regional level is emphasized. The people and the population’s quality of life are the most important factors in making any management decision.Conclusions. Creating the necessary infrastructure for the development of human potential will boost the economic growth of any region. When developing programs and plans for each Russian region, it seems appropriate to be guided by the mission, vision, goals, and objectives that make allowance for existing resources, including human potential.

Variational data assimilation for a sea dynamics model

Abstract The 4D variational data assimilation technique is presented for modelling the sea dynamics problems, developed at the Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INM RAS). The approach is based on the splitting method for the mathematical model of sea dynamics and the minimization of cost functionals related to the observation data by solving an optimality system that involves the adjoint equations and observation and background error covariances. Efficient algorithms for solving the variational data assimilation problems are presented based on iterative processes with a special choice of iterative parameters. The technique is illustrated for the Black Sea dynamics model with variational data assimilation to restore the sea surface heat fluxes.

INTERDISCIPLINARY SHARED RESEARCH FACILITIES "GEOANALYST" UB RAS: OPERATING EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS

The article presents general information about the interdisciplinary Shared Research Facilities "Geoanalyst" of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the main directions of its work, analytical equipment and types of work that allow obtaining quantitative information on the chemical (elemental and isotopic) and phase composition, parameters of the crystal and electronic structure, type and concentration of the lattice defects, optical properties of samples including minerals, rocks, bottom sediments, ores, products of their enrichment and processing, natural and drinking water, as well as synthetic compounds, techno- and biogenic objects. Consideration is being given to the techniques involved in the Shared Research Facilities such as electron probe microanalysis and electron microscopy; X-ray fluorescence, atomic emission and atomic absorption analysis; X-ray structural and thermal analysis; microelement mass spectrometric analysis; isotope mass spectrometric analysis and geochronology; physics and spectroscopy of minerals. Emphasis has been placed on the fundamental and applied sciences based on the Shared Research Facilities, its scientific and educational activities and the experience of working with users. Details have been provided for the formulation, testing and use of microanalytical methods for in situ study of the composition, structure and properties of minerals-concentrators of transition, rare-earth and radioactive d- and f-elements (zircon, titanite, etc.) with a spatial resolution from units to tens of micrometers. There have been analyzed the application and development of research methods; their metrological parameters; the procedure for selection and certification of internal laboratory reference samples; the possibilities for solving problems of fundamental and applied physics and chemistry of mineral matter, as well as geochronological problems.

Interlibrary service and electronic delivery of documents in the regional information and library system

The purpose of the article is to analyze and evaluate the activities of the Interlibrary Loan sector of the Central Scientific Library of the Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (CSL FRC KSC SB RAS) for the period of 2017–2021. CSL FRC KSC SB RAS concludes contracts for the provision of interlibrary loan services and electronic delivery of documents with the AllRussian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information RAS, State Public Scientific Technological Library of Russian Federation, State Public Scientific Technological Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and with the State Universal Scientific Library of the Krasnoyarsk region. It also plans to cooperate with the Library of Natural Sciences RAS and the Russian State Library. The main indicators analyzed by the author: the number of received and completed orders by the year, their percentage, forms of the ordered information received by the library. Completed orders come from stockholders mainly in the form of electronic copies and originals, in some cases, there come paper copies and links to electronic resources. It is noted that not all structural divisions of the Krasnoyarsk FRC use ILL, – this requires further work on the presentation of the service. The participation of the shared automation center of SPSTL SB RAS in the automation of information and library processes of the Central Scientific Library of the Federal Research Center of the KSC SB RAS is shown. The developed ways to improve the efficiency of the user service in the ILL sector are offered.

Larval biotopes of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve (Belarus)

The purpose of the research is to study of larval biotopes of the family Culicidae Meigen, 1818 on the territory of the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve.Materials and methods. Mosquito larvae collected on the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve in 2016–2020. A total of 7772 mosquito larvae were collected in the course of 1467 counts. Mosquito larvae were collected in four types of natural reservoirs: permanent open (I); permanent shaded (II); temporary open (III) and temporary shaded (IV). The larvae were collected by dip net. The specimens were identifed using standard keys; in certain cases, the taxonomic collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg) was used.Results and discussion.We found larvae of 22 mosquito species on the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve. The genus Aedes Meigen, 1818 is the most abundant – 16 species (72,7%). The genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 is represented by 2 species (9,2%), the genus Culiseta Felt, 1904 – 3 species (13,6%) and the genus Culex Linnaeus, 1758 – 1 species (4,5%). The largest number of species (18) is recorded in permanent and temporary open-type reservoirs, 17 – in temporary shaded reservoirs and the smallest number – 6 in permanent shaded reservoirs. Three species, Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830), Ae. cantans (Meigen, 1818), and Ae. sticticus (Meigen, 1838) were found at all types of water bodies. The main larval breeding habitats are reservoirs of temporary origin with varying degrees of shading (88,0%). There are the highest abundance and mean average density of larvae. Thus, in temporary open water bodies, the abundance is 52,4% (with an average density of 197,0±45,7 sp./m2), and in temporary shaded water bodies, the abundance is 35,5% (with an average density of 287,2±162,1 sp./m2). For permanent reservoirs with varying degrees of shading, a low abundance and an average density of larvae are noted. Thus, in permanent open water bodies, the abundance is 9,6% (with an average density of 27,0±7,7 sp./m2), and in permanent shaded water bodies, the abundance is 2,5% (with an average density of 19,4±6,0 sp./m2). In permanent open water bodies, the greatest species diversity is noted, which is confrmed by the values of the indices (Нʹ = 3,06; D Mg = 2,57 and DSm = 0,16).

The Impact of Illegal Migration on Regional Labor Markets in Russia

The article reveals the problems of the impact of illegal migration on regional labor markets, and the increase in shadow employment, which have a negative impact on the economy of the regions. The paper analyzes negative factors and aspects of illegal migration. The authors present and analyze official statistical data on the number of offenses committed by foreign migrants, on shadow employment in the country, as well as research data from the Institute of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences concerning the frequency of manifestations of propensity to illegal activities and the involvement of workers in the shadow labor market in Russia. The shadow sector of the economy is very attractive for the economically active population, which is replenished every year with new groups of the most active, young participants in economic activity as they grow up and enter working age, as a result of a conscious strategy of enterprising people who do not want to pay the state a significant part of their income in the form of taxes and social contributions, as well as employees who are partially or fully employed in the shadow sector of the economy, part of which are migrant workers. The object of the research is the regional labor market on the example of the Sverdlovsk region, and the subject is the nature of the impact of illegal migration of foreign citizens and Russians living in other regions, coming to the region and carrying out illegal business and labor activities. The study presents a typology of illegal migration, the criterion of which is the nature of its impact on the regional labor market. The article analyzes the reasons for the reproduction of the shadow economy, the increase in the number of economic entities operating in the shadow sector, the accession of new types of economic activities to it, which contributes to an increase in capital turnover in it and negatively affects the national security of Russia. The paper considers negative trends in the social and labor sphere in connection with labor migration, factors contributing to the growth of the shadow sector, and assesses the impact of illegal migration on regional labor markets. The authors propose a set of measures implemented within the framework of the state strategy to combat the shadow economy, aimed at minimizing illegal migration, shadow and development of the official labor market, both at the regional and federal levels.

ARCHEOLOGY OF THE LOWER AMUR RIVER: TO THE STUDY OF THE SUKPAI ARTISTIC STYLE AMONG THE PETROGLYPHS OF THE AMUR AND USSURI

Among the hundreds of archaeological sites in the lower reaches of the Amur basin, a special place belongs to the stones and rocks with ancient drawings. The rock art of the Lower Amur region has been studied since the sixties of the nineteenth century. Among the discoverers and researchers are the names of local historians and scientists. Systematic academic scientific research of petroglyphs monuments was carried out only 100 years later, in the sixties of the twentieth century, by Soviet archaeologists. The research source base (topography, description, tracing, scientific interpretation and publication of materials) was prepared by a team of employees of the Far Eastern Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of A. P. Okladnikov. Pisanitsa on the Sukpai River in the Ussuri River basin is one of the new sites of rock art in the region, it was discovered in the 1980s by archaeologist V. I. Dyakov, an employee of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article offers the experience of studying the stylistic diversity of the Lower Amur rock art monuments, namely, the drawings of the Sukpai petroglyph, which predetermines its relevance. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that the article highlights the signs of the Sukpai artistic style, the extent of its distribution among the petroglyphs of the region and adjacent territories. To write the work, a wide range of research methods was used, including the method of analyzing scientific literature, the sources were scientific papers on the topic of the study. The result of the research: a) the distinctive features of the style of plots on the rock of the Sukpai River are highlighted; b) similar images were traced on the stones and rocks of the Sikachi-Alyan-Malyshevo site; c) substantiation of the identification of the Sukpai artistic style among the petroglyphs of the Lower Amur; d) the similarity of the drawings of the sukpai style with the plots of the shamanic thematic direction of the rock art monuments of the adjacent territories of Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, the Upper and Middle Amur Region, and Transbaikalia was traced.

Long-Term Observations of Stratospheric Species at the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences: Analysis of Trends and Interannual Variations in the Total Contents of O3 and NO2

Long-Term Observations of Stratospheric Species at the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences: Analysis of Trends and Interannual Variations in the Total Contents of O3 and NO2

Submicron aerosol and nitrogen dioxide in the atmospheric near-surface layer at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS: Thirty years of measurements

The paper presents results of measurements and trend analysis of the mass concentration of submicron aerosol and the NO2 content in the atmospheric surface layer at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The station is located in a rural area of the western Moscow region. Aerosol concentration is determined by directional light scattering in a flow nephelometer. The NO2 content is measured spectrometrically by zenith-scattered solar radiation. Three decades of aerosol and NO2 measurements give a possibility to analyze long-term trends in near-surface aerosol and NO2. Seasonally dependent estimates of the aerosol trends are presented for three periods differing in character of aerosol variability: 1991–2002, 2003–2012, and 2013–2020. The common feature of the trends is a general decrease in the aerosol concentration. There are however significant interdecadal differences in the strength of the trends and in their seasonal dependence. The NO2 content in the near-surface layer undergoes a significant positive trend. The NO2 increase is likely associated with an increase in the population and human activity resulting, in particular, in the increase in motor traffic in the region. Effects of wind direction on aerosol and NO2 anomalies are also studied.

Preface

The Voronezh State Agrarian University occupies a leading position among agricultural universities of the Russian Federation. On February 21 and 22, 2022, the Voronezh State Agrarian University hosted the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Environmental Problems of Food Security" (EPFS 2022), organized in partnership with the International Academy of Agrarian Education, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Eurasian Economic Commission, the M. Dulatov Kostanay University of Engineering and Economics.Conference guidelines:1. Development of the biosphere paradigm of nature management. On the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the Sustainable Development Declaration;2. Modern problems of intensification and greening of agricultural production: contradictions and compromises;3. Strategic goals and objectives in the field of ensuring food security of the Eurasian Economic Union countries;4. Adaptation of agriculture to changing climate conditions, overcoming climate risks;5. Ecological and economic optimization of the land use;6. Modeling and information technologies of agricultural environmental management;7. Development of methodology for designing agricultural landscapes and farming systems on a landscape-ecological basis;8. Ecologization of animal husbandry systems;9. Precision technologies in agriculture and animal husbandry;10. Product and environmental quality management;11. Tasks of environmental regulation.

Peasant Studies As a New Direction in Modern Studies of Russian Agrarian History

This article describes the circumstances under which a permanent interdisciplinary international seminar “Modern Concepts of Agrarian Development” arose in 1992. The roles of the Russian historian V.P. Danilov at the Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences (IRH RAS) and the English historian-sociologist T. Shanin (Manchester University, Britain), as well as the role of the problems discussed at the meetings at the seminar and the publication of the seminar’s materials by the journal Otechestvennayaistoriya (Russian History) in the development of a new direction in Russian agrarian historical research, in the creation of this forum are shown. Suggestions are made about why the methodological approaches that gained popularity in the 1960s in Western Peasant Studies are difficult to apply to Russian-language historical publications on agrarian issues. An idea is given of some works of modern domestic historians that can rightfully be attributed to the direction of research called peasant studies.

Type Specimens of Carrion or Meat Blue Flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae s. l.) in the Collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. I

A catalogue of the type specimens (holotypes, paratypes, and syntypes) of the species of the family Calliphoridae (Diptera) described by Th. Becker, B.B. Rohdendorf, H. Schumann, L.N. Khitzova, and K. Rognes and deposited in the collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia is presented. Photographs of the specimens and labels of the holotypes and syntypes are given.

Atmospheric Research for Adaptive Optics

Adaptive optics (AO) systems are an essential part of large astronomical telescopes and laser complexes operating through the atmosphere. Each AO system is individually designed; the requirements for the components and the performance of an AO system are determined by the intensity and distribution of turbulent fluctuations of the air refractive index over the radiation propagation path. In this work, we review the techniques and instruments for measuring and forecasting atmospheric conditions for AO, including devices and techniques developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. The basic principles of atmospheric AO and the related atmospheric parameters are briefly described. Particular attention is paid to the parameter used for the estimation of capabilities of AO systems, i.e., the wind speed at a level of 200 hPa. The comparison with the data from foreign astronomical observatories is carried out. The necessity for atmospheric research for large Russian astronomical observatories is discussed.

ОТДЕЛ ВОСТОЧНЫХ РУКОПИСЕЙ: КРАТКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ И ВАЖНЕЙШИЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The prerequisites and history of the creation of the Department of Oriental Manuscripts of the Order of the Badge of Honour Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IHLL UFRC RAS) are considered. The Institute, as is known, owns the Fund of Manuscripts named after G.B. Khusainov, containing a rich written heritage of great scientific and cultural significance. Some of them were written over 200 years ago. The fate of some of them is mysterious and unusual, and, undoubtedly, they are witnesses of certain events in our history and are a valuable primary source for studying the history and spiritual culture of the Bashkir people. The priority topics of scientific research of the department are identified and described, the relevance and significance of the development of which is due to the need to introduce into scientific circulation and popularize Arabic written monuments in Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages, available in the collections of the UFRC RAS, and above all, in the Fund of Manuscripts named after G.B. Khusainov. The results of the purposeful work of the Department of Oriental Manuscripts on the study and systematization of early printed books and manuscripts of the above-mentioned Fund, the introduction of new documents into scientific circulation are shown. Separately, the work of field expeditions of recent years, which were carried out with the financial support of grants from various scientific foundations, is singled out and analyzed. Archaeographic and complex expeditions have been and remain the main source of replenishment of the fund of manuscripts and early printed books with new documents.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ, ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ОТДЕЛА НОВЕЙШЕЙ ИСТОРИИ БАШКОРТОСТАНА

The article is devoted to the history of the creation of the Department of the Modern History of Bashkortostan of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an analytical review of the main activities, the results obtained during the scientific study of topical problems of domestic and regional history of the modern period and further prospects for its development. The department, like the institute itself, dates back to the 1920s and has passed a difficult path of formation and development. Over the entire long period of its history, it has also suffered repeated reorganizations, losses and serious difficulties. Through its research activities, the department has made and continues to make a great contribution to the development of scientific problems of regional history. Historians who stood at the origins of the department laid a solid foundation for the development and in-depth study of the Soviet and modern history of Bashkortostan in the early 1920s. Today, the department continues to conduct active research and scientific collecting activities, this is confirmed by the published generalizing works and monographs that have supplemented domestic and regional historiography, documentary collections on a number of problems of modern history and the introduction of unique sources included in their compositions into scientific circulation for the first time is a serious support for researchers in conducting scientific research. The department faces important and responsible tasks of a comprehensive study of the modern history of Bashkortostan, with reference to unexplored and insufficiently studied problems, revision and fundamental assessments of many events and facts, further development of key problems of regional history.

Сказание о Тихвинской иконе Богоматери как источник по истории организации строительства в России первой трети XVI века

Introduction. At the turn of the 15th – 16th centuries, a new stage of development began in the history of Russian culture, marked by acquaintance with Western European traditions. This process was especially pronounced in the monuments of ancient Russian temple architecture and was reflected in the active construction activities of Italian masters invited to Russia by Moscow rulers. For art historians, one of the important problems in the study of ancient Russian architecture is the process of organizing construction activities. Despite the large number of surviving architectural monuments of the 15th – 16th centuries, evidence of the construction process is fragmentary. In this regard, the introduction of new sources on this issue into scientific circulation is an urgent task. Methods and materials. The work is focused on the analysis of the text of one of the copies of the Tale of the Theotokos of Tikhvin, kept by the Manuscript Department of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NIOR BAN, Collection of the Archeographic Commission No. 157). It contains information about the construction of the porch of the Assumption Cathedral in Tikhvin obtained by textual comparison of a number of lists of Tales. Analysis. During the study, one of the plots of the Theotokos of Tikhvin was analyzed and the peculiarities of the organization of the construction process in Tikhvin in the first third of the 17th century were revealed. Results. In the process of studying the plot on the construction of the cathedral porch, the stages of construction work carried out from April to June 1537 were restored. In the text of the Tale there is one of the earliest references to the “sovereign drawing”, in accordance with which the porch was built.

НОВЕЙШИЕ АРХЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СОТРУДНИКОВ ОТДЕЛА ИСТОРИИ И ИСТОРИИ КУЛЬТУРЫ БАШКОРТОСТАНА ИНСТИТУТА ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН

The article highlights the results of scientific and archeographic research by employees of the Department of History and Cultural History of Bashkortostan of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences over the past two decades. The historiographic traditions of archaeographic developments were laid down in pre-revolutionary regional historiography. In the 1930s with the support of the government of the Bashkir ASSR, with the help of Leningrad and Moscow researchers, the collection of «Materials on the History of the Bashkir ASSR» was published, as a result of which a colossal amount of unique primary sources was introduced into scientific circulation. A worthy contribution to the development of the problems of the national-state system was the scientific and archeographic development of B.Kh. Yuldashbaev. The creation in February 1972 on the basis of the IHLL of the South Ural Branch of the Archaeographic Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR led to a significant expansion of archeographic research and publication of documents. In the post-Soviet period, the philosophy, methodology, and research topics of Russian historical science have changed dramatically, which is also reflected in the publication of primary sources. First of all, the scope of archeographic developments expanded - collections of documents appeared on the census of the population of the Ufa province in 1917 and 1920, the Muslim corps of deputies of the State Duma of Russia in 1906-1917, the Sufi sheikh Zaia Rasulev, on the participation of the Bashkir army in the Polish campaign (1771-1773) , about the Bashkir society according to the documents of the Ufa command hut of the end of the 16th-17th centuries. The research project "History of the Bashkir people" gave a great impetus to archeographic work at the Institute of Nuclear Literature - 8 volumes of collections of documents were published, in the preparation of which the employees of the department took an active part. The archaeographic work of the staff of the department continued later - the diary of the Ufa official M.S. Rebelinsky, as well as the second volume of «Materials on the History of Bashkortostan», which was prepared by A.P. Chuloshnikov by 1940, but remained unpublished due to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The processes of digitization of archival funds and the possibility of facsimile reproduction of archival originals, taking into account the achievements of the previous historiographic stage of archaeographic research, open up great opportunities for posing a wide range of research problems previously inaccessible to historians.

ОТДЕЛ ПРИКЛАДНОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКИ И ДИАЛЕКТОЛОГИИ: ВЕХИ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ

The article discusses the stages of formation of the Department of Applied Linguistics and Dialectology. This department was created on the basis of the Laboratory of Linguistics and Information Technologies of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Over the years of its existence, the laboratory has made a significant contribution to the support of the Bashkir language in computer technology. Standards for the code table and keyboard layout for the Bashkir language were developed, a number of software products were localized that created an «infrastructure» for the national language in IT technologies. The employees of the division created linguistic information systems: a machine fund of the Bashkir language, corpus projects, a terminological data bank, which operate on the Internet in the public domain. Significant work was done by Bashkir dialectologists in the early and middle of the 20th century: field material was collected on the reference points of dialects, dialectological dictionaries were published, the dialect system was described, and an atlas of dialects of the national language was prepared. But due to the departure of the generation of dialectologists and the mistakes made by the previous leaders of the IIL in the personnel issue, from the 90s to the present, a systematic scientific study of the Bashkir dialects and dialects has not been conducted at the IIL. The number of expeditions with a unified program for collecting the materials themselves has sharply decreased. The materials of previous expeditions were not digitized, most of them were lost. For more than 30 years, there have been shifts and changes in dialects and dialects that have not been recorded or studied. Modern dialectology puts forward new approaches to the study of dialects, a new methodology for processing field materials has appeared. Taking into account the need to restore research on Bashkir dialectology, in particular, the immediate start of collecting field materials, since the process of the disappearance of the speakers themselves is underway, creating information resources on dialects on their basis, the directorate of the institute and the leadership of the UFIC, it was decided to strengthen the staff of the unit with specialists in dialectology and transform the laboratory to the department. The article deals with new scientific tasks facing the department.

System and network organization of modern concepts of psychology (on the example of scientific research by scientists from the Institute of psychology of the Russian academy of sciences)

System and network organization of modern concepts of psychology (on the example of scientific research by scientists from the Institute of psychology of the Russian academy of sciences)

БАШКИРСКОЕ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ В ИНСТИТУТЕ ИСТОРИИ, ЯЗЫКА И ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ УФИЦ РАН: ОСНОВНЫЕ ЭТАПЫ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article describes the main stages and directions of studying the Bashkir language within the walls of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 100 years ago, the Society for the Study of Bashkiria was founded under the People's Commissariat of Education - the Academcenter, which was succeeded by the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During these past 100 years, the Institute has become one of the famous centers for the study of the language, culture, literature and history of the Bashkir and other peoples in Bashkortostan. In the first decades, work was carried out on the problems of the formation of the modern Bashkir literary language. In connection with the need to study the vocabulary of the spoken language of the Bashkirs, folklore-linguistic expeditions were organized. The expeditions were led by N.K. Dmitriev to various regions of the republic and the Bashkir-speaking regions of neighboring regions. Until the middle of the twentieth century. the main attention was focused on solving the issues of collecting, fixing language materials, on the development of new spelling, grammatical, lexical norms. As a result, numerous terminological dictionaries, spelling aids, and the first grammatical descriptions appeared. From the middle of the twentieth century linguists pay the most attention to the study of the history of the Bashkir language, dialectology, semasiology, and onomastics. The extensive material collected during numerous expeditions makes it possible to study the dialect material with the necessary completeness, describe the history of the development of the language, which is reflected in lexicographic publications and theoretical generalization in the relevant monographs. At the turn of the millennium, new related areas of study of the Bashkir language are being developed: ethnolinguistics, linguofolkloristics, and computational linguistics. The terminological, orthographic, explanatory, dialectal, semasiological, translation, ethnolinguistic dictionaries developed at the Institute show, on the one hand, the formation of the Bashkir literary language itself over 100 years, on the other hand, they are evidence of the extensive work carried out at the Institute on the study of the Bashkir language, marking are significant milestones in the development of Bashkir linguistics at the Institute, successfully continuing to this day.