Rural Production Research Articles

Study of the Impact of Rural Land Transfer on the Status of Women in Rural Households

While the status of rural women in the family has undergone changes, rural land transfer has brought about transformations in both rural production and daily life. This paper adopts the perspective of rural land transfer, follows the research track of Marx and Engels’s theory of women, and based on the theoretical research of the changes in the status of modern women in the family, constructs a framework for analyzing the status of women in rural families. Drawing on the data from the 2014 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS2014), this article utilizes OLS (Ordinary Least Square) and ordered logit models to explore the impact of rural land transfer on the status of women in rural households. The study reveals the following findings: Initially, rural land transfer-out improves women’s household decision-making power and enhances the status of women in rural households. The reliability of these results is further confirmed through robustness tests and endogeneity discussions. Secondly, the heterogeneity analysis indicates that the transfer of agricultural land promotes the status of women in rural households in nonmajor grain-producing areas more than women in major grain-producing areas. The reason is that women in major grain-producing areas lack off-farm employment opportunities compared with women in non-major grain-producing areas and the main grain producing areas may have a strong patriarchal cultural atmosphere. Thirdly, the analysis of mechanisms indicates that rural land transfer-out improves the status of women in rural households by augmenting their independent income. Conversely, rural land transfer-in increases women’s private labor and decreases their independent income without promoting their family status. The study sheds light on rural women’s empowerment, the improvement of intra-household bargaining power, and the comprehensive development of rural women. The conclusion of this paper provides a new understanding and some recommendations for us to explore the change of rural women’s status in the family.

Agronanotechnology in the arid zones of northern Mexico: Research, challenges, and new trends

The agri-food systems in arid zones face challenges related to climate change, desertification, and soil contamination from agrochemicals' actions, among others. The agronanotechnology can generate alternatives to these problems, but it is necessary to monitor its development to have elements to apply policies that are oriented to the attention of these regions with a social perspective. This scientific paper aims to present provide a study of the situation of agronanotechnology in the arid zones of northern Mexico. Using bibliometric tools, the academic output in the field and map the public research agenda, focusing on providing the set of crops to which the local research is directed was analyzed. Furthermore, the literature associated with the risks to human health and the environment derived from some nanomaterials of agri-food interest and clarify the areas of opportunity and trends was reviewed. The results show a total of 224 research articles authored by 1029 scholars in 161 journals published from 2004 to 2022; that research on this topic reached its highest value in 2018 and then levels off at a value around of ~37%. The findings show a research agenda related to crops of economic interest for the export market like tequila, tomato, avocado, chili, watermelon. In México, agronanotechnology is an emerging field that deals with some crops of economic interest, but its development needs to be intertwined with the needs of rural producers.

The impact of high-quality development of rural logistics on consumption: energy and healthcare consumption as an example

Introduction: The creation of infrastructure in rural areas is an essential guarantee for the economic development and in improving farmers’ living standards. As a critical link between urban and rural production and consumption, rural logistics is essential to maximize the efficiency of rural infrastructure investment.Methods: Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2011–2020, the study analyzes the impact of high-quality development of rural logistics on the enhancement of residents’ consumption in terms of scale and quality, using a fixed-effects model.Results: It suggest that this development promotes the growth of rural residents’ consumption and quality, with a noticeable regional heterogeneity. The most significant effect is observed in the eastern region. Further analysis shows that inland and less developed provinces of rural e-commerce stimulate residents’ consumption upgrade with the help of high-quality development of rural logistics at a level weaker than coastal provinces and developed provinces of rural e-commerce.Discussion: Consequently, it is recommended to boost the building of logistics infrastructure in rural areas and actively cultivate diversified rural logistics operators in the western and northeastern regions. The contribution of this study is to examine the impact of rural logistics on rural residents’ consumption from the perspective of infrastructure, further validating the role of infrastructure development in promoting economic growth.

Ethnoarchaeological examination of workspaces for rural producers of market-oriented wares

Communities of traditional female potters produced thousands of utilitarian market-oriented wares from local clays on the islands of Cyprus and Luzon in the 1980s. They worked inside and outside their homes, together with members of their nuclear family, or in a communal workspace. Although the physical evidence of production tends to be sparse, the two ethnoarchaeological studies of craft specialists discussed here provide clues to identify ancient potters who worked in their household courtyards. In Cyprus, a partial move to a dedicated village workspace, away from home courtyards, initiated the use of a communal kiln and a shift from reliance on help from spouses and children. At the same time, continuity prevailed for independent potters who continued to work at home. The household production of market-oriented pottery, by male and female craftspeople in Cyprus and the Philippines, supported their family and village while meeting the needs of customers in villages and towns.

Practical method for table grape selection using multicriteria decision análisis

The São Francisco Valley (Pernambuco-PE, Brazil) is of great importance for the local economy, since the region represents a large portion of Brazilian production and export of fresh grapes. Traditional methods of feasibility analysis involve only cost or productivity analyses, but for the grape growers there must be techniques and methods that assist decision making involving other criteria with characteristics of the grape. Yet, there is a noticeable lack of multi-criteria methods that assist the grower in making decisions for selection of commercial table grape cultivars for the feasibility analysis. Thus, the aim of the present study is to select table grape cultivars through multiple criteria, using a new method for eliciting scale constants: the Flexible and Interactive Tradeoff (FITradeoff), for the purpose of assisting a rural producer to expand production while minimizing inconsistencies in the decision-making process. With the assistance of a decision maker, the Decision Matrix and Consequence Table were constructed on Microsoft Excel® – composed by 11 criteria and 3 alternatives, all closed source grape cultivars (with patents). Then, the data were applied on the FITradeoff software for the ranking problematic. Thus, it was possible to arrive at a ranking of the best alternatives, where the cultivar Timpson (SNFL) (U2) was found to be the optimal solution proposed for the rural producer. The application of FITradeoff provided a satisfactory result with little time and effort spent, leading to a final suggestion for the decision maker. In addition, at the end of the process, it provided graphical visualization of the performance and dominance of each criterion selected, as well as a ranking of the grape cultivars through the Hasse Diagram, with the order of the best alternatives. Ordering the grape genotypes considering Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis methods is crucial to selection of commercial table grape cultivars. The method can be applied to other segments of agriculture that require multi-criteria evaluations.

Utilization Pattern of Information and Communication Technologies among the Farming Community of West Bengal

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) represent a pivotal paradigm shift, rendering agricultural extension services more realistic and efficient manner, especially in the ever-changing agrarian landscape. Considering the importance of ICTs among rural producers, a study was conducted in the year 2021 to delineate the utilization pattern of ICTs in two purposively selected districts of West Bengal, one representing an agriculturally prosperous district (Purba Burdwan), while other being a backward district (Birbhum), constituting randomly selected 160 respondents engaged in crop and dairy farming. The information about weather forecasting for crop production and dairy animal management was the most utilized information by Purba Burdwan farmers, contrasting to Birbhum farmers’ focus on marketing of crop produce and breeding of animals. Television and smartphones were the most preferred ICT tools. Multiple comparisons by Duncan Multiple Range Test revealed a notable disparity in ICT usage between the districts, with Purba Burdwan farmers exhibiting higher utilization levels. Additionally, the study identified strategic pathways to enhance ICT adoption, especially in the backward districts, thereby offering a roadmap for elevating the socio-economic conditions of farmers in these regions.

O Impacto de Pagamentos de Serviços Ambientais na Mata Atlântica: Um Estudo Geoespacial

ABSTRACT Objective: this study aimed at understanding the impact of payment for environmental services (PES) programs in relation to environmental indicators in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. Theoretical approach: the literary framework included three topics of discussion: payment for environmental services, program evaluation, and theory of change. In a broader way, the theme of evaluating programs in the agricultural area was articulated, considering the precepts of the theory of change. Method: geospatial data on land use, between 2016 and 2021, and amounts paid under the PES program with rural producers were collected to evaluate the impact on the increase or decrease in degraded and recovered areas. Data analysis included multivariate statistics, more specifically the comparison between groups and the relationship between variables through multiple linear regression. Results: the empirical results highlight that there is a significant difference in the increase in areas under recovery between producers who received PES values and producers not participating in this program. As for the types of PES, the one that pays for improvements in land use contributed most to the increase in the area under recovery. Conclusions: the study shows that evaluation methods for PES must be increasingly complex and measurable, as there are several possibilities for impacts depending on the objective of the program. The results are relevant to the theoretical, practical, and social spheres, in addition to helping to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Análise das redes de colaboração em ações de pesquisa científica e tecnológica sobre maracujá

ABSTRACT: Scientific research on passion fruit has been conducted in several institutions worldwide, and it is of interest to the productive sector, the scientific community, and science and technology managers to learn about current scientific advances and opportunities through metric studies of bibliographic information. A survey of publications indexed in the Web of Science and the Agricultural Research Database-BDPA, in European Patent Office - Espacenet, and Embrapa’s technologies and projects were used as indicators to characterize research networks. This study analyzed the co-authorship and co-citation network of scientific production, the strength of connections among institutions, and a map of co-occurrence of keywords from 2001 to 2020. Brazil, the United States, Colombia, and France had the largest co-authorship networks for Passifloraceae. Brazilian institutions that are in a prominent position in the analysis of co-authorship networks and that produced the largest number of publications were Embrapa, University of São Paulo (USP), and State University of Campinas (Unicamp). The main themes studied were adsorption, antioxidant, clarification, evolution, flavonoid, flowering, growth, and somatic embryogenesis. Patents related to the use of passifloras were highest between 2015 and 2017 and were mainly focused on the production of food, beverages, cosmetics, and medicines. Brazil has relevant bibliographic production and technological development regarding passion fruit for the academic community and rural producers. These results integrated aspects of scientific activity that can help explore new research directions and explain the use and circulation of scientific production.

The Central Zona da Mata: Rural Production and Trade with Northern Rio de Janeiro in the First Half of the 19th Century

RESUMO Nos primeiros anos do século XIX, a abertura de uma estrada entre a parte central da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais e a cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes atuou como catalisador do processo de ocupação das terras por ela atravessadas. Do mesmo modo, assistiu-se ao incremento do comércio entre as duas áreas, sinalizando para a formação de um espaço econômico particular, em grande medida correspondente à bacia hidrográfica do rio Pomba. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a produção rural e a circulação de mercadorias nessa região ao longo das primeiras décadas do século XIX com base nos dados dos dízimos e de importação e exportação pelo registro da Barra do Pomba, bem como questionar a validade do conceito de espaço econômico para o período posterior ao declínio da atividade mineradora.

Exploring the key success factors: A case study of a digital marketplace platform for Brazilian small farmers

Small agricultural businesses are exposed to global competitive paradigms, and digital marketing platforms have a significant social and economic impact on their competitiveness. An analysis of current product marketplace platforms reveals that many of these platforms cease to exist in an average period of two to three years, which raises the research question: Do any of these platforms have a track record exceeding three years? If so, what are the key success factors that underpin their sustained viability? The objective of this case study is to identify and describe the key success factors of a commercialization platform in Brazil which directly connects small rural producers with their end consumers. Employing an interpretive qualitative approach, this empirical research presents a case study based on a theoretical analysis of the main success factors, examining their application within a Brazilian digital platform facilitating the trade of products between agricultural producers and consumers. The results emphasize key success factors for implementing innovative technology solutions in small agricultural businesses: a committed, supportive management team with visionary leadership; prioritizing market and stakeholder needs; maintaining strong customer relationships; and resource availability. Persistence, resilience, and learning from experiences were also identified as vital skills in the case study, contributing to the platform's long-term success.

НИЩЕННЯ ГОСПОДАРЯ – СКЛАДОВА ЗЛОЧИНУ ГОЛОДОМОРУ-ГЕНОЦИДУ 1932–1933 РОКІВ

The article reveals the destruction by the Soviet command-repressive system of the economic freedoms of the Ukrainian rural producer, the prosperous peasant (kulak), a middle-class representative in the village – the guarantor of the socio-political and economic stability of the state. Since the late 1920s, a command-repressive system of governance was formed in the Ukrainian village, implemented by the Soviet communist political regime. In the context of the problem, it is important to study the dynamics of the destruction of prosperous producers (dekulakisation), which is a component of the criminal genocidal policy of the Soviet totalitarian regime against the Ukrainian nation. During 1918–1920, the Bolsheviks’ periodic invasions of Ukraine were marked by the introduction of a policy of «war communism», when «military communist» methods ensured the non-fixed collection of taxes. In March 1921, the Soviet political regime radically changed the taxation system in the village. Instead of the pre-tax system, a fixed food tax was implemented, and the New Economic Policy was introduced. The years 1928–1929 proved to be a crucial turning point in the relations between the peasant producer and the Soviet state. Since the late 1920s, an overall offensive by the Soviet political regime against the Ukrainian village affected several important segments for the village: the church, economic and political repression of the prosperous producers, forced grain procurement, and forced collectivisation. In 1929–1931, the article examines the example of the village of Zaruddia in Poltava region to demonstrate the formation of a command and repressive system of governance. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the destruction of the spiritual, ethical, socio-economic foundations of the traditional Ukrainian peasant by the Soviet political regime is studied on a specific historical example. The Soviet political communist regime, forming a command-repressive system of governance since the late 1920s, violated human and civil rights and humiliated human dignity. Such actions caused irreparable spiritual, ethical, socio-economic damage in the traditional Ukrainian village.

Agronegócio 4.0: metodologia para escolha de sistemas de ordenha robotizada

Abstract The objective of the article was to select a robotic system for milking and identify its benefits within the Agribusiness 4.0 concept. The study took place on a rural property that implemented robotization in dairy milking in 2021. The selection took place with the help of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, considering three basic criteria and three milking systems. The analysis considers the mechanized milking process (70 animals) with the implementation of robotization (increase in the herd to 107 heads). The results show, among the benefits of robotization, the reduction in demand for manual activities, contributing to the reduction of direct labor and cost reduction, considering that the robot controls consumption and productivity per matrix. In general, the results shows benefits in aspects related to the feeding of dairy cows, control of animal health and welfare, productivity and labor. It is noteworthy that investments made in technology, as recommended by Agribusiness 4.0, contribute to operational improvements (labor demand) and productivity, which can benefit rural producers' satisfaction with dairy farming.

Study on the environmental status of Shichigou Village, Rim yu, Qinling Mountains

Abstract The article illustrates and analyzes the environmental features of Rim Valley and Shifangou Village in the northern Qinling Mountains. Firstly, the ecological characteristics of Rim Valley in terms of elevation, slope, slope direction, river network, and land use classification were summarized through Arcgis mapping so as to overview the environment of Shifangou village as a sub-body of the Rim Valley; secondly, the environmental data of Shifangou village were obtained through field research, and the village landscape evaluation was conducted according to the local conditions, and the methods used were hierarchical analysis and villagers’ rating method, which were based on four dimensions of village environment: ecological elements, production elements, life elements, and feelings elements. The technique used is hierarchical analysis and villagers’ rating method, which mainly evaluates the rural environment in four dimensions, namely, rural ecological elements, rural production elements, rural life elements, and rural feeling elements, and expands on the basis of the “Three Lives” research method, focusing on people’s feelings towards the countryside, so as to arrive at the basic situation of the environment in Shifangou Village.

ОЦЕНКА РАЗВИТИЯ СТРАХОВАНИЯ ПОСЕВОВ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР В РОССИИ

Overcoming and reducing the influence of negative natural, climatic, geopolitical, and economic factors on the development of Russian agriculture is the main condition for ensuring its food security. In recent years, the development of agricultural insurance has become an important tool for stabilizing the work of agricultural producers. During 2016-2018 the number of insured agricultural producers and the size of sown areas decreased, and since 2019 there has been an increase in indicators: if in 2018 the share of insured sown areas in Russia as a whole was only 1.7%, then in 2022 - 8.6%. In 2016 small forms of farming accounted for only about 15% of the total number of insured agricultural producers to whom subsidies were provided, and in 2022 - already more than 37%. With the increase in the number of insurances and the areas of insured areas, the insured amounts and the amounts accrued also increased significantly insurance premium, including those paid. A positive trend is also the ratio of the paid and accrued insurance premium, which in 2016 was 0.904, then in 2022 – 0.994. Rural producers mainly insure crops of grain and oilseeds, the share of which in the structure of insured areas is 79.3 and 14.9%, respectively. At the same time, the issues of crop insurance are unevenly developed across territorial units of the country: in 2021-2022, the largest amounts of insured areas are in the Southern, Central and Volga Federal Districts, the smallest in the North-Western and Ural Federal Districts. Agricultural insurance indicators are to a certain extent influenced by climatic conditions, in particular, due to unfavorable weather conditions, the largest number of crop insurers in 2021 were in Volga region.

ANALYSIS OF LABOR MOTIVATION TO ENSURE EFFECTIVE EMPLOYMENT OF RURAL POPULATION

Labor potential is the main driving force of modern agrarian transformations and at the same time an objective factor in the sustainable development of agricultural production. The importance of this determines the need to stabilize the economic system by increasing the employment of labor as a fundamental element of rural production potential, reducing unemployment, increasing the income level of workers and reducing their poverty, overcoming the negative consequences of demographic processes in rural areas. The paper analyzes agricultural personnel by the nature of labor motivation. It is determined that in agricultural production, the achievement of rational employment is possible only under certain conditions, in particular when each individual employee becomes the actual owner of the property, actually participates in production management, fully receives for successful work and is responsible for possible losses.

Analysis of Conceptual Definitions of Agribusiness Using the Conceptual Bibliographic Method

Purpose: Agribusiness is a phenomenon of interest to science from several aspects, and this multiplicity of aspects taken simultaneously is a new way of trying to understand and explain it. Specific, unidisciplinary studies still predominate on a single element of agribusiness, such as finance, marketing, and production, among countless others. However, the trend is towards multifactorial studies because agribusiness is a phenomenon that cannot be classified solely as industry, commerce, or service or as a primary, secondary, or tertiary sector. Consolidated agribusiness is all of these things simultaneously, whose reality is delimited by science based on its conceptual definitions. Therefore, the definitions must be analyzed so that the current stage of scientific knowledge about the phenomenon can be understood, especially its limits, characteristics, and dynamics, which are the purposes of this study.
 
 Theoretical Structure: The theoretical architecture of this study consisted of seeking to understand the phenomenon of agribusiness with socio-economic development, which is its most evident externality. It was carried out interdisciplinary, highlighting its integral reality based on what appears and can be identified in the conceptual definitions available in scientific publications. The justification for this procedure was the need to understand agribusiness from multiple scientific views so that its various aspects could be understood.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: This study aimed to analyze the conceptual definitions of agribusiness in the scientific literature in studies published between 2015 and 2023. To this end, it established three guiding questions, which sought to identify the frontiers of knowledge about the phenomenon, its main attributes, and what logical scheme it is possible to find among its main defining characteristics. For this, the conceptual bibliographic method was used, which consists of formulating a problem and its breakdown into a response pattern, collecting data in scientific databases, organizing and analyzing data based on semantic resources, and generating responses from the diagrammatic layout of the data organization.
 
 Findings: The results showed the existence of nine approaches to agribusiness (set, sum, activity, science, practice, configuration, industry, process, and transformation) and eight groups of attributes (transnational activities, commercialization, distribution logistics, supply logistics, companies, production, services, and agroecosystem). These discoveries allowed us to understand that agribusiness has an evolutionary dynamic that begins with the professionalization of the rural output and culminates with the irradiation of the reach of this production to transnational borders.
 Research, Practical, and Social Implications: These findings fundamentally affect how agribusiness is viewed. In Brazil, in particular, the prevalent mentality tends to distinguish agribusiness as a unique and exclusive form of large rural enterprises, almost all of which are already globalized, excluding small enterprises from this coverage, almost always classified as family farming. Suppose the family farmer establishes himself as an enterprise. In that case, he often receives the entire discriminatory range intended for the large agribusiness enterprise, discouraging his professionalization, an essential corollary of the germ of agribusiness. Professionalization involves replacing improvised methods of producing and managing the enterprise with rational aspects originating from science and introducing scientifically subsidized techniques and technologies.
 
 Originality/Value: The main contribution of this study to science was the construction of an evolutionary dynamic of agribusiness, which begins with the professionalization of rural production and culminates with globalization. These findings suggest that the family farming stage needs to be broken so that the benefits of professionalization can lead to improved quality of life and desired socioeconomic development for producers and partners.

Modeling of a Business Incubator Program for Islamic Youth Organizations for the Development of Superior Rural Products

By raising research questions about What is an effective business incubator strategy in developing superior products in rural areas? and How effective is the Business Incubator Program Modeling for Islamic Youth Organizations for Developing Superior Rural Products in Cilacap Regency, this study focuses on looking at the effectiveness of business incubators as well as the role of Islamic youth organizations in cultivating village potential so that they are able to drive the economy of their region. A qualitative descriptive approach carried out for 3 months was chosen as a technique for obtaining data. Research was conducted in sub-districts/villages that have superior products that can be developed through business incubators implemented by Islamic youth organizations in the village under the guidance of the village/sub-district. Furthermore, in determining informants a purposive sampling technique was used. Primary data (Interviews and Observations) and secondary data (Documentation and Literature) were extracted from research subjects to answer research questions. Furthermore, to describe the findings of this research, Donald Van Metter and Carl Van Horn's model is used with six variables that influence policy performance to analyze the effectiveness of OKp. Field findings provide an illustration that in simple terms, business incubation that can be carried out by Islamic Youth Organizations is a community empowerment strategy. This strategy is considered effective, especially since youth organizations have strength, namely a mass base, as well as organizational skills. The business incubation model with a rural community empowerment strategy leads to the classic model, namely joint discussions, joint deliberations. This model is effective, besides being easy and affordable.

Ba theory applied in clay pot irrigation for smallholder farmers in brazilian Eastern Amazon

The objective of this work was to apply the theoretical “Ba” of knowledge management in the “Ba” space, having as its place of evolution the Technological Reference Unit (TRU) with clay pots that reuse rainwater to keep crops irrigated with clay pots on rural properties, in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. Installed in 2016 in the community of Lavras in Santarém, being a place frequently visited by those interested in learning about the technology. The irrigation has low energy consumption, as the rainwater is distributed to the pots by gravitational force and it is possible to diversify agricultural crops, types of arrangements and different strategies to provide new financial gains for rural producers, due to the possibility of production in dry periods. The TRU is a space where research, teaching, extension and rural producers work in evolutionary partnership. The analysis of main components showed that farmers significantly expanded their knowledge, adding quality of life and improving family income, after installing IrrigaPote. The location is typical of a “Ba” space with sustainable collective learning, pointing out indicators in the social, environmental and economic scope, which can be replicated by rural family-based farmers interested in the efficient use of water, in irrigated crops anywhere in the world terrestrial.

Water Balance, Climate Classification and Empirical Distribution of the Probability of Rain for the Region of Tangará da Serra – MT

Objective: The present work aimed to describe the Climatological Water Balance (BHC), carry out the Climate Classification (CC) and evaluate the Empirical Probability (EP) of rainfall occurrence for the region of Tangará da Serra – MT. Theoretical Frame: This study used the following main citations as a theoretical basis: National Water Agency (ANA) and National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), source of climate data; Thornthwaite & Mather (1955) for the climatological water balance methodology; Thornthwaite (1948) and Koppen (1900) for climate classification; and Thom (1966) for the methodology of probability of occurrence and return period of rain. Method: To carry out the study, a series of 31 years of climate data was used, covering the period from 1989 to 2019, obtained from the National Water Agency (ANA) and the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET). Filling gaps in the data was carried out using the Regional Weighting method, according to the methodology of Mello et al. (2017). The climatological water balance was estimated according to Thornthwaite & Mather (1955). The climate classification was obtained using the methodologies of Thornthwaite (1948) and Koppen (1900). The probability of occurrence and the period of return of rain were achieved using the methods of Thom (1966). Results and Conclusions: Through studies carried out, it was found that the average annual precipitation in Tangará is 1603 mm and the average annual air temperature is 24.5 °C. The months of May, June, July, August and September present a water deficit, while in the months of December, January, February, March and April there is a water surplus. According to Thornthwaite's methodology, the region has a humid climate, with moderate water deficiency in winter, megathermal and with potential evapotranspiration in the summer less than 48% of the annual potential evapotranspiration, whereas according to Koppen's methodology, the location was classified as megathermal or tropical with drought in the winter. The probability of rainfall less than the maximum average of 47.7 mm is 93.3% and its return time is approximately 15 years. Implications of the research: This research is classified as of great importance for the purposes of the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the State University of Mato Grosso, Campus of Nova Mutum and Tangará da Serra - MT, as well as for the entire academic and scientific community and interested rural producers. in climatic data, water balance and climate of the studied region. Originality and value: This study aimed to show the academic and scientific community and rural producers the behavior of climatic variables throughout the year in the municipality of Tangará da Serra – MT, where this information can be used for agricultural planning in the region and also serve as a basis for future studies.

MIȘCAREA COOPERATISTĂ INTERBELICĂ. STUDIU DE CAZ: OLTENIA

After 1919, the importance of bond credit cooperatives increased. For both the small rural producer and the civil servant, the people bank remained the most advantageous credit institution. In the first post-war decade, the most popular banks were in the Old Kingdom, and they had to be reinvigorated on the one hand, and, on the other hand, strengthened through attracting new funds. In the interwar period, the credit cooperatives from Oltenia granted loans, especially to those who used them for productive purposes: buying animals and land, purchasing tools and seeds, etc. After 1934, we noticed a huge demand for credit from the peasants, however, the central institutions asked for caution in contracting new debts, in order to avoid the situations encountered during the years of economic crisis.