Rule Consciousness Research Articles

Team personality characteristics and performance in a simulated largeaircraft instrument control task

We investigated the relationship between personality characteristics and performance on a simulated large-aircraft instrument control task. The sample comprised 155 undergraduates in China, who completed the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire to assess personality characteristics, and were randomly allocated to one of 31 teams of five people. We used multiple regression analysis to establish a predictive model of team performance based on team personality elevation and team personality diversity integration models. The results showed that when the team personality elevation integration was used as the independent variable, an increase in rule consciousness led to improvement in team performance, whereas an increase in vigilance, dominance, and social boldness led to a deterioration in team performance. When team personality diversity integration was used as the independent variable, an increase in warmth and openness to change led to improvement in team performance, and an increase in sensitivity led to deterioration in team performance. The simulation task designed in this study provides a specific tool for research involving flight crews on large aircraft. The findings provide a theoretical reference for optimum allocation of flight crews.

Personality Profile of Elite Male Badminton Players of Bangladesh

Background: Psychology is the scientific study of human mind and its functions, especially those which affect behaviour in a given context. A personality profile is a comprehensive assessment that provides insights into an individual's psychological characteristics, behavioural tendencies, and emotional attributes. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to analyze and understand the personality profile of elite male badminton players of Bangladesh. Methods: The personality profile was measured for the present study. For assessing personality profile, 16 PF questionnaire which was developed by Cattell was considered. Personality factors were assessed using Bengali version of Raymond Cattell’s 16 PF questionnaires (Form-C) developed and standardized by Bose and Chatterjee (1984), Department of Applied Psychology, University of Calcutta. The 16 PF questionnaire was included total sixteen factors i.e. Factor A-reserved v/s outgoing; Factor B- less intelligent v/s more intelligent; Factor C-economically less stable v/s economically stable; Factor E- humble v/s assertive; Factor F-sober v/s enthusiastic; Factor G-expedient v/s conscientious; Factor H- shy v/s venturesome; Factor I-tough minded v/s tender minded; Factor L- trusting v/s suspicious; Factor M-practical v/s imaginative; Factor N-forthright v/s shrewd; Factor O- self assured vs. apprehensive; Factor Q1- conservative vs. liberal; Factor Q2- Group oriented v/s self sufficient; Factor Q3- undisciplined self-conflict v/s following self image; Factor Q4- relaxed v/s tensed. Total hundred male badminton players (n=100) who were attending National Coaching Camp of Bangladesh were selected as subjects. The collected data of personality factors were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The results of the present study revealed that the subjects were lower average in Factor H. On the other hand they were also found to be higher than the normal in Factors G and Q3. In respect of other factors they had found average standard mean values. Conclusions: National level male badminton players of Bangladesh appear to be average in personality traits including; A (warmth), C (emotional stability), E (dominance), F (liveliness), I (sensitivity), L (vigilance), N (privateness, O (apprehension), Q1 (openness to change), and Q4 (tensions ). It is also found that they have less reasoning ability (Factor B), be shy, sensitive, and hesitant (Factor H) in respect of social boldness. National level male badminton players of Bangladesh appear to be dutiful and rule bound (Factor G), imaginative (Factor M), self reliant (Factor Q2) and socially precise (Factor Q3)) conscientious in respect of rule consciousness.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, PERCEIVED CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS, AND PERSONALITY PROFILES OF ALCOHOL AND OPIOID USERS IN SOUTHERN ASSAM

Background:- Substance abuse has been identified as a disorder with multitude of determinants often influencing its development at multiple levels ranging from the psychosocial to the genetic. One prominent among these factors are personality dimensions. There is a dearth of studies on the personality factors associated with substance use, the factors associated with initiation and continuation of substance use in this population. These need to be studied, which should inform any future attempts at preparing strategies at the clinical setting as well as policy making level to deal with this problem. Methods:- This study was a cross-sectional hospital based study. Forty consecutive patients from each substance use group who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria attending the department were selected as study subjects. Substance abuse disorder was diagnosed in accordance with the International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) diagnostic guidelines. Sixteen personality factor was used to assess the personality traits of the subjects. It comprises of a set of 185 self-scored questions. Originally designed in 1949 by Raymond B. Cattell, Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber.. Analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics, statistical significance being set at p<0.05. Chi-squared test or FisherÂ’s exact test were used to compare discreet variables and independent samples t-test was used to compare means of continuous variables. Results:- All the study participants were found to be males. First exposure to alcohol was at a significantly earlier age than to opioid. The opioid abusers were predominantly urban inhabitants while the alcohol users predominantly rural. The alcohol users were predominantly daily wage earners or farmers, while the opioid users were predominantly self-employed individuals. This difference in occupation was found to be highly statistically significant. Unlike perceiving a single factor leading to initiation of substance use, many of the study subjects perceived multiple factors to be at play in the continuation of their substance use. Around 2/3rds of alcohol users cited easy availability of alcohol as a major factor. Avoidance of withdrawal symptoms turned out to be an almost universal factor leading to continuation of opioid use as reported by 95% of the opioid users. It was found that the opioid users scored significantly higher in Reasoning (B), Openness to change (Q1), and Self-reliance (Q2) than the alcohol users. Alcohol users, on the other hand, turned out to score significantly higher in Emotional stability (C), Rule consciousness (G), Abstractedness (M) in comparison to opioid users. Conclusion:- The alcohol and opioid users perceive peer pressure and own curiosity as the predominant factors leading to initiation of substance use, while citing the stress or withdrawal symptom nullifying effect, pleasure inducing effect, as well as the easy availability of the substances as factors contributing to continuation of substance use. Alcohol users were more conservative, while the opioid users were more non-conformist, skeptical, and solitude seeking.

Based on the application of contextual teaching method in the rule of law education strategy and the cultivation of college students’ awareness of the rule of law

Abstract This paper clarifies the relationship between the rule of law education strategy, college students’ legal awareness, and contextual pedagogy and proposes that the teaching decision of contextual pedagogy based on reinforcement learning cultivates college students’ legal awareness. Based on the contextual pedagogy of the rule of law education, it puts forward the teaching strategy of the rule of law in the contextual display from students’ and teachers’ perspectives. Q-learning, two-stage separation and single-stage solving optimal decision function are selected to analyze the learning behavior of college students using the teaching decision of the rule of law education with reinforcement learning, and the analysis of college students’ law consciousness is subdivided into right consciousness and obligation consciousness, rule consciousness and procedure consciousness. College students’ awareness of rights scored 14.56±1.96, awareness of obligations scored 13.06±1.45, awareness of rules scored 18.63±1.85, and awareness of procedures scored 15.26±2.02, which shows that college student’s awareness of the law gradually awakening.

Study on the Construction and Realization Path of Political Elements in College Basketball Course

The proposal of “curriculum thought and politics” has put forward new requirements and new challenges to college physical education. How to integrate the rich political ideas contained in physical education into daily teaching has also brought new problems and new opportunities to physical education classroom. This research mainly uses the literature method, firstly expounds the necessity of political elements of college basketball course, and then sorts out the political elements of college basketball course. It believes that college basketball course contains political elements such as patriotic consciousness, teamwork consciousness and trust consciousness, competition consciousness and hard work consciousness, rule consciousness and calm quality. Finally, it puts forward the realization path from the aspects of strengthening teachers' education consciousness and ability, reforming and innovating traditional teaching contents and teaching methods, creating a good curriculum political environment, and configuring and constructing the corresponding mechanism for PE teachers to carry out curriculum political development.

Teaching Design and Discussion of the Experimental Course of "Biogas Production and Utilization Engineering" based on the Ideological and Political Education

Practice teaching occupied an important position in higher education. The experiment program of "Gas chromatography analysis of fermentation gas composition" included in the course of “Biogas Production and Utilization Engineering” in the major of the new energy science and engineering is used as an example to discuss the teaching reform based on the ideological and political education. Through deep exploration of ideological and political elements of the curriculum, the ideological and political teaching concepts including realistic scientific literacy, rule consciousness and safety production consciousness, engineering ethics and legal consciousness are formed as the main content and are further integrated into the teaching design. The experimental teaching reform serves the talent training goal of the major, which is to cultivate engineering and technical talent with both moral and ability in the relevant fields of new energy.

Bilingual Teaching and Curriculum Ideology and Politics under the Engineering Education Certification Concept of the Course Fundamentals of Packaging Technology

The course contents and objectives of "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology (Bilingual)" are determined based on the analysis of problems about course, teachers, textbook and students. The constructivist anchored teaching mode is used, which forms the teaching style of lecturing contextualization, situational gist, autonomic and cooperative learning, bilingual summarization, and generalization and application. This course adopts the blended teaching method, intersperses the keynote speeches after cooperative learning, integrates the ideological and political elements such as consciousness of rules and laws, political identification, patriotism, innovation consciousness, self-confidence in national culture, scientific spirit, and professional quality, and enhances the international perspective through extracurricular reading. The teaching and learning process includes preview before class, teaching in class and development after class. The teaching and learning in class form a paradigm including creating problem situations, core contents of teaching, autonomic learning, cooperative learning, and evaluation of achievements. The bilingual ideological and political teaching receives very good effectiveness and has promotional value.

Comparison of Personality Profile and Sleep Quality of Patients with COPD and Healthy People

Background and Objective: Respiratory disorders affect the personality traits and quality of sleep in pulmonary patients. The purpose of this study was to compare sleep quality and personality factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy individuals.
 Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional project, 70 participants with convenience sampling were enrolled. These participants were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 35 patients with respiratory disorders who were admitted to Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran, to take pulmonary care and group 2 consisted of 35 healthy people from the patients’ families. All were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Statistical analysis of data was performed by SPSS software.
 Results: There was a significant difference between personality factors in two groups, so that mean of B (reasoning), C (emotional stability), E (dominance), F (liveliness), G (rule consciousness), H (social boldness, and Q3 (perfectionism) factors in the healthy group was higher than the patient group and the mean of M (abstractedness), O (apprehension), and Q4 (tension) factors in the patient group was higher than the healthy group. The mean difference in sleep quality was also significant (P < 0.01) and indicated that patient group had more sleep problems and their sleep quality was poor.
 Conclusion: In order to help patients with pulmonary disorders, evaluation of personality status and quality of sleep should be considered. This consideration can help the patients to receive better treatment and their psychological and physical problems would be considered simultaneously.

A comparative study of personality profile among violent and non-violent convicts: A cross sectional study.

The conviction-prone personality sees events as external forces and not according to their own or another's emotion, cognition, or inner forces. This study compared the personality traits and psychopathology of both violent and non-violent convicts. The total number of samples were 60 (30 violent and 30 non-violent) which were recruited from the Central jail of Jaipur (Rajasthan). A pro forma was used to collect sociodemographic variables. The 16-personality factor questionnaire was applied after receiving permission from the concerned authorities. Student t-test was applied to compare violent and non-violent convicts. Violent convicts had high scores for factors E (dominance), H (social boldness), L (vigilance), Q2 (social reliance), and Q4 (tension) and low scores for C (emotional stability) and G (rule consciousness). Whereas non-violent convicts had high scores for factors L (vigilance) and N (privateness) and low score for A (warmth), F (liveliness), O (apprehension), Q2 (self-reliance), and Q4 (tension). All results are statistically significant (P-value was 0.001), except factor I (P-value was 0.745) and M (P-value was 0.314). So, the violent convict group were significantly more dominant, bossy, competitive, bold, self-reliant, individualistic, tense, frustrated, high-energy driven, and self-indulgent as compare to non-violent convicts.

The Generation Mechanism of Relational Rules Consciousness Under the Concept of Shared Development

The Generation Mechanism of Relational Rules Consciousness Under the Concept of Shared Development

Elementary Analysis of the Content and Characteristics of College Students' Consciousness of Rules under the “COVID-19”

The condition of the “COVID-19” puts forward new requirements for the rule consciousness of Chinese citizens. As the hope for the future of the motherland and the nation, college students are excellent groups with better political quality, higher moral quality and good behavior habits. As the builders and successors of socialism with Chinese characteristics, college students' rule consciousness includes rule supremacy consciousness, rule discovery consciousness, rule identification consciousness and rule compliance consciousness, under the epidemic situation, college students' consciousness of rules also has the new characteristics of high cognition and recognition of rules, strong willpower to abide by rules, and actively abide by and practice all kinds of rules.

DOCTRINE CREATION – THE STAGE OF THE SOCIAL (SOCIALLY CONSCIOUS) MANAGEMENT PROCESS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE SUBJECTS OF SOCIAL RELATIONS

The active formation in Ukraine of a block of long-term planning program documents (doctrines, strategies, etc.) in various areas of public relations necessitates the creation of a doctrinal legal basis. At present, the issue of defining the role, place and significance of doctrine creation as a stage in the process of managing social behaviour, as well as at the level of public (socially conscious) management has not been studied. The purpose of this study is to examine the process of managing the social behaviour of the subjects of public relations at the level of public (socially conscious) management; the role, place and content of doctrine creation as a stage of the studied process.The methodological basis of the study is constituted by a set of methods and techniques of scientific knowledge: hermeneutic, analysis and synthesis, logical-semantic analysis, system-structural, etc. The author notes that each process consists of several stages that differ in content and mechanisms, but when it comes to the process of managing social behaviour, it should be borne in mind that this process takes place on two levels: the level of social (socially conscious) management and levels of state (will) government. The understanding of the two-level research process was chosen as the research paradigm, according to which the sequence of stages, steps and their content were analyzed as the components of the process of managing social behaviour of public relations at the level of public (socially conscious) management and determining the place, role and content of doctrine as stages of this process, which also consists of a certain sequence of steps. As a result of the research, the author’s vision of using the terms “public (socially-conscious) management”, “social rule-making”, “social ordering”, “social rule-consciousness”, etc. was formulated. It is outlined that doctrine creation is an optional stage of the research process, and is a source of formation of social rule consciousness (consciousness in the field of social management of social behaviour) of the subjects of public relations and lawmakers at the stage of authorization, which is also referred to the optional stage of the studied process. The author identifies that “social diagnostics” is a component of the process of doctrine creation. The practical significance of the study is to develop proposals for improving the preparatory, normative design activities in the formation of program documents and the creation of their doctrinal basis.

The Risk Perception of Chinese International Students in South Korea during the NCP

The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia（NCP）has severely affected the life of the Chinese international students in South Korea, but it has not received widespread attention from the an academic perspective. Adopting Cultural Risk Perception Theory, this article specifically explains the risk perception characteristics and the coping strategies of the Chinese international students from the perspectives of personal integration and social control cognition during the Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia. The research found that there are four types risk perception characteristics of the Chinese international students-anxiety and fear, trust and order, violation and optimism, suspicion and vigilance, which respectively resulting in four response strategies- avoidance, advancement, speculation and defense. In view of the insufficiency of risk perception characteristics and strategies among Chinese international students in South Korea, it should improve the risk science awareness and the risk rules consciousness, construct the psychological counseling system which can increase the Chinese international students’ risk response capabilities.

Rules Consciousness or Rights Consciousness? A Structural Equation Model of the Relationship between Sociopolitical Values and the Protest Potential among Chinese Citizens

Research on protests and social movements in China has mushroomed alongside the rising occurrences of mass incidents. What drives up citizens’ protest potential, however, has led to two competing theories: the “rights consciousness” view and the “rules consciousness” view. By fitting structural equation model on a nationally representative survey dataset, this paper specifies and estimates these two competing explanations of an individual’s protest potential. This paper finds that rights consciousness drives up individuals’ propensity to protest, whereas rules consciousness depresses it. Furthermore, this paper shows latent measures/social values instead of explicit measures/political values to be effective predictors of protest potential. These research findings have important implications for comparative research on the relationship between values and political behavior in authoritarian regimes beyond the China case.

Behavior Evaluation Based on Electroencephalograph and Personality in a Simulated Driving Experiment.

Assessments and predictions of driving behavior are very important to improve traffic safety. We hypothesized that there were some patterns of driving behaviors, and these patterns had some correlation with cognitive states and personalities. To test this hypothesis, an evaluation of driving status, based on electroencephalography (EEG) and steering behavior in a simulated driving experiment, was designed and performed. Unity 3D was utilized to design the simulated driving scene. A photoelectric encoder fixed on the steering wheel and the corresponding data collection, transmission, and storage device was developed by Arduino, to acquire the rotation direction, angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration of the steering wheel. Biopac MP 150 was utilized to collect the EEG data simultaneously during driving. A total of 23 subjects (mean age 23.6 ± 1.3 years, driving years: 2.4 ± 1.6 years, 21 males and two females) participated in this study. The Fuzzy C-means algorithm (FCMA) was utilized to extract patterns of driving behavior and the cognitive state within the window width of 20 s. The behaviors were divided into five kinds, i.e., negative, normal, alert, stress, and violent behavior, respectively, based on the standard deviation of steering wheel data. The cognitive states were divided into four kinds, i.e., negative, calm, alert, and tension, respectively, based on the EEG data. The correlation of these data, together with the personality traits evaluated using Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) were analyzed using multiclass logistic regression. Results indicated the significance of the cognitive state and seven personality traits [apprehension (O), rule consciousness (G), reasoning (B), emotional stability (C), liveliness (F), vigilance (L), and perfectionism (Q3)] in predicting driving behaviors, and the prediction accuracy was 80.2%. The negative and alert cognitive states were highly correlated with dangerous driving, including negative and violent behaviors. Personality traits complicate the relationship with driving behaviors, which may vary across different types of subjects and traffic accidents.

A Discussion of Robots’ Status as Legal Subjects – Also on the Basic Requirements for the Legal Regulations on Robots,

人是现代民法制度设计的基础和主要保护对象，强调对人的尊重和保护是现代法治文明的主要标志。人工智能机器人的出现不但对现有的社会主体构造和社会关系造成很大冲击，而且对传统的以自然人为核心的民事主体制度也提出了严重挑战。但无论从哲学角度还是从法学角度，都不应当赋予机器人以与人相同的法律主体地位。其原因不仅在于机器人作为人类活动的结果其本身并不具有与周围环境交互影响的内在感知能力，因此并无与自然人类似的基于内心观察(认识)、判断、选择等一系列复杂行为所构成的意思能力，而且更在于机器人就其生成机理来说不可能产生生命和生命权，也没有作为责任承担主体所必备的道德、良心、良知、伦理、宗教、规矩和习惯。因此如果仓促确认机器人的独立民事主体资格，有可能给人类带来灾难性的后果。为了保证机器人的健康发展，一方面应当充分肯定科学技术对社会发展的巨 大促进作用，并利用良好的法律制度为机器人的进一步提档升级留下足够的发展空间; 另一方面则应确立人类优先和社会公共利益优先之理念，突出利益平衡要求，在充分考虑中国国情的基础上，建构符合中国国情需要的人工智能法律制度体系。Human beings are the basis and major targets of protection in the designing of contemporary civil law system. The emphasis on paying respect to and providing protection to human beings is a major sign of the rule of law. However, the appearance of artificial intelligence robots has a profound impact on the current structuring of social subjects and social relations. It is also a big challenge to civil subject system which traditionally focuses on natural persons. From the perspectives of philosophy and jurisprudence, this paper suggests that robots should not be granted the status of legal subjects like that of human beings. When robots behave like human beings, their behaviors are not resulted from any internal perceptive capacity, which prohibit them from interacting with surroundings. Consequently, unlike natural persons robots do not have any mental capacity, which prohibits them from making observation, making judgements, making choices, and producing other complex behaviors. Furthermore, it is impossible for robots to have any life or right to life due to mechanisms producing those robots. Roberts are unable to assume any responsibility for their lack of any consciousness of morals, conscience, ethics, religions, rules and customs. As a result, if robots are granted the status of civil subjects in haste, there will be disastrous consequences to human beings. In order to promote the development of robots, legal regulations on robots should acknowledge the positive influence of science and technology on social development, while leave space for the further development and upgrading of robots. At the same time, legal regulations on artificial intelligence need to be based on the concept of giving priority to human beings and public social interests, focus on the balancing of interests, as well as be suitable to China’s conditions.

Case Study: A Transactional Analysis Model for a Single Mother and Her Adult Child With Bipolar Disorder

This case study describes a transactional analysis model based on the strain of a single mother with an adult son suffering from bipolar I disorder. The study examines interaction patterns within the clinical setting; the therapeutic view examines contextual factors that affect this mother and her adult son through assessment and recovery with transactional analysis therapy. The 16-session therapeutic experience of a client and his mother is presented. The subjects in the case study were administered the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) assessment tool during the second and 16th sessions. There was a significant change from pretest to posttest stens scores regarding increased scores in emotional stability from 2 (extremely low) to 4 (average), rule consciousness from 1 (extremely low) to 3 (moderately low), openness to change from 6 (average) to 8 (moderately high), and self-control from 1 (extremely low) to 4 (average). Decreased scores included apprehension from 9 (extremely high) to 7 (average) and tension from 6 (average) to 3 (moderately low). Behavioral changes after a 1-month follow-up included taking the bus to sign up for a college class, taking his medication as prescribed, getting a part-time job in the kitchen at the Veteran Administration Medical Center, and developing a budget to manage his disability check.

Осознание прав и правил сельскими протестующими в Китае (на примере протестов в селе Укань)

Янь Лю – соискатель, научный сотрудник, Центр китайского сельского исследования, Центральный китайский педагогический университет, Ухань, Китай. Электронная почта: karenly_62@mail.ru
 Осознание прав китайскими сельскими протестующими в основном изучается в контексте демократических правовых отношений между государством и гражданами. При этом недостаточно внимания уделяется связи с использованием протестующими социалистического учения, сельской культуры и других идеологем. В немногих исследованиях, посвященных этой проблематике, обсуждается главным образом только осознание прав выживания. Между тем актуализируется задача понимания того, каким образом характеризуется осознание прав и правил протестующими в современном сельском обществе Китая, где выживанию жителей села уже ничего не угрожает. В качестве объекта исследования используются протесты в селе Укань провинции Гуандун Китая. Влияние идеологем на осознание прав и правил изучается методом фрейм-анализа. Эмпирическую базу исследования составили материалы (тексты, фото- и видеозаписи), отражающие ход протестов и заявления сторон конфликтов. Показано, что жители Уканя протестовали, поскольку считали распределение доходов от сделок с коллективной землей несправедливым. Требования протестующих касаются не выживания, а главным образом защиты экономических интересов. Осознание прав жителями Уканя формируется на базе сельской культуры и партийной идеологии и отличается от осознания гражданских прав, потому что, хотя требования протестующих не защищаются законом, сельчане не ставили под сомнение правомерность существующих законов и политики. Осознание прав на основе сельской культуры усиливает интенсивность протестов, а осознание прав на базе партийной идеологии предполагает укрепление авторитета центральных органов государства и компартии. Заимствование дискурса о социалистической революции придает протестам оттенок классовой борьбы. Так как в Китае коллективные действия с самого начала сталкиваются с кризисом законности, осознание правил касается необходимости легитимации протестных действий. В этом и отражается роль официальной идеологии Китая (принципа верховенства права и партийной идеологии) в «деполитизации» сельских протестов.

A Study on Personality Profile of Alcohol Relapse Patients

Introduction: Relapse is an important problem in recovery from alcohol dependence. A Significant number of patients getting treated relapse back to alcohol dependence. Among the numerous factors determining relapse, personality traits of the individual play a significant role. Objectives: The present study attempted at the evaluation of the personality profile of alcohol relapse patients, to find out whether certain traits occur more frequently in them and to correlate them with socio-demographic variables. Methodology: It is a cross-sectional, hospital-based, case-control study conducted at the Institute of Mental Health, Chennai. The study involved 30 cases and an equal number of controls. A minimum period of one month of abstinence from alcohol after treatment was used as inclusion criteria and each case was matched with a control with regard to the duration of relapse. We used 16PF personality questionnaire for assessment. Results: There was no significant difference in the socio-demographic profile of the two groups. A history of alcohol dependence in family members was found to be statistically significant among cases when compared with controls. In the domains of rule consciousness, social boldness, perfectionism, dominance, vigilance, and tension, a statistically significant difference was noted between cases and controls. Conclusion: Overall the findings suggest a certain degree of association between some personality traits and alcohol relapse. Along with prospective studies, it might help in planning interventional strategies in future.

Personality Differences between Dog People and Cat People

Abstract Understanding the relationship between human personality and preferences for pet species is important for bettering human-animal relationships, supporting animal welfare, and supporting pet therapy. The present study examined personality differences between dog people and cat people with the objective of addressing some discrepancies in previous research that could be traced to the use of broadly defined versus narrowly defined traits. Participants were 418 undergraduates who completed the Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF) and a Pet Survey that classified them as dog or cat people. The 16PF contains 15 narrowly defined primary personality traits, a brief measure of general intelligence, and 5 global factors that are comparable in meaning to those of the Five Factor Model. The principal differences were that the 352 dog people scored higher on warmth, liveliness, rule consciousness, and social boldness compared to the 66 cat people. The latter scored higher on general intelligence, abstractedness, and self-reliance. Overall, primary traits corresponded to a pattern known to be associated with creative personalities and produced better discrimination between the two groups than traits corresponded to the Five Factor Model. Some traits were more salient for females than they were for males.