Rule Consciousness Research Articles

From Political Enchantment to Legal Logic—A Discursive Analysis of Contentious Labor Politics in Central China

The rise of ‘rights talk’ in Chinese contentious politics attracts numerous attentions and debates. Does it indicate the rise of citizens’ ‘rights consciousness’ and the retreat of the state, or the continuation of the mass’s ‘rules consciousness’ and the state’s control? Based on a discursive analysis to a wide variety of texts during a ten-year struggle for pension rights, I argue that the discourses used by the protesting workers depended on concrete contexts and power relations, and the institutional design from the state promoted the workers’ rational justification to their interest requests. The strategic employment of ‘rights talk’ by the workers, on one side, displayed the state’s symbolic domination, which successfully prevented the radicalization of protests; on the other side, it suggested that only through the realization of ‘rule of law’ could the state’s management of social contentions turn from short term containment to long range institutional absorbing.

The expression of personality among adolescents exposed to community interpersonal violence

The high level of crime in South Africa affects many adolescents. Experience of community interpersonal violence affects the social, emotional, and cognitive functioning of adolescents and could have an impact on their personality development. The aim of the study was to explore possible differences in the expression of personality between adolescents exposed to community interpersonal violence and those not exposed to such violence. The sample comprised 183 Grade 12 learners from a secondary school in a middle-class community in Gauteng. Participants were divided into two groups: adolescents who reported exposure to community interpersonal violence ( n = 93) and those who did not report exposure to such violence ( n = 90). Both groups completed the 16 Personality Factor and Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scales. Differences between the groups were explored using a one-way between-groups multivariate analysis of variance and t-tests for independent groups. Results indicated statistically significant differences between the two groups on Factor G (rule consciousness), Factor I (emotional sensitivity), and Factor Q4 (anxiety). Adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence reported higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms than the control group. The group that experienced posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms differed more in terms of personality functioning (Factors I and Q4). Violence-exposed adolescents experienced more emotional volatility, difficulty to regulate emotions, anxiety, and sensitivity to environmental stressors than those not exposed to such violence. Although causality cannot be assumed, it is possible that exposure to community interpersonal violence, which could result in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, has implications for the personality development of adolescents. Interventions for adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence are recommended to prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Neighborhood conflicts in urban China: from consciousness of property rights to contentious actions

Although urban neighborhood conflicts have drawn widespread attention, their possible link with neighborhood perception has not been quantified in the existing literature. Based on a recent neighborhood-based survey of urban residents in Guangzhou, China, this study investigates the structure, determinants, and consequences of neighborhood conflicts. In particular, it finds that there is inherently a subjective dimension embedded in neighborhood conflicts such that these conflicts should be conceptualized and measured as an individual-level perception of neighborhoods. Evidence from both empirical analyses and field research revealed that consciousness of property rights had significant effects on perceived neighborhood conflicts, while both consciousness of property rights and perceived neighborhood conflicts, especially those with local and grass-roots government agencies, further contribute to the occurrence of residents’ contentious actions. By situating neighborhood conflicts in the context of rules consciousness, this study brings attention to neighborhood perception shaping contentious politics in China’s urban transformation.

Personality Correlates of Accident-Proneness in Auto-Rickshaw Drivers in India

Objective. We examined the personality correlates of accident-proneness of auto-rickshaw drivers in the Indian city of Ranchi. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study in which 50 male drivers aged 18–50 years, selected randomly from a list of licensed auto-rickshaw drivers in Ranchi, were assessed with a Hindi version of Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (16-PF) Questionnaire. Results. There was a significantly higher frequency of breaking rules, crossing speed limits, substance use and a trend towards a higher frequency of carrying extra persons (i.e., more than recommended) in accident-prone drivers. There was significant negative correlation of accident-proneness with 16-PF factors such as reasoning, rule consciousness, apprehension and emotional stability. Conclusion. Personality characteristics with lower scores of reasoning, rule consciousness, apprehension and emotional stability are common in commercial auto-rickshaw drivers with high accident-proneness.

Rightful resistance revisited

James Scott (1985) placed ‘everyday forms of resistance’ between quiescence and rebellion. Others have noted that defiance in unpromising circumstances need not be quiet, disguised and anonymous if the aggrieved use the language of power to mitigate the risks of confrontation. How does ‘rightful resistance’ (O'Brien and Li 2006) relate to Scott's everyday resistance and other types of protest in contemporary China? Are rightful resisters sincere or strategic? Is their contention reactive or proactive? Does rightful resistance suggest growing rights consciousness or only a familiar rules consciousness? Rightful resistance in rural China has been criticized for (1) lacking ‘peasantness’, (2) shortchanging history and culture, (3) focusing on elite allies and one pattern of protest and (4) being overly rationalist, state-centric and caught in ‘developmental thinking’. How do I respond?

P-405 - Auditory charles bonnet syndrome (ACBS)

Introduction Auditory hallucinations in deaf people are known since the XIX century. However, research in this area is scarce. Objectives Auditory hallucinations can be caused by alterations in receptors, stimulus carrying routes or cerebral centres. Therefore, they can take place in persons without mental illness. Methods Bibliographical review in literature and pub med using as key words: “Auditory hallucinations, Auditory deficit, ACBS” Results - There is always chronic hearing loss caused by an auditory injury. - Higher prevalence in females with acute or gradual onset. - Usually unilateral. - Most common phenomena are musical hallucinations. - Not associated with other types of hallucinations. - Can be modified by attention and will. - It is a hallucinosis. - Not accompanied by disturbances of consciousness, memory or judgment. - Treatment of hearing impairment leads to healing. Results are unsatisfactory with psychotropic drugs. Psychoeducation may lead to improvements. Conclusions The existence of auditory hallucinations with consciousness of unreality rules out an organic pathology. It is important to assess hearing, because an entity has been defined by musical auditory hallucinations with unreality conscious and with preserved judgment, memory and consciousness, in patients with acquired hearing loss, mainly women and elderly, called by many professionals ACBS. Awareness of this entity by specialists in otolaryngology and psychiatry is essential.

Rightful Resistance Revisited

James Scott (1985) placed ‘everyday forms of resistance’ between quiescence and rebellion. Others have noted that defiance in unpromising circumstances need not be quiet, disguised and anonymous if the aggrieved use the language of power to mitigate the risks of confrontation. How does ‘rightful resistance’ (O’Brien and Li 2006) relate to Scott's everyday resistance and other types of protest in contemporary China? Are rightful resisters sincere or strategic? Is their contention reactive or proactive? Does rightful resistance suggest growing rights consciousness or only a familiar rules consciousness? Rightful Resistance in Rural China has been criticized for lacking ‘peasantness’, shortchanging history and culture, focusing on elite allies and one pattern of protest, and being overly rationalist, state-centric and caught in ‘developmental thinking’. How do I respond?

Chinese Migrant Workers: Rights Attainment Deficits, Rights Consciousness and Personal Strategies

AbstractDagong打工 as a way of life gives rise to many abuses and rights violations against China's 200 million migrant workers. This article analyses the intricate issues of rights deprivation, rights consciousness and personal strategies of Chinese migrant workers with the research findings from a large sample survey completed at the end of 2005. The data confirm the occurrence of many types of rights abuses, significant levels of rights consciousness, and preference for legal and institutionalized means for rights defence besides the use of private resources. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the experience of discrimination, consciousness of rights and choice of personal strategies are affected by personal backgrounds like age, gender, education and occupational status before migration, which carry implications for policy. Finally, the article comments on the ongoing debate about “rights consciousness” versus “rules consciousness” in contentious Chinese politics.

What Floats a Float Nurse's Boat?

Few studies have examined the personality traits of nurses, and none identified the personality traits of float pool nurses. Float pool nurses have specific personality traits that differ from unit-based nurses. Independence, Tough-Mindedness, Rule Consciousness, Social Boldness, Openness to Change, and Tension were six personality factors that were found to be statistically significantly different. As hospitals implement float pools or resource teams to meet staffing needs, gleaning insight into the specific personality traits of these individuals could assist in nurse recruitment and retention.

Case Study: A Structural Model for Schizophrenia and Family Collaboration

This single case study describes a structural therapy perspective applied to a family and examines interaction patterns within the clinical setting and the home; the therapeutic view examines contextual variables that affect an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia, his family, and his recovery. The therapeutic experience of one client diagnosed with schizophrenia and his family is presented. The client’s symptoms were tracked using a pre- and posttest from the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) assessment tool over the 15-week treatment period. There was a significant change from pretest to posttest for the following factors: warmth, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule consciousness, vigilance, openness to change, self-reliance, self-control, and tension.

RIGHTS CONSCIOUSNESS AND RULES CONSCIOUSNESS IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA

The claims about rights made by aggrieved workers and farmers to define rules consciousness is examined and existing definitions of rights consciousness in light of Chinese political practice is refined. Survey data is used to illustrate the four types of claims by members of one social group, related to trust in central and township leaders, to distinguish rules consciousness from rights consciousness.

Rights Consciousness and Rules Consciousness in Contemporary China

Do Chinese people have rights consciousness or only rules consciousness? Rules consciousness combines awareness of the necessity of having protection from rule-enforcement authorities with willingness to secure such protection through direct or indirect participation in rule-enforcement. Rights consciousness, on the other hand, combines awareness of the necessity of having protection from rule-making authorities with willingness to secure such protection through direct or indirect participation in rule-making. In contemporary China, rules consciousness presumes skepticism toward local rule-enforcement authorities and a sense of equality with them before central policies or state laws. By contrast, rights consciousness presumes skepticism toward central rule-making authorities and a sense of equality in relation to antecedent principles that are prior to and superior to political rules. A survey of farmers in 2007 shows that reactive claims against local rule-enforcement authorities are associated with skepticism toward township leaders, which suggests that they represent rules consciousness. Proactive claims against central rule-making authorities, on the other hand, are associated with skepticism toward central leaders, which suggests they reflect rights consciousness.

China Since Tiananmen: A New Rights Consciousness?

Abstract: Despite the suppression of the Tiananmen Uprising of 1989, popular protest in China has by all accounts escalated steadily over the ensuing two decades. These protests have spread to virtually every sector of Chinese society, prompting more than a few observers to proclaim the emergence of a "rising rights consciousness" that poses a protodemocratic challenge to the authority and durability of the Communist state. This essay proposes instead that what we are seeing in China today reflects a much older rules consciousness , in which savvy protesters frame their grievances in officially-approved terms in order to negotiate a better bargain with the authoritarian state.

Relationships between personality traits and internet addiction disorder

Objective To explore the relationships between personality traits and internet addiction disorder, as well as which traits would affect internet addiction, and to provide the psychology basis against internet disorder in teenage. Methods The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) and Chinese Internet Disorder Scale were applied to 409 undergraduates and high school students in Changsha. Use SPSS for windows 11.0 to carry on statistical processing. Results (1) Rule consciousness personality trait certain forecast internet disorder total score ( t = 3.18 ), withdrawal factor ( t = 4.17 ), tolerant factor ( t = 2.64) and time manage factor ( t =3.01 ). (2) Abstractedness personality trait certain forecast internet disorder total score ( t = 2.47 ) and interpersonal and healthy factor ( t = 3.08 ). (3) Warmth personality trait certain forecast forced-internet behavior factor ( t = 2.14 ) and time manage factor ( t = 2.41 ). (4) Social Boldness personality trait certain forecast interpersonal and healthy factor ( t = 2.42). Conclusion Personality traits certain influence internet addiction disorder. Key words: Personality traits; Internet addiction disorder

Weiquan (Rights Protection) Lawyering in an Authoritarian State: Building a Culture of Public-Interest Lawyering

A group of private lawyers known as rights-protection (weiquan) lawyers are emerging in China showing keen interest in solving the cases affecting the public interest. These different types of weiquan lawyers helping public to shape the development of civil society.

Gender differences in behavioural changes induced by latent toxoplasmosis

There is growing evidence that the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii modifies behaviour of its intermediate hosts, including humans, where it globally infects about 20–60% of the population. Although it is considered asymptomatic in its latent stage, it was previously found to have remarkable and gender different effects on the personality factors A (warmth), G (rule consciousness), L (vigilance, mistrust) and Q3 (self-control, self-image) from Cattell’s 16PF Questionnaire. We performed a double blind experiment testing 72 and 142 uninfected men and women, respectively, and 20 and 29 infected men and women, respectively, in order to verify these gender differences using behavioural experiments. Our composite behavioural variables Self-Control and Clothes Tidiness (analogue to the 16PF factors G – conscientiousness and Q3 – self-control) showed a significant effect of the toxoplasmosis–gender interaction with infected men scoring significantly lower than uninfected men and a trend in the opposite direction in women. The effect of the toxoplasmosis–gender interaction on our composite behavioural variable Relationships (analogue to factor A – warmth) approached significance; infected men scored significantly lower than uninfected men whereas there was no difference in women. In the composite behavioural variable Mistrust (analogue to factor L), the pattern was affected by environment (rural versus urban). Possible interpretations of the gender differences are discussed.

P4-216: The caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease: The impact of personality traits on stress perception

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common degenerative dementia and includes cognitive impairment, behavioral symptoms and incompetence in daily living. This decline places a heavy burden on caregivers, who are involved in physical, psychological, social and financial demands of caregiving: the consequence is a high level of perceived stress. While in past literature caregiver's burden was strongly correlated to severity of dementia, recent studies have been focused on psychological characteristics of caregivers, namely personality traits. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between specific personality traits of caregivers of persons with AD and perceived stress; therefore, we tried to assess which traits are more predictive for caregivers' distress. Participants were 118 primary caregivers of persons with AD followed by the Alzheimer Diagnostic Unit of Lucca Hospital and they were assessed using Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI)1 and 16 Personality Factors–C form questionnaires (16PF–C)2. Data, obtained analyzing the scores of 16PF–C and CBI by the means of linear regression, show that Reasoning (B), Emotional Stability (C) and Rule–Consciousness (G) were more strongly associated with caregiver burden; each indicator seems to be significant, to a different extent, for objective, developmental, physical, social and emotional burden. Caregivers characterized by emotional unstability, unable to stand frustration, high self–demanding and with difficulty in self abstracting from concrete problem solving are going to perceive higher distress in caregiving persons with AD. Focusing on specific personality traits, which are predictive of caregivers' burden, might be helpful in planning psychological approach aimed to improve caregivers' quality of life without using drugs.

Latency of auditory P300 correlates with self‐control as measured by the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

The reception, processing, and storage of information about experience define personality. The present study investigated the relationship between auditory event-related potentials (AERP) and personality traits. The AERP were recorded using a standard auditory oddball paradigm, and personality was evaluated by Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) in 20 healthy young male subjects. The P300 latency was found to be significantly associated with rule consciousness (factor G in the 16PF), perfectionism (factor Q3), and self-control (factor SC): it was negatively correlated with G score (r = -0.56, P = 0.01), Q3 score (r = -0.67, P = 0.001), and SC score (r = -0.65, P = 0.002). Moreover, the P300 amplitude and N100 amplitude were negatively correlated with reasoning (factor B; r = -0.46, P = 0.044; and r = -0.72, P = 0.002, respectively). These results indicate that the personality traits of self-control, perfectionism, high superego, and reasoning are related to information processing in the brain.

Villagers, Elections, and Citizenship in Contemporary China

Author(s): O'Brien, KJ | Abstract: In this article, I assess the state of political citizenship in rural China. After discussing the often local and rural origins of citizenship and the meaning of the term itself, I review the limited reforms that have taken place in the election of high-ranking state leaders and people's congress deputies. I then turn to a more promising avenue of inclusion: the villagers' committee (VC) elections that began in the late 1980s. Here, we see notable efforts to heighten cadre responsiveness and draw rural residents into the local polity. At the same time, sizable obstacles to inclusion remain, not least because many electoral rules and practices do not enfranchise villagers reliably. The inescapable conclusion that villagers enjoy (at best) a partial citizenship needs to be qualified, however, owing to evidence that some rural people are starting to challenge improper elections using the language of rights. Building on a rules consciousness and a sensitivity to government rhetoric that have existed for centuries, as well as exploiting the spread of participatory ideologies and patterns of rule rooted in notions of equality, rights, and the rule of law, these villagers are busy advancing their interests within prevailing limits, forcing open blocked channels of participation, and struggling to make still-disputed rights real. In this regard, certain citizenship practices are emerging even before citizenship has appeared as a fully recognized status, and we may be observing the process by which a more complete citizenship comes about.

The Revised Transliminality Scale: Reliability and Validity Data From a Rasch Top-Down Purification Procedure

The concept of transliminality (“a hypothesized tendency for psychological material to cross thresholds into or out of consciousness”) was anticipated by William James (1902/1982), but it was only recently given an empirical definition by Thalbourne in terms of a 29-item Transliminality Scale. This article presents the 17-item Revised Transliminality Scale (or RTS) that corrects age and gender biases, is unidimensional by a Rasch criterion, and has a reliability of .82. The scale defines a probabilistic hierarchy of items that address magical ideation, mystical experience, absorption, hyperaesthesia, manic experience, dream interpretation, and fantasy proneness. These findings validate the suggestions by James and Thalbourne that some mental phenomena share a common underlying dimension with selected sensory experiences (such being overwhelmed by smells, bright lights, sights, and sounds). Low scores on transliminality remain correlated with “tough mindedness” in on Cattell 16PF test, as well as “self-control” and “rule consciousness,” whereas high scores are associated with “abstractedness” and an “openness to change” on that test. An independent validation study confirmed the predictions implied by our definition of transliminality. Implications for test construction are discussed.