Construction Of Rules Research Articles

HMPT: a human–machine cooperative program translation method

Program translation aims to translate one kind of programming language to another, e.g., from Python to Java. Due to the inefficiency of translation rules construction with pure human effort (software engineer) and the low quality of machine translation results with pure machine effort, it is suggested to implement program translation in a human–machine cooperative way. However, existing human–machine program translation methods fail to utilize the human’s ability effectively, which require human to post-edit the results (i.e., statically modified directly on the model generated code). To solve this problem, we propose HMPT (Human-Machine Program Translation), a novel method that achieves program translation based on human–machine cooperation. It can (1) reduce the human effort by introducing a prefix-based interactive protocol that feeds the human’s edit into the model as the prefix and regenerates better output code, and (2) reduce the interactive response time resulted by excessive program length in the regeneration process from two aspects: avoiding duplicate prefix generation with cache attention information, as well as reducing invalid suffix generation by splicing the suffix of the results. The experiments are conducted on two real datasets. Results show compared to the baselines, our method reduces the human effort up to 73.5% at the token level and reduces the response time up to 76.1%.

Sufficient Matrices: Properties, Generating and Testing

This paper investigates various aspects of sufficient matrices, one of the most relevant matrix classes introduced in connection with linear complementarity problems. We summarize the most important theoretical results and properties related to sufficient matrices. Based on these, we propose different construction rules that can be used to generate new matrices that belong to this class. A nonnegative number can be assigned to each sufficient matrix, which is called its handicap and works as a measure of sufficiency. The handicap plays a crucial role in proving convergence and complexity results for interior point algorithms for linear complementarity problems. For a particular sufficient matrix, called Csizmadia’s matrix, we give the exact value of the handicap, which is exponential in the size of the matrix. Another important topic that we address is deciding whether a matrix is sufficient. Tseng proved in 2000 that this decision problem is co-NP hard. We investigate three different algorithms for determining the sufficiency of a given matrix: Väliaho’s algorithm, a linear programming-based algorithm, and an algorithm that facilitates nonlinear programming reformulations of the definition of sufficiency. We tested the efficiency of these methods on our recently launched benchmark data set that consists of four different sets of matrices. In this paper, we give the description and most important properties of the benchmark set, which can be used in the future to compare the performance of different interior point algorithms for linear complementarity problems.

Optimal adaptive decision rules in geotechnical construction considering uncertainty

To design a geotechnical engineering structure optimally, an iterative decision-making process is required due to the prevailing uncertainty of the ground conditions. At present, these decisions are taken based on simple deterministic rules and models. This paper proposes a risk-based decision-theoretic framework to the optimal planning for geotechnical construction. This framework combines geotechnical probabilistic models, cost analysis using Monte Carlo simulation and the observational method. The framework is illustrated on the design of the surcharge for an embankment on soft soil, whereby the optimal preloading sequence of added surcharge is adapted to the observed settlement. The approach balances the cost of surcharge material against financial penalties related to project delays and insufficient overconsolidation, which causes damage due to residual settlement. The result is a preloading strategy that optimally accounts for information obtained from settlement measurements under uncertain ground conditions. The findings highlight the potential of using risk-based decision planning in geotechnical engineering, in particular when combined with the observational method. For the investigated case study, a reduction in the expected cost in the order of 25% is observed.

The Application and Visual Communication of “Dynamic News” in the Rule of Law Report

Rule of law reporting type “Dynamic News” not only can restore the news image and present the news state of affairs through 3D animation, but also achieve the purpose of focusing on the hot cases and explaining the judicial procedures with the ease of data visualization communication, and strive to bridge the cognitive gap between the general audience and professional legal knowledge by implanting dynamic charts and short videos in the news text, which enhances the effect of spreading legal information. As a new genre of legal news, rule of law reporting “Dynamic News” integrates journalism, law, new media technology and application, and has its own unique reporting method, application concept and communication paradigm. Nowadays, with the continuous improvement of national rule of law construction and the attention of new media communication, the systematicness of legal news communication research needs to be deepened, and the professionalism, technicality and social functionality of rule of law reporting “Dynamic News” still need to be improved.

REUSE OF INFORMATION BASED ON THE INTERPRETATION OF KNOWLEDGE

Recently, much attention has been paid to the creation of knowledge bases that contain millions of facts about various objects of the real world. One of the key aspects of knowledge management is the reuse of previously acquired knowledge. The subject of research is the processes of knowledge reuse and the creation of software systems based on knowledge bases. Knowledge interpretation is one approach to knowledge reuse, which consists in deriving new knowledge based on existing facts in the knowledge base. The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of knowledge reuse in software systems based on knowledge bases due to automatic rule extraction. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: approaches to structuring the facts available in the database were considered, a qualitative analysis of the possibility of applying automatic methods of rule construction and derivation was carried out. The task of predicting the connection between a pair of entities, which determines the presence of a relationship for facts, is considered. A generalized approach to the presentation of facts is proposed, which allows the use of efficient rule-finding algorithms. The following methods are used to solve the given problem: the algebra of finite predicates and predicate operations for knowledge representation, methods for predicting the connection between a pair of entities based on representative learning for automatically obtaining rules. The following results were obtained: an approach to rule formation was considered, which allows structuring existing facts as a set of binary predicates and applying automatic methods of rule construction and derivation. It is concluded that the limitation of knowledge reuse is the structure of the knowledge base and the software used to support it. The article formulates the principles of building specific concentrator predicates for the representation of attributes, which allows generalizing the predicate representation of facts and applying automatic methods of rule extraction, which increases the efficiency of knowledge reuse. Conclusions: the application of the method and mechanism of identification based on predicate operations and specific predicates, which automatically extracts attributes from the knowledge base, together with the quality assessment of the derived rules, made it possible to propose a generalized approach for presenting facts and use effective rule search algorithms, which allows to increase the efficiency of reuse knowledge in software systems.

Radau- and Lobatto-type averaged Gauss rules

We describe numerical methods for the construction of interpolatory quadrature rules of Radau and Lobatto types. In particular, we are interested in deriving efficient algorithms for computing optimal averaged Gauss–Radau and Gauss–Lobatto type javascript:undefined;quadrature rules. These averaged rules allow us to estimate the quadrature error in Gauss–Radau and Gauss–Lobatto quadrature rules. This is important since the latter rules have higher algebraic degree of exactness than the corresponding Gauss rules, and this makes it possible to construct averaged quadrature rules of higher algebraic degree of exactness than the corresponding “standard” averaged Gauss rules available in the literature.

Dynamic Optimization Fabrics for Motion Generation

Optimization fabrics are a geometric approach to real-time local motion generation, where motions are designed by the composition of several differential equations that exhibit a desired motion behavior. We generalize this framework to dynamic scenarios and nonholonomic robots and prove that fundamental properties can be conserved. We show that convergence to desired trajectories and avoidance of moving obstacles can be guaranteed using simple construction rules of the components. In addition, we present the first quantitative comparisons between optimization fabrics and model predictive control and show that optimization fabrics can generate similar trajectories with better scalability, and thus, much higher replanning frequency (up to 500 Hz with a 7 degrees of freedom robotic arm). Finally, we present empirical results on several robots, including a nonholonomic mobile manipulator with 10 degrees of freedom and avoidance of a moving human, supporting the theoretical findings.

Examining the status and role of legal education from the perspective of the objectives of legal education

This study focuses on the goals of legal education, and analyzes its evolution process to reveal the key position and role of legal education in realizing the construction of national rule of law and cultivating high-quality legal talents. The study finds that the goal of legal education is constantly evolving from traditional knowledge to competency development and quality education. In this context, the quality of legal education has become the core factor affecting the construction of the rule of law and the cultivation of talents. In order to improve the quality of legal education, this study proposes a goal-oriented approach to legal education, including strengthening practical teaching, paying attention to quality education, and cultivating innovative ability. In addition, in view of the development trend of legal education in the future, corresponding educational reform suggestions are put forward.

Evaluation of the load-bearing wall design of Edirne Old Harbiye Barracks according to the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC-2018)

The masonry construction system consists of stone, brick, and mortar, in which the wall element acts as the vertical load load-bearing and generally allows low-rise buildings. The buildings built with this system are mostly seen in rural areas today, but also in traditional and historical textures in city centers. Stone, brick, mortar, etc. used in the masonry construction system. The materials are materials with a low stretching rate but are resistant to pressure. In this case, against the driving force of a possible horizontal load source, the bearing walls will inevitably be damaged because they do not allow sufficient oscillation. In Türkiye, earthquake-resistant building design principles and calculation methods related to the behavior of masonry structures against earthquakes are guiding at this point. Inspecting the masonry structures planned and built in the past in terms of compliance with today's conditions and regulations is important for the sustainability of the structure. Making a building that has a negative profile in terms of compliance with the masonry construction rules is important for both the structure and the health of the user. In this study, the compliance of the load-bearing walls in the architectural design of the old Harbiye Barracks building, which is currently used by the Faculty of Architecture of Trakya University, to the rules regarding the wall design in the current regulation, Türkiye Building Earthquake Code 2018, is investigated. As a result of the study, it was seen that the building showed different suitability in different blocks. While the occupancy-to-space ratio of the b block on the bearing wall is better, it has been determined that the block does not fully comply with the rules.

Critical Perspectives on the New Situation of Global Ocean Governance

Global ocean governance is the concretization of global governance. Various interest groups interact with and coordinate ocean issues. Global ocean governance is inevitably linked to the new global governance landscape. In recent years, a series of new scenarios in global governance have emerged. These situations have further shaped the plurality of participants and the diversity of mechanisms in global ocean governance. Science and technology innovation and application are prerequisites and prime movers for the evolution of global ocean governance. Major worldwide crises, represented by global climate change and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, have added great uncertainty to the future development of global ocean governance. The divergence of interests and positions between emerging countries and developed countries, as well as the reshaping of the global geopolitical landscape in recent years, has led to the stagnation or deadlock of a series of international negotiations and international cooperation platforms related to global ocean governance. With the deepening of global governance, non-state actors are not only objects of ocean governance but also bearers of legal obligations and enjoy varying degrees of legal rights, participating in agenda setting, rule construction, and monitoring implementation at different levels of ocean governance. From a critical jurisprudence perspective, in the practice of global ocean governance, the relationship between non-governmental organizations, states, and international organizations is more likely to be one of reconciliation than the “state–civil society” dichotomy of moral imagination. This new set of circumstances exposes the divisive and fragmented nature of global ocean governance. This study concludes that the new situation of global ocean governance constitutes a historic opportunity for countries to reexamine the role of the rule of law during the Anthropocene to bridge the fragmentation and gaps in mechanisms and achieve a truly integrated, holistic, and closely nested global ocean governance. The question of how to implement the rule of law requires the introduction of theoretical perspectives such as the Anthropocene, complex systems theory, and the community of a shared future for humanity to undertake a fundamental critical reflection and rethinking of global ocean governance.

Framework of a performance-based design for liquefaction resistance

Seismic liquefaction hazards remain a very challenging problem in geotechnical earthquake engineering and are one of the most important aspects currently to update the framework of the liquefaction resistance design from a performance-based perspective. In this paper, by investigating the characteristics of the seismic liquefaction hazard, as well as integrating the existing performance-based earthquake engineering (PBDEE) and advanced risk management theory, the connotation and key points of performance-based liquefaction hazard governance are proposed, and the framework of a performance-based design for liquefaction resistance (PBDLR) is constructed according to the technical system construction rules. The results indicate that the liquefaction hazard has its own characteristics in terms of the hitting target, hazard scale, occurrence mechanism, chain effect, treatment technology, and uncertainty of the influencing factors. Its technical system of hazard governance requires special consideration. The presented PBDLR integrates the advantages of both the advanced risk management theory and the existing performance-based earthquake engineering technology system, and the elements and structure consider the sociality of the target, the integrity of the function, the hierarchy of the composition, and the linkage of the elements and the completeness of the technology. The PBDLR takes the liquefaction hazard governance objective as the primary factor and performance analysis as the technical main body of the framework, and it is equipped with several new elements matching the characteristics of the liquefaction hazard and the requirements for the technical development of an anti-liquefaction design. The PBDLR presented in this paper can provide guidance and a reference for future research and technical development in liquefaction hazard governance.

On a Reduced Component-by-Component Digit-by-Digit Construction of Lattice Point Sets

Abstract In this paper, we study an efficient algorithm for constructing point sets underlying quasi-Monte Carlo integration rules for weighted Korobov classes. The algorithm presented is a reduced fast component-by-component digit-by-digit (CBC-DBD) algorithm, which is useful for situations where the weights in the function space show a sufficiently fast decay. The advantage of the algorithm presented here is that the computational effort can be independent of the dimension of the integration problem to be treated if suitable assumptions on the integrand are met. By considering a reduced digit-by-digit construction, we allow an integration algorithm to be less precise with respect to the number of bits in those components of the problem that are considered less important. The new reduced CBC-DBD algorithm is designed to work for the construction of lattice point sets, and the corresponding integration rules (so-called lattice rules) can be used to treat functions in different kinds of function spaces. We show that the integration rules constructed by our algorithm satisfy error bounds of almost optimal convergence order. Furthermore, we give details on an efficient implementation such that we obtain a considerable speed-up of a previously known CBC-DBD algorithm that has been studied in the paper Digit-by-digit and component-by-component constructions of lattice rules for periodic functions with unknown smoothness by Ebert, Kritzer, Nuyens, and Osisiogu, published in the Journal of Complexity in 2021. This improvement is illustrated by numerical results.

医疗损害责任中比例责任的合理适用研究

The Civil Code, which came into effect in China in 2021, clearly stipulates the liability for medical damage, and then a large number of medical disputes have occurred in the past two years, which requires theoretical research to respond in time. Due to the high professionalism and complexity of medical activities, patients' own special physique, primary diseases and other related situations often appear in medical damage, which makes it difficult to directly judge the causal relationship in medical damage liability. The court needs to allocate the responsibility in a case when the causal relationship between facts is unknown, which may easily lead to unfair and just judgment results. In view of the above phenomenon, the theory of proportional liability is widely used in judicial practice at home and abroad, and it is also supported by the legislative and academic circles. Of course, before the application of proportional liability, the following problems must be solved theoretically: how to understand the proportional liability in tort law from the doctrinal level, the rationality of the application of proportional liability, and the construction of specific rules for the application of proportional liability. Proportional liability is that the infringer takes responsibility based on the possibility of the damage caused by the infringement. At present, this theory has developed to the degree of rational construction by introducing probability causality and combining the discretion of damage. This paper adopts the methods of normative research, empirical research and comparative law research, trying to clarify the core connotation and theoretical development of proportional liability, demonstrating the rationality of its existence from the legal basis, theoretical value and practical significance of the application of this theory, and finally devoting itself to constructing systematic and complete applicable rules of proportional liability, making necessary preparations for legislation, so as to solve complex and difficult related problems in practice.
 
 2021年中国开始施行的《民法典》明确规定医疗损害责任，随之近两年的医疗纠纷案件大量发生，需要理论研究予以及时回应。由于医疗活动具有高度专业性和复杂性，医疗损害中又经常出现患者自身特殊体质、原发疾病等相关情况，导致医疗损害责任中的因果关系难以直接判断。法院需要在事实因果关系不明的情况下进行个案中的责任分配，容易导致判决结果不够公平正义。针对上述现象，国内外司法实务中大量采用比例责任理论，该理论也受到立法和学理界的支持。当然，在比例责任适用前，必须在理论上解决以下问题：如何从教义学层面理解侵权法上的比例责任、比例责任适用的合理性问题、比例责任适用的具体规则构建问题。比例责任是侵权人基于侵权行为对损害结果造成的可能性大小来承担责任，目前该理论已经发展到通过引入概率因果关系并结合损害的酌定来理性建构的程度。本文采用了规范研究、实证研究、比较法研究等方法，试图厘清比例责任的核心内涵与理论发展脉络，从该理论适用的法理基础、理论价值、实践意义来论证其存在的合理性，最终致力于构建系统完整的比例责任适用规则，为立法进行必要的准备，从而解决实务中复杂疑难的相关问题。

Digital Accessibility and Immersive Storytelling for Cultural Heritage

In history science as well as in the GLAM sector the fact is not experience, and the content is more than its` (digital) packaging. In this respect immersive storytelling as principle, methodology, apps and tools becomes important instrument for institutionalized heritage, if used appropriately. The paper focuses on defining what means and what requires appropriate and digitally accessible use of digitally presented heritage objects. Good practices for immersive user experiences are being shown, digital accessibility principles and standards are presented. Resuming, main rules for construction of technology-balanced and accessible digital storytelling are being formulated.

Multi-input fuzzy inference system based model to predict the cutting temperature when milling AISI 1060 steel

The increase in the cutting temperature during milling has harmful effects which negatively affect the technical and economic machining characteristics such as: residual stresses, dimensions of machined parts and tools life. The nature of milling operations and the tool geometry make it difficult to predict or measure the temperature during the machining process, which is why great attention has been paid to measurement and prediction methodologies of cutting temperature during milling. In this work, a new intelligent identification technique of the cutting temperature based on the fuzzy set theory has been proposed to replace the strategy based on the operator qualification. This technique uses a fuzzy multiple input inference system to determine the influence of the cutting parameters on the cutting temperature. The fuzzy modeling is based on an experimental database resulting from the non-contact measurement of cutting temperature using an infrared camera with an emissivity setting adapted to the material. The results of the fuzzy system show that the fuzzy model is able to specify results providing a very good correlation between the experimental data and those predicted. The average error of the model was approximately 2.242%. The parameters used for the validation of the model were different from the data used for the construction of the fuzzy rules. The results showed that the most important parameter on the cutting temperature is depth of cut. The results obtained in this paper show that the developed model can be applied to predict the cutting temperature with precision during the milling process.

Юридическая ответственность за нарушение законодательства об охоте в России, Беларуси и Казахстане

В статье представлены результаты комплексного исследования норм об юридической ответственности за нарушение правил охоты, незаконную охоту, установленных в трех государствах ЕАЭС. Актуальность рассматриваемого вопроса обусловлена необходимостью совершенствования теоретических аспектов юридической ответственности за нарушение правил охоты, незаконную охоту, проблем правильной квалификации незаконной охоты, нарушения правил охоты и смежных составов правонарушений. Основной целью данного исследования является установление сходных, сопоставимых механизмов правового регулирования в данной области, выявление специфики конструирования норм об ответственности в каждом государстве, формирование общих научно-доктринальных взглядов, обосновывающих необходимость гармонизации и унификации законодательства. Сформулированы выводы о том, что в настоящее время в России, Беларуси и Казахстане действует сходное законодательство; применяются гармонизированные правовые нормы и терминология; установлены сходные механизмы правового регулирования отношений, возникающих в связи с реализацией юридической ответственности за нарушение правил охоты, незаконную охоту. Вместе с тем выделены отличия при установлении административной и уголовной ответственности, отмечен положительный опыт построения норм и предложено его применение в других государствах.

THE POINT CLOUD SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION METHOD FOR THE DOUGONG OF MING AND QING DYNASTY OFFICIAL-STYLE ARCHITECTURES

Abstract. To solve the problem that Dougong has various shapes and complex structures, the corresponding solutions are proposed in this paper. Our proposed method mainly consist of two parts. At first, the surface primitives were segmented using the machine learning (Random Forest). In this stage, the features including the curvature, normas and other features based on covariance matrix. Then, the knowledge from the construction rules were applied to label the segmented surface primitives into correct categories. The corresponding height constraint, concave-convex constraint, and symmetry constraint are proposed as the judgment conditions to mark the geometric elements belonging to the same dougong component and complete the point cloud segmentation of the dougong component. To verify the performance of our proposed method, the point cloud of a Qing-style single-arch flat-bodied Dougong was tested. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of point cloud is 96.0%.

Diagnosing major depressive disorder and substance use disorder using the electronic health record: A preliminary validation study

BackgroundOne mechanism to examine if major depressive disorder (MDD) is related to the development of substance use disorder (SUD) is by leveraging naturalistic data available in the electronic health record (EHR). Rules for data extraction and variable construction linked to psychometrics validating their use are needed to extract data accurately. ObjectiveWe propose and validate a methodologic framework for using EHR variables to identify patients with MDD and non-nicotine SUD. MethodsProxy diagnoses and index dates of MDD and/or SUD were established using billing codes, problem lists, patient-reported outcome measures, and prescriptions. Manual chart reviews were conducted for the 1-year period surrounding each index date to determine (1) if proxy diagnoses were supported by chart notes and (2) if the index dates accurately captured disorder onset. ResultsThe results demonstrated 100% positive predictive value for proxy diagnoses of MDD. The proxy diagnoses for SUD exhibited strong agreement (Cohen's kappa of 0.84) compared to manual chart review and 92% sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Sixteen percent of patients showed inaccurate SUD index dates generated by EHR extraction with discrepancies of over 6 months compared to SUD onset identified through chart review. ConclusionsOur methodology was very effective in identifying patients with MDD with or without SUD and moderately effective in identifying SUD onset date. These findings support the use of EHR data to make proxy diagnoses of MDD with or without SUD.

Semantic Retrieval of Remote Sensing Images Based on the Bag-of-Words Association Mapping Method

With the increasing demand for remote sensing image applications, extracting the required images from a huge set of remote sensing images has become a hot topic. The previous retrieval methods cannot guarantee the efficiency, accuracy, and interpretability in the retrieval process. Therefore, we propose a bag-of-words association mapping method that can explain the semantic derivation process of remote sensing images. The method constructs associations between low-level features and high-level semantics through visual feature word packets. An improved FP-Growth method is proposed to achieve the construction of strong association rules to semantics. A feedback mechanism is established to improve the accuracy of subsequent retrievals by reducing the semantic probability of incorrect retrieval results. The public datasets AID and NWPU-RESISC45 were used to validate these experiments. The experimental results show that the average accuracies of the two datasets reach 87.5% and 90.8%, which are 22.5% and 20.3% higher than VGG16, and 17.6% and 15.6% higher than ResNet18, respectively. The experimental results were able to validate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

The Realization Path of Environmental Law of the Compensation Liability for Ecological and Environmental Damage

The civil law realization path of the compensation liability for ecological and environmental damage is based on the existing legal provisions, to remedy the damaged rights through the civil process but in view of the difference between ecological environment damage and civil tort, it is difficult to identify the traditional tort liability and relieve the ecological environment damage, and the traditional civil public interest litigation also has certain limitations in the protection of environmental public interest. In contrast, the attribute of environmental law is more consistent with the nature of ecological environment damage. In judicial practice, there are also a large number of cases of environmental compensation liability for ecological environmental damage. Therefore, the realization path of environmental compensation liability for ecological environmental damage has certain legal legitimacy and practical feasibility. Specifically, the government should strengthen the rule of law construction, explore the internal control mechanism and external supervision mechanism within the perspective of environmental law, so as to make the public and private law norms in environmental protection return to its institutional standard, and ensure the realization of the compensation liability for ecological and environmental damage.