Root Parts Research Articles

Effect of Thiram on the Bacteria-Pea (Pisum sativum) Symbiotic Complex

Background: Algerian agriculture, like many developing countries, has developed production systems based on the use of phytosanitary products. But today, the use of these products is called into question, with the awareness of the risks they can generate for agriculture, the environment, and even for human health. Methods: A trial was conducted in the greenhouse on two varieties of pea (Pisum sativum), with and without thiram treatment (recommended dose), to estimate the effect of the latter on the establishment of symbiosis and biological nitrogen fixation. In addition, a rhizospheric soil microflora count was carried out to determine and assess the bacterial concentration including PGPRs in each sample from two varieties tested with and without treatment. Result: The fungicide treatment and variety choice have no effect on the number of nodules and the fresh and dry weight of the aerial and root parts, and the low nodulation can be attributed to the low population of native rhizobia in the soil. A low bacterial concentration was observed in the rhizospheric region of the Gros Vert variety treated with the fungicide compared to the untreated control and Onward variety; this result may be due to the effect of fungicide thiram influencing the abundance of microflora in the soil and the differential response between cultivars of the same species.

A combined in vitro–in silico approach for the discovery of novel endogenous enzymatic and ctDNA sequence of bioactive molecules from aerial and root parts of Centaurea sulphurea as antioxidant’s agents

The excess free radicals not neutralized by the antioxidant defenses damage the essential macromolecules of our cells, causing abnormalities in the expression of genes and membrane receptors, cell proliferation or death, immune disorders, mutagenesis, deposits of proteins or lipofuschin in tissues. The first objective of this study was to elucidate the composition of the essential oil of the aerial and root part of Centaurea sulphurea during beginning of the vegetative cycle (March), beginning of the flowering stage (April) and full bloom (May/June) using GC/FID and GC/MS. The second aim was to describe the antioxidant activity using three methods (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), β-carotene bleaching assay) and bioinformatical study of ctDNA sequence and three endogenous enzymes inhibition. The essential oils obtained from the root during the full bloom period consisted mainly of caryophyllene oxide, aplotaxene and (Z)-phytol. While, the aerial parts were dominated by caryophyllene oxide, verridiflorol and humulene epoxide II. The results showed that essential oil presented an excellent antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 2.06 g/L and 1.29 g/L, for aerial and root parts, compared to butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT) and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) controls and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) co-crystallized inhibitor. The results of the molecular docking revealed that (Z)-phytol (Ligand 39) has an affinity to interact with ctDNA sequence, and three targets Endogenous enzymes. The molecular dynamics study was conducted for the best inhibitors (Z)-phytol. A few key residues were identified at the binding site of receptors. The in-silico assessment of the ADME properties and BOILED-Egg plot reveals that compound (Z)-phytol (L39) is permeable to the blood brain barrier and have high lipophilicity and high coefficient of skin permeability in the intestines with good bioavailability. The ADMET analysis also showed that this oxygenated diterpene is safer to replace the synthetic drugs with side effects. Further testing is needed to assess its effectiveness in reducing oxidative stress for use in the pharmaceutical industry. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Comprehensive study of chemical composition and biological activity of Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Čelak.

The use of Thymus species amongst the public and their importance in the scientific world is increasing day by day. In addition to being consumed as tea and spice, Thymus species are used as folk medicine for respiratory, digestive, skin, circulatory, genital, nervous, visual and urinary diseases. In this study, it was aimed to examine the essential oil and ethanol extract of the root and aerial parts of Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschy ex Celak in the terms of their biological activity and chemical content. The phenolic content of the species was determined by LC-MS/MS, while triterpenoid content, the chemical composition of the essential oil as well as flavour was determined by GC–MS. In addition, their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, as well as acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease, tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, HMG-CoA reductase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were studied. Thymol (53.33%) was determined as the major component in the essential oil, while β-fenchyl alcohol (43.87%) was determined as the major component of the flavour. According to the LC-MS/MS and GC–MS results, it was found that especially the aerial parts of the species have a high amount of rosmarinic acid (3875.76 µg analyte/g extract), quinic acid (2392.55), naringenin (970.39), oleanolic (92785.96) and ursolic (63373.32) acids. The essential oil of T. pubescens species was observed to show high activity in four antioxidant assays, e.g. inhibition of lipid peroxidation, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity as well as CUPRAC, while the ethanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity. In enzyme inhibition assays, the aerial parts exerted marked BChE, elastase, and collagenase inhibitory activities (92.43±1.28%, 42.59±0.56, and 48.61±0.39 at 100 µg/mL, respectively). On the other hand, AChE, urease, tyrosinase, HMG-CoA reductase and ACE inhibitory activities of all extracts were from low to moderate levels. In particular, the aerial parts of the species displayed a high cytotoxic effect (vitality%: 6.82±0.01 at 200 µg/mL) in breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. Due to its remarkable antioxidant capacity, high content of rosmarinic, oleanolic, and ursolic acids and especially BChE, elastase, and collagenase inhibitory activity, T. pubescens has the potential for using in food supplements, food preservatives, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Coronilla juncea, a native candidate for phytostabilization of potentially toxic elements and restoration of Mediterranean soils

Soil contamination pattern due to industrial activities often leads to high concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) decreasing with depth. This spatial heterogeneity of the soil contamination may have significant consequences on the soil properties and soil living communities. We evaluated the effects of both surface and solum soil contamination heterogeneity on Coronilla juncea L. (Fabaceae) functional traits in field conditions and the phytostabilization potential of this species. Plant and soil samples were collected on 3 sites along a PTE contamination gradient. The correlations between PTE concentration in plant and soil samples at 2 depths, physico-chemical properties of soil, plant biomass and soil microbial activity were tested. Field measurements highlight a decreasing PTE concentration with soil depth in addition to an important surface heterogeneity of As, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn soil concentrations. Root PTE concentrations in C. juncea did not follow soil PTE concentrations. Concentrations of PTE in the root parts were higher than those of the aerial parts. Low PTE translocation and root symbioses with microorganisms suggest that this native plant species may play a role as engineer species with positive implications for the phytostabilization of Mediterranean PTE contaminated soils and their ecological restoration.

Plant growth-promoting of olive and walnut actinobacteria: isolation, screening PGP traits, antifungal activities, identification, and hydroponic production of wheat

ABSTRACT Bacteria are among the most frequently studied microorganisms in plant growth-promoting traits and fighting against different pathogens. Actinobacteria are prokaryotic organisms that produce mycelium, spores, and can form various secondary metabolites, especially antibiotics. In our study, free-living and endophytic Actinobacteria were isolated from rhizosphere soils and plant parts of olive (Olea europaea L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees, which are commercially essential agricultural products for Turkey. The study aimed to explore the plant growth-promoting activities of these Actinobacteria as biological fertilizers. Some of the properties of purified Actinobacteria that regulate the plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits; phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid, siderophore, ammonia, protease, beta-galactosidase, chitinase production, and antagonistic activities against various plant-pathogen fungi were investigated. As a result, 422 Actinobacteria were isolated, and 88 Actinobacteria determined to be possible plant bio-fertilizers were identified as Streptomyces spp. (70), Amycolatopsis spp. (12), Micromonospora spp. (four) and Nocardiopsis spp. (two) after the sequencing of their 16S rRNA genes. Moreover, four Streptomyces spp. and two Amycolatopsis spp. were used in hydroponic germination of wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum L.), and plant growth in terms of root and stem parts increased.

Chemometric analysis and chemical characterization for the botanical identification of Glycyrrhiza species (G. glabra, G. uralensis, G. inflata, G. echinata and G. lepidota) using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QToF)

Licorice is obtained from the roots of several species of Glycyrrhiza (Fabaceae), a genus containing about 20 species. The Chinese Pharmacopeia specifies three Glycyrrhiza species (G. glabra, G. uralensis, G. inflata). In an effort to unambiguously differentiate roots of five Glycyrrhiza species (G. glabra, G. uralensis, G. inflata, G. echinata, and G. lepidota), a LC-QToF method integrated with chemometric tools has been applied, based on chemical profiling of two major classes of saponins and phenolics. Multivariate statistical analysis, together with mass fragmentation of protonated/deprotonated molecular species, resulted in diagnostic fragment ions which were helpful in identification of core structural skeletons as well as functional groups appended to core structures. Roots named in the Chinese Pharmacopeia showed higher content of the triterpene saponinglycyrrhizinalong with phenolics including species-specific components. Most species-specific components were confirmed by comparison with reference standards and were utilized in statistical models to differentiate aerial from root parts. This study investigated 105 licorice samples and 11 licorice dietary supplements using LC-QToF data combined with PCA and PLS-DA models. Species-specific markers including glabridin, glycybridins, hispaglabridins, glabrol from G. glabra, glycycoumarin, licoflavonol, licoisoflavone A/B from G. uralensis, and licochalcones A-E from G. inflata were identified. Additionally, macedonosides and yunganosides were identified from G. lepidota and G. echinata. The investigated licorice dietary supplements were found to contain G. glabra. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the usefulness of these tools for quality assessment of licorice products

DNA cleavage, cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of Cistus laurifolius L. extracts

In this study, extracts of the root, branch and leaf parts of Cistus laurifolius L. were prepared using hexane, methylene chloride and ethanol solvents. DNA cleavage, cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of the prepared extracts were then investigated. The cytotoxic properties of the extracts were investigated in A549, DU-145, PNT-1A, MDA-MB231, CRL-4010 and HCT-116 cell lines. Among all prepared extracts, T4 (seed–methylene chloride) extract showed cytotoxic effects on more cancer cell lines compared to other extracts. Antioxidant tests were performed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. In both tests, it was determined that T7 (seed–ethanol) extract has a very strong antioxidant effect (IC50 = 0,000015 μg/ml for the DPPH method). In DNA cleavage studies, the results obtained confirm the protection of DNA from hydroxyl radical damage in the presence of methanolic plant extracts. Consequently, we determined that some of the Cistus laurifolius L. extracts have significant biological properties on the studied cell lines.

Callus induction with 6-BAP and IBA as a way to preserve Prunus ledebouriana (Rosaceae), and endemic plant of Altai and Tarbagatai, East Kazakhstan

Abstract. Orazov A, Myrzagaliyeva A, Mukhitdinov N, Tustubayeva S. 2022. Callus induction with 6-BAP and IBA as a way to preserve Prunus ledebouriana (Rosaceae), and endemic plant of Altai and Tarbagatai, East Kazakhstan. Biodiversitas 23: 3178-3184. This article presents the results of the study of in vitro conditions for the cultivation and induction of callus tissues of a rare plant species Prunus ledebouriana(Schlecht.) Y.Y.Yao (Ledebour's almond), endemic plant to East Kazakhstan. For the first time, protocol and optimal composition of Murashige & Skoog (MS) were developed for obtaining calendemiclus tissues. The main indicator of successful introduction was the frequency of callus tissue formation in vitro. Two types of explants were used: the whole embryos and embryos with a removed root part. The removal of the root part inhibited the organogenesis of the embryonic root and the first shoot, which allowed the accumulation of nutrients for the growth of the callus mass and increased the frequency by 7.79±0.46%. Various exogenous phytohormones such as Kinetin, 6-BAP, GA, IBA were added to the MS culture medium. A decrease in Kinetin concentrations of 0.04 mg/L resulted in a lower intensity, but a higher frequency of formation (72.00±5.66%) and mass gain. The average concentration up to 0.5 mg/L of exogenous phytoregulators, such as GA and 6-BAP, resulted in frequency from 65.38±5.44% to 72.00±5.66%, the concentration of IBA up to 1 mg/L increased the frequency from 46.00±2.83 to 72.00±5.66%. The protocol for obtaining callus from an embryonic explant and the composition of the optimal nutrient medium for the induction of callusogenesis made it possible to obtain P. ledebouriana meristem tissues for further use in the development of callus cryopreservation technology.

Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Bioactive Properties in Leaf and Root Parts of Cyathula prostrata (Pasture Weed) – A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Cyathula prostrata (Blume) L, a member of the Amaranthaceae family, has long been used in tropical regions of the world for a variety of diseases, and study has shown that it is beneficial in the treatment of rheumatism, dysentery, wounds, and urethral discharges. The goal of this study was to use standard conventional methods to investigate the phytochemical content of this plant's leaf and root parts. The presence or absence of several secondary metabolites was examined qualitatively and quantitatively in the crude extract. Phytochemical components were discovered to be more abundant in the leaves of Cyathula prostrata than in the root, according to the findings. Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and terpenoids were found in the leaf and root sections of the plant. These phytochemicals were found to be higher in the leaf than in the root, according to quantitative analysis of the leaf and root parts. Flavonoids were discovered to have the highest concentration of phytochemicals, followed by tannins, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and terpenoids in that order. The findings revealed that the leaf and root of Cyathula prostrata have excellent nutritional and therapeutic values, suggesting that it could be used for medical purposes.

The comparison of preliminary structure and intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of polysaccharides from different root parts of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe root of Angelica sinensis, has been commonly used in gynecology for centuries, and is normally applied divided into different parts in various clinical applications. At present, the majority of existing studies focus on the volatile oil and ferulic acid extracted from different parts of A. sinensis, but there is a dearth of scientific information on its water-soluble polysaccharides.Aim of the study: The structures of polysaccharides from plants, have been reported contributing to multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and liver protection. Therefore, the focus of this study was on its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, which would be based on the various polysaccharides with distinct structures obtained from different parts of the A. sinensis root. Materials and methodsFour parts of A. sinensis root were separated according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia: head, body, tail and whole body. Crude polysaccharides were obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation method, and were further fractionated by DEAE Sepharose chromatographic column and gel filtration. The comparison of ASPs from different root parts were performed, including chemical compositions determined by colorimetric analysis, monosaccharide compositions measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), glycosidic linkage units determined by methylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), organic functional groups determined by FT-IR, molecular weight (Mw) demarcated by gel permeation chromatography, and the viscosities and solubilities were measured according to method published in the previous report with minor modification. In vitro biological activities of APSs were compared on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory and oxidative stress models on IPEC-J2 cells. ResultsFour purified polysaccharides, ASP-H-AP, ASP-B-AP, ASP-T-AP and ASP-Hb-AP from the root of A. sinensis, were obtained, and consisted of various contents of protein and the polyphenol. They were possibly pectic polysaccharides with a long homogalacturonan region as the main backbone and ramified with rhamnogalacturonan I region, but they were differed by subregions and the relative contents of glycosidic units. The Mw of four pectic polysaccharides were ranged from 67.9–267.7 kDa. The infrared spectrum also showed that the four polysaccharide fractions contained the characteristic peaks of polysaccharides. Their distinct primary structure could lead to a variety of biological activities. In vitro biological assays suggested that four polysaccharide fractions can protect IPEC-J2 cells against the LPS-induced inflammation by down-regulating inflammation factors and related genes on IPEC-J2 cells. These polysaccharides also could alleviate oxidative stress on IPEC-J2 cells by up-regulating the gene and protein expressions of antioxidant enzymes. It was concluded that ASP-H-AP possessed better anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, while those of ASP-T-AP was relatively poor among the four polysaccharide fractions. ConclusionAll results indicated that the structure of pectic polysaccharides from different root parts of A. sinensis differed, which lead to their distinct anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. This may also be one of the factors why different parts of A. sinensis showed various pharmacological activities and applied independently in traditional use. In addition, it would be valuable for further studies on structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides obtained by different root parts of A. sinensis.

Innovative approach to the development of hydroponic green feeds

This article discusses the results of a study on the cultivation of hydroponic green feed in the laboratory, the main purpose of the study is to study the effect of humidity on the root system of the green mass, to increase the timing and dependence of the increment on temperature and humidity. The experience of using automation elements in order to develop recommendations for the implementation of automation systems and computerization of a hydroponic installation using a programmable microcontroller is analyzed. Taking into account the problems of growing green mass for use as feed for the agricultural sector, the issues of photosynthesis are considered, the results obtained and methods for measuring the concentration of free hydrogen ions in water (pH) are shown, for these purposes the water quality was monitored using Sensorex sensors, the issues of sprouting are described, as well as measuring the moisture content of the root part of the green mass and the devices used for this purpose. The article concludes that the results of the research are based on the use of various innovative solutions, this is a system of transition to digital agriculture, as a result of growing hydroponic green feeds using automation elements to control and manage the receipt of primary initial state information. This, in turn, will allow the agricultural sector to be fully automated, free up useful areas of land, increase yields and reduce production costs.

Phenolic Compounds of Rumex L: Aerial Part Fractions and Essential Oil Results of In vitro Screening for Antimicrobial Activity

The aim of the present study to clarify the phytochemical constituents of Rumex plants, extraction, separation and structural identification of chemical components, provide theoretical support and scientific basis for its traditional use, further expand the application scope of traditional medicinal plant resources in Uzbekistan, and develop its potential value. Three known anthraquinone derivatives has been isolated from the chloroform fraction extract of Rumex pamiricus roots and two known compounds were separated from the ethyl acetate fraction extract of Rumex conglomeratus roots. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic evidence and chemical methods. Qualitative analyses of major phenolics by TLC analysis were also evaluated. The ester oil from the aerial parts of Rumex confertus and Rumex pamiricus, the gasoline, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of Rumex pamiricus aerial part and alcohol extract of Rumex pamiricus roots were tested in vitro for antimicrobial activity.
 This study aimed to determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the medicinal plants traditionally used in Uzbekistan against the microbial strains associated with infectious diseases.

Qualitative analysis of some phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial tests of Helotropium supinum L. medicinal plant

Nowadays whole world blessed with medicinal plants for using as a major bio-source of modern synthetic drugs which are used widely in medicinal field. In this study Qualitative experiments of phytochemical and antibacterial tests were performed of ethanolic extracts of leaf and root parts of Heliotropium supinum. The Qualitative experiments revealed that the presence phytochemicals such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and carbohydrates. In this experiment alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, Carbohydrates and glycosides were observed in ethanolic extract leaves while alkaloids, flavonoids terpenoids were found in roots extract. For being presence of these essential properties H. supinum showed antibacterial activity. Maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in 500 µg concentration of leaves and root extracts where leaves extract showed highest inhibition zone (21 mm) against S. aureus while root extracts showed against E. coli (17 mm). Present study was designed to identify the sources and accurate information regarding the active components of this medicinal plant and to enhance awareness to public and private sector.

Auxin induces lateral root formation in Bupleurum: A heme oxygenase dependent approach

ObjectiveThe content of saikosaponins in genus Bupleurum is increased with numbers of lateral root, but the genetic mechanisms are largely unknown. This study aims to identify the heme oxygenase (HO) gene family members of B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, and assess their role in the root development in Bupleurum. MethodsThe gene sequences of HO family were selected from iso-seq full-length transcriptome data of B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium, and were analyzed in physicochemical properties, conserved domains, motifs and phylogenetic relationship. In addition, the expression patterns of HO gene in different parts of roots were compared via transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR in the two species. ResultsFive Bupleurum HO genes (BcHO1-BcHO5) belonging to the HO1 subfamily were identified from the transcriptome data, whereas the HO2 subfamily member was not identified. The expression levels of BcHO1 and BcHO2 were significantly higher than those of other three HO members in the transcriptome analysis. In addition, the expression profile of BcHO1 showed consistency with lateral root development in B. chinense and B. scorzonerifolium. ConclusionHos might participate in the auxin-induced morphogenesis of lateral roots. The yield of saikosaponin may be improved by manipulating expression of these genes.

Genomic and metabolomic profiling of endolithic Rhodococcus fascians strain S11 isolated from an arid serpentine environment.

Genomic and metabolomic studies of endolithic bacteria are essential for understanding their adaptations to extreme conditions of the rock environment and their contributions to mineralization and weathering processes. The endoliths of arid serpentine rocks are exposed to different environmental stresses, including desiccation and re-hydration, temperature fluctuations, oligotrophy, and high concentrations of heavy metals. Bacteria of the genus Rhodococcus commonly inhabit endolithic environments. Here, we describe genomic and metabolomic analyses of the non-pathogenic wild-type Rhodococcus fascians strain S11, isolated from weathered serpentine rock at the arid Khalilovsky massif, Russia. We found that strain S11 lacks the virulence plasmid that functions in the phytopathogenecity of some R. fascians strains. Phenotypic profiling revealed a high pH tolerance, phytase activity and siderophore production. A widely untargeted metabolome analysis performed using an Orbitrap LC-MS/MS method demonstrated the presence of chrysobactin-type siderophores in the culture medium of strain S11. The natural variation of secondary metabolites produced by strain S11 might provide a practical basis for revealing antibacterial, fungicide or insecticidal activities. Finally, plant infection and plant growth stimulation studies showed no observable effect of exposure strain S11 bacteria on the aerial and root parts of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Based on our findings, R. fascians strain S11 might be promising tool for investigations of organo-mineral interactions, heavy metal bioremediation, and mechanisms of bacterial mediated weathering of plant-free serpentine rock to soil.

Chitosan Oligosaccharide Lactate Increases Productivity and Quality of Baby Leaf Red Perilla

Perilla (Perilla frutescens) belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is used as a spicy culinary herb leafy vegetable as well as medicinal and ornamental plant. However, little is known about protocols for baby leaf perilla production. Native chitosan is a well-known biostimulant used in crop plant production. Nevertheless, the influence of water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (ChOL) on plant growth and bioactive compounds content remains unknown. The present pot experiment determines the effects of ChOL (0, 50 and 100 mg/L) on growth and selected biochemical characteristics of baby leaf red perilla. Compared to the untreated plants, ChOL application at 50 and 100 mg/L increased plant height (by 14.6% and 13.2%), the fresh weight of the above-ground part of plants (by 17.1% and 26.7%), leaves (by 21.8% and 35.5%) and roots (by 52.2%). The levels of total reducing sugars, polyphenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins in perilla leaves were significantly higher in all plants treated with ChOL at all tested concentrations. This was confirmed by macromolecules (FT-IR) studies showing higher band intensity for key functional groups in leaf samples. The application of ChOL also enhanced the antioxidant activity by using DPPH, ABTS and O2− radical scavenging activity assays. Based on the research, results suggested that ChOL may be used an effective plant biostimulant for high quality production of baby leaf red perilla.

Diversity, Antimicrobial Activity, and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Endophytic Bacteria Sourced From Cordia dichotoma L.

Endophytic bacteria isolated from medicinal plants are crucial for the production of antimicrobial agents since they are capable of possessing bioactive compounds with diverse structures and activities. Cordia dichotoma, a plant of medicinal importance native to the Jammu region of India, was selected for the isolation and characterization of culturable endophytic bacteria and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Standardized surface sterilization methods were employed to isolate thirty-three phenotypically distinguishable endophytic bacteria from the root, stem, and leaf parts of the plant. Shannon Wiener diversity index clearly divulged diverse endophytes in roots (0.85), stem (0.61), and leaf (0.54) tissues. Physio-biochemical features of the isolates differentiated the distinct variations in their carbohydrate utilization profile and NaCl tolerance. The endophytes produced an array of enzymes, namely, catalase, oxidase, amylase, cellulase, nitrate reductase, and lipase. The bacterial isolates belong to the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Acidomonas, Streptococcus, Ralstonia, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Alcalignes predominantly. However, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern indicated that the isolates were mostly sensitive to erythromycin and streptomycin, while they were resistant to rifampicin, amoxicillin, and bacitracin. Interestingly, majority of the bacterial endophytes of C. dichotoma showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The 16S rRNA sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis has been deposited in the NCBI GenBank database under accession number OM320575. The major compounds of the crude extract derived from endophytic B. thuringiensis OM320575, according to the metabolic profile examination by GC-MS, are dibutyl phthalate, eicosane, tetrapentacontane, heneicosane, and hexadecane, which possessed antibacterial activities. In conclusion, results indicated the potential of C. dichotoma to host a plethora of bacterial endophytes that produce therapeutic bioactive metabolites.

Use of pilot scale produced zeolites as fertilizer

Synthetic zeolites are materials with strong growth in technological development research because they are materials that can be obtained from waste and having several applications. In this study, type X zeolites synthesized in pilot scale from coal ash and after going through the loading process with the macronutrients phosphorus and potassium, were applied in the cultivation of Tagetes patula. To evaluate the performance of the developed fertilizer, after carrying out the phosphorus and potassium adsorption tests on the zeolitic material, the monitoring of the plant development was implemented. For this purpose, the evaluation was based on the parameters plant growth, dry matter of root and aerial part content, as well as leaf composition. A comparison between dosages, control samples and commercial fertilizer were applied in this analysis. Water and soil solubilization tests were done to evaluate the release of nutrients and identify possible harmful substances to the environment. The results were promising, indicating that the leaching of nutrients occurred gradually, being available during the entire period of plant development. Additionally, the performance of plants cultivated with zeolite fertilizer was similar or even superior to the cultivation carried out with traditional commercial fertilizer. The solubility of macronutrients in water was higher than that required by legislation (57% P and 48% K for ZXH.Fer zeolite and 64% P and 54% K for ZXF.Fer zeolite, while for a commercial fertilizer with similar concentration, the values were 23% and 27% for P and K, respectively) also demonstrating the applicability of the developed product.

Case Report: Combining Molar Interradicular Osteotomy With Immediate Implant Placement: A Three-Year Case-Series Study

Background: Immediate implant placement in the area of multirooted molars includes many anatomical challenges, particularly with osteotomy preparation in the interradicular bone.Methods: In this article, we are reporting ten cases in which implant beds were prepared before root extraction. After coronectomy, pre-extractive interradicular implant bed preparations were performed through the retained root complexes. A dimple in the roof of the furcation was created using a no. 8 round surgical bur. The osteotomies were then completed through the tooth’s initially retained root complex in the regular sequence of drilling. Before implant placement, the remaining root segments were removed. The retained root parts guided the osteotomy drills and allowed for precise positioning and angulation of the implant bed preparation with respect to the emergence profile of the tooth.Results: Data from a 3-year follow-up of the crestal bone showed good bone levels in relation to the implant platform.Conclusion: The technique described permitted accurate implant placement in the prepared osteotomy, thus enabling immediate implant positioning in multirooted extraction sites.

Comparative Metabolomic Analysis of Four Fabaceae and Relationship to In Vitro Nematicidal Activity against Xiphinema index.

The grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), responsible for fanleaf degeneration, is spread in vineyards by the soil nematode Xiphinema index. Nematicide molecules were used to limit the spread of the disease until they were banned due to negative environmental impacts. Therefore, there is a growing interest in alternative methods, including plant-derived products with antagonistic effects to X. index. In this work, we evaluated the nematicidal potential of the aerial parts and roots of four Fabaceae: sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), sweet clover (Melilotus albus), and red clover (Trifolium pratense), as well as that of sainfoin-based commercial pellets. For all tested plants, either aerial or root parts, or both of them, exhibited a nematicidal effect on X. index in vitro, pellets being as effective as freshly harvested plants. Comparative metabolomic analyses did not reveal molecules or molecule families specifically associated with antagonistic properties toward X. index, suggesting that the nematicidal effect is the result of a combination of different molecules rather than associated with a single compound. Finally, scanning electron microscope observations did not reveal the visible impact of O. viciifolia extract on X. index cuticle, suggesting that alteration of the cuticle may not be the primary cause of their nematicidal effect.