Root Parts Research Articles

Identificação de genótipos de soja tolerantes a diferentes concentrações de NaCl

Soybean is the main product of Brazilian agriculture, strengthening the country's position as one of the most important commodities in world agricultural trade. However, the salinity present in soils and irrigation waters can hinder the production process and generate economic damage. With the aim of selecting soybean genotypes tolerant to different sodium chloride (NaCl) conditions, 5 soybean genotypes were sown in rolls germitest paper with NaCl solutions at concentrations of 00, 40 and 80 mM. The evaluated characteristics were: final seedling stand, length of root and aerial part of the plant, fresh weight, dry weight of cotyledons, root and aerial part, percentage of germination, index of speed of germination and average time of germination. The design used was completely randomized, in a 3x5 factorial arrangement. The TMG 2383 genotype stood out from the others in the presence of salinity with a greater growth compared to the tested genotypes. The soybean varieties SYN 16861 IPRO, M8644 IPRO, TMG 2383 IPRO and NS8383 RR showed a certain level of resistance to saline stress. The genotypes resistant to saline stress can be used in genetic improvement programs in order to develop new cultivars with greater resistance to saline stress.

Biological Importance and Therapeutic Benefit of Swertisin: An Overview of Medicinal Importance and Pharmacological Activities

Background: Herbal medicines have been derived from different parts of the plants including roots, bark, seeds, flowers, and leaf. Human beings have been using herbal medicine and their derived phytochemicals for the treatment of human health complications since ancient times. Presence of different classes of phytochemicals is responsible for different pharmacological activities of herbal drugs and their derived products. Methods: Numerous scientific literature data have been searched to collect all the needed scientific information of the present article. Scientific literature databases such as Google, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed have been searched in the present work to collect all the scientific information of swertisin. Medicinal importance and pharmacological activities of swertisin have been investigated in the present work through literature data analysis of different scientific research works. Therapeutic benefits of swertisin against cognitive impairment, diabetes, hepatitis B, pain and chromosomal damage have been investigated through literature data analysis of different scientific research works. Results: Literature data analysis of numerous scientific research works revealed the biological potential of swertisin in medicine as it is present in different medicinal plants i.e. Wilbrandia ebracteata, Swertia franchetiana, Swertia mussotii, Enicostemma hyssopifolium, and Iris tectorum. Scientific data analysis revealed the therapeutic effectiveness of swertisin against cognitive impairment, diabetes, hepatitis B, pain and chromosomal damage. Scientific data analysis signified the importance of different analytical techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of swertisin in different samples. Conclusion: Present study signified the biological importance and therapeutic benefit of swertisin in medicine.

Extraction and optimization of phenolic compounds from butterbur plant (Petasites hybridus) by ultrasound-assisted extraction and determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of butterbur extracts

Butterbur (Petasites hybridus), which is a perennial herb native to Europe, Asia and North America, is used as food in the Black Sea region of Turkey. In this study, it was aimed to identify the natural microflora of the root, stem and leaf parts of the butterbur plant, to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds in these parts by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using the response surface methodology (RSM), and to determine the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these extracts. For this purpose, the effects of temperature (30–70 °C), extraction time (30–60 min) and ethanol concentration (0–70%) on total phenolic compounds (TPC) of phenolic extracts obtained from the butterbur plant parts were determined. As a result of the extractions carried out at optimum conditions, TPC (4.73, 0.64 and 3.78 μg GAE/mg extract), ABTS (17.57, 7.57 and 12.84 µg TE/mg extract), DPPH (2.51, 1.84 and 2.27 µg TE/mg extract) and FRAP (3.64, 2.95 and 3.14 µg TE/mg extract) values of the extracts obtained from root, stem and leaf were determined. Antimicrobial activity of the root, stem and leaf extracts were investigated on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus brevis microorganisms by the 96-well microtiter plate method and also disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the extracts ranged between 0.39 and 87.50 mg/mL for all extracts and all tested microorganisms, while inhibition zone diameters ranged between 6.05 and 20.30 mm. In conclusion, extracts obtained from the butterbur plant can extend the shelf life of food products due to their antimicrobial activities.

Stereocomplexed microparticles loaded with Salvia cadmica Boiss. extracts for enhancement of immune response towards Helicobacter pylori

Controlled delivery of therapeutic substance gives numerous advantages (prevents degradation, improves uptake, sustains concentration, lowers side effects). To encapsulate Salvia cadmica extracts (root or aerial part), enriched with polyphenols with immunomodulatory activity, in stereocomplexed microparticles (sc-PLA), for using them to enhance the immune response towards gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Microparticles were made of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(d-lactic acid) (PDLA). Their stereocomplexation was used to form microspheres and enhance the stability of the obtained particles in acidic/basic pH. The release of Salvia cadmica extracts was done in different pH (5.5, 7.4 and 8.0). The obtained polymers are safe in vitro and in vivo (guinea pig model). The sc-PLA microparticles release of S. cadmica extracts in pH 5.5, 7.4, and 8.0. S. cadmica extracts enhanced the phagocytic activity of guinea pig bone marrow-derived macrophages, which was diminished by H. pylori, and neutralized H. pylori driven enhanced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-10. The sc-PLA encapsulated S. cadmica extracts can be recommended for further in vivo study in guinea pigs infected with H. pylori to confirm their ability to improve an immune response towards this pathogen.

Phytochemical components and GC–MS analysis of Petiveria alliaceae L. fractions and volatile oils

Abstract Phytochemical constituents are important in the determination of plant activities. Their presence in medicinal plants gives their therapeutic values. These phytoconstituents possesses pharmacological activities that include antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesics, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, antidiarrheal and several other activities. These activities can be determined by the identification of the phytochemicals present in medicinal plants. Petivera alliaceae L. is one of the medicinal plants in the family of phtytolaccaceae used traditionally as an antirheumatic, analgesics, antimicrobial, anticancer and immunomodulators. It is believed to possess rich phytoconstituents especially sulphur containing a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Although the root extracts is been explored but there are limited publication to its root fractions. Therefore, the study is aimed at screening phytochemicals present in the fractions and volatile oil of the root parts of P. alliaceae using qualitative tests and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Fresh root parts of Petivera allliaceae plant were collected and air-dried. The dried root parts was macerated in absolute methanol for 72 h. The solution was extracted and dried. The dried root methanol extract was partitioned into n-hexane (PAH) and methanol fractions (PAM), while volatile oil (PAO) was extracted using Clevenger-type hydrodistillation method. The result shows that alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids were present while cardiac glycosides, phenol, terpenoids and anthraqunione glycosides were absent in both fractions. The GC–MS analysis identified 18 compounds in PAH, 19 compounds in PAM and 28 compounds in PAO. The fractions and volatile oils of P. alliaceae roots are rich in phytochemical constituents and compounds should be isolated from the fractions and explored for their potentials.

Optimum design of morphing flaps for improving horizontal axis wind turbine performance

AbstractThis study presents a conceptual design of optimum deformable blades as a function of wind speed. In this design, at any speed of wind flow, the blade sections have their optimal shape. Accordingly, the wind turbine performance will increase at different speeds. The WindPACT 1.5‐MW wind turbine is used as the base turbine, which has three different sections at the root, middle, and tip of the blade. The proposed deformation method, due to its simplicity, is suitable for the use of actuators. Different deflection angles are obtained at various wind speeds for each section through a controllable flap deformation method. The blade element momentum theory is used to calculate the performance of the morphing flaps. The results of this design are then validated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using three‐dimensional Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations together with the k–w turbulence model. The CFD results show that using optimum flap angles between 2° and 8° in the root, middle, and tip parts of the blade leads to a promising power increase of about 1.2%, 3.7%, and 13.5% at wind speeds of 4, 8, and 11.5 m/s.

The barrier to radial oxygen loss protects roots against hydrogen sulphide intrusion and its toxic effect.

The root barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) is a key root trait preventing O2 loss from roots to anoxic soils thereby enabling root growth into anoxic, flooded soils. We hypothesized that the ROL barrier can also prevent intrusion of hydrogen sulphide (H2 S), a potent phytotoxin in flooded soils. Using H2 S and O2 sensitive microsensors, we measured the apparent permeance to H2 S of rice roots, tested whether restricted H2 S intrusion reduced its adverse effects on root respiration, and if H2 S could induce the formation of a ROL barrier. The ROL barrier reduced apparent permeance to H2 S by almost 99%, greatly restricting H2 S intrusion. The ROL barrier acted as a shield towards H2 S; O2 consumption in roots with a ROL barrier remained unaffected at high H2 S concentration (500 μM), compared to a 67% decline in roots without a barrier. Importantly, low H2 S concentrations induced the formation of a ROL barrier. In conclusion, the ROL barrier plays a key role in protecting against H2 S intrusion, and H2 S can act as an environmental signalling molecule for the induction of the barrier. The study demonstrates the multiple functions of the suberized/lignified outer part of the rice root beyond that of restricting ROL.

Flax Harvesting Technologies for Flax Harvesting Machines

The technology of flax harvesting depends on input impacts, including: flax harvester qualitative characteristics; working body parameters; indicators of working conditions; intervening variables reflecting the dynamic properties of the working bodies and the dynamics of the flax flow input. (Research purpose) To establish patterns and the degree of correlation between the qualitative operation indicators (pulling and deseeding quality, flax line stretching); design parameters; machine dynamic properties and harvesting conditions (height and density of flax stem, field surface, thickness and unevenness of flax straw, etc.). (Materials and methods) Based on system analysis, mathematical models of the technological process of flax harvesting were developed. Information models were introduced for examining the main flax harvesters. (Results and discussion) The paper shows that the most typical indicators of the flax harvester working conditions are the flax stem height l(t), centimeters; the seed pod area a(t), centimeters; and field surface roughness z(t), centimeters. It is found that the quality of operation is determined by the deseeding quality, percentages; the flax straw stretching, times; the location of its apical and root parts, centimeters. The estimated indicators are as follows: the pulling height h(t), centimeters, the vibrations of the combine in the longitudinal-vertical plane Q(t), degrees, the location of the apical part of the flax flaw in front of the stripper. (Conclusions) A hydraulic device was developed to adjust the pulling height from 10 to 40 centimeters, depending on the flax stem. An important reserve for increasing the deseeding quality is the change in the width of the deseeding zone of the Vk harvester, centimeters. For this purpose, a mechanism was created for moving the deseeder against the clamping conveyor, depending on the flax stem height l(t), centimeters.

GC-MS Profiling of Reproductive Stage Withania somnifera for Antimicrobial and Anticancer Phytochemicals

Withanias omnifera also known as Indian ginseng is commonly found in India and other Southeast Asian countries. Various parts of this plant have been used as herbal medicine to treat a variety of diseases. However, there is a lacuna in the profiling of phytochemical constituents present in the different parts of the plant at reproductive stage. To identify phytochemicals present in the methanolic extracts of leaf, root, and stem parts of W. somnifera at reproductive stage using GC-MS analysis. Methods: The airdried parts of plant (leaf, stem and root) were extracted with methanol and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40°C using a rotary evaporator. The GCMSQP2010, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan with headspace sampler (AOC-20s) and autoinjector (AOC-20i), was used for sample analysis. The phytochemicals were identified with the database provided by National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST11LIB). The GC-MS analysis of leaf, root, and stem methanolic extracts of W. somnifera, revealed a total of eighty-two unique phytochemical peaks in the reproductive stage of the plant. Phytochemicals with antimicrobial and anticancer properties were identified in all the parts. In leaf, 2-pentanone, 5-chloro- was found to be most abundant and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxy-. beta.-methyl-.beta.-nitrostyrene least abundant with antimicrobial nature, whereas, benzene, 1,1'-(1,2-ethenediyl)bis[2-methyl- was found to be most abundant and dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene, 5,6,11,12-tetrahydro- least with anticancer property. In roots, the most abundant was benzoic acid, 3-methyl-2-trimethylsilyloxy-, trimethylsilyl ester and tris(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine the least abundant were identified to be antimicrobial, whereas high abundance uleine and low abundance 2-{4-[2-(4-methoxymethylphenyl)vinyl]phenyl}propan-2-olwere identified to be anticancer. In stem, acetohydroxamic acid was found to be most abundant and trans2,3,6-trimethoxy-b-methyl-b-nitrostyrene least abundant for antimicrobial nature, whereas 3-acetoxy-2,3'-bibenzo[b]thiophene was found to be anticancer phytochemical. In this study, phytochemicals with antimicrobial and anticancer properties were identified in leaf, root and stem parts of W. somnifera at reproductive stage.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of endophytic bacterial crude extracts from medicinal plant Ajuga turkestanica (Rgl.) Brig (Lamiaceae)

Ajuga turkestanica (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species of flora of Uzbekistan and is widely used in traditional medicine from its aboveground and root parts. In the course of a scientific study strains of endophytic bacteria with antimicrobial activity were isolated from the underground and upper parts of the plant. Twelve bacterial strains were selected to obtain crude extracts with methanol and ethyl acetate. The was studied pathogenic test of crude extracts of selected endophytic bacterial strains against bacterial strains and plant phytopathogenic fungi. It has been established that crude extracts isolated from strains of endophytic bacteria are effective against pathogenic test microbes. All extracts have an inhibitory effect pathogen test strains against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus-91, Bacillus subtilis-5, gram-negative Escherichia coli − 221, Pseudomonas aeruginosa − 225 and Candida albicans-247. The crude extracts showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.125 µg/mL − 50 µg/mL, inhibiting the growth of test strains of the pathogen. The range of action of all extracts at the minimum inhibitory concentration was as follows: E. coli 6.25 µg/mL − 25 µg/mL, B. subtilis 12.5 µg/mL −50 µg/mL, S. aureus −3.122 µg/mL − 50 µg/mL, P. aeruginosa 12.5 µg/mL −50 µg/mL. The inhibitory effect of all endophytic bacterial strains on plant phytopathogenic fungi was as follows: Fusarium oxysporium: 3–5 cm, 44% −70% and Fusarium proliferatum: 4.1–7 cm, 27.8% − 56%. Our findings provide new insights into the antimicrobial activities of B. mojavensis (M11) and B. amyloliquefaciens (M13) natural endophytes, suggest this species may a promising candidate as a biocontrol agent to confer resistance to F. oxysporium and F. proliferatum disease and other phytopathogens in medicinal plants.

Deep, ultra-hot-melting residues as cradles of mantle diamond.

The ancient stable continents are up to 250 km deep, with roots extending into the diamond stability field1. These cratons owe their mechanical strength to being cool and rigid2, features inherited from extensive melt extraction1,3. The most prominent model for craton formation anticipates dominant melting at relatively shallow depth (50-100 km) above diamond stability4-7, followed by later imbrication to form the deeper roots8,9. Here we present results from thermodynamic and geochemical modelling of melting at sufficiently high temperatures to produce the very magnesian olivine of cratonic roots10. The new closed-system and open-system modelling reproduces the observed cratonic mantle mineral compositions by deep (about 200 km) and very hot melting (≥1,800 °C), obviating the need for shallow melting and stacking. The modelled highly magnesian liquids (komatiites) evolve to Al-enriched and Ti-depleted forms, as observed in the greenstone belts at the fossil surface of cratons11. The paucity of Ti-depleted komatiite12 implies that advanced closed-system isochemical melting (>1,825 °C) was much less common than open-system interaction between deeper liquids and melting of existing refractory mantle. The highly refractory compositions of diamond inclusion minerals could imply preferential diamond growth in the more reducing parts of the cratonic root, depleted by ultra-hot melting in response to heat plumes from a deeper former boundary layer that vanished at the end of the Archaean13.

Status of virus and phytoplasma diseases in carrot growing areas of Ankara and Konya provinces, Turkey

In this study, infections that may emerge from viruses and phytoplasmas were investigated in carrot cultivation fields in the Ankara and Konya provinces, which are located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey and have the largest agricultural areas of the country. A total of 272 symptomatic and asymptomatic carrot plants, together with their root and leaf parts, were collected from 61 fields by performing periodic field studies during the plant vegetation periods between 2018–2019. Samples were tested against carrot virus Y (CarVY), carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV), carrot red leaf virus-associated RNA (CtRLVaRNA), carrot mottle virus (CMoV), carrot torradovirus 1 (CaTV), carrot yellow leaf virus (CYLV), carrot thin leaf virus (CTLV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) agents by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). To determine phytoplasmas, samples were tested using universal primers by nested PCR. Molecular tests conducted to investigate the aforementioned viruses produced negative results, but phytoplasma infections were widely found. 16SrVI-A “Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii” and 16SrI-B “Aster yellows” subgroups were detected by in vitro/in silico RFLP and sequencing analyses. Disease incidence caused by both phytoplasma groups was 39.34%. This study determined for the first time that 16SrVI and 16SrI groups cause severe infections in the carrot fields of Turkey.

Effect of Some Soil Mineral Levels on Their Contents in Different Plant Parts and on the Yield of Chickpea-Rhizobium Symbioses

Chickpea is a legume with high nutritional value. It is mainly grown in arid and semi-arid areas soils, which are characterized by a deficiency in mineral elements, a severe water deficit and a poor soil quality. Our work aims to evaluate the effect of different mineral elements in the soil on nodular biomass, growth and yield of chickpea. The physico-chemical analyses of the soil and the agronomical and physiological parameters showed that the level of available phosphorus in the soil positively affected the growth parameters in the chickpea studied plants. Our results also confirmed the positive effect of adequate plant P nutrition on yield. Indeed, among the studied fields, agricultural soil 7 presented the highest potassium content and seeds yield (12.87 mg/g DM and 62 seeds per plant, respectively). In parallel, soil 7 recorded the highest value of available phosphorus 23.52 ppm. On the contrary, soil 5 was the least rich in P content (6.73 ppm). A positive correlation was recorded between the sodium concentration in the soil and in the aerial parts (<i>r </i>=0.73). The results also showed that the aerial part was richer in calcium than the root part and the nodules. Moreover, other positive correlations were recorded between the calcium concentration in the soil and in the aerial part and in the root part (<i>r </i>=0.76 and <i>r </i>=0.54; respectively).

Seasonal variation of boeravinone B content in plant parts of Boerhaavia diffusa L.

Abstract Boerhaavia diffusa (family: Nyctaginaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant of rasayana category as per ayurvedic claims, commonly known as ‘Punarnava’ in Indian system of medicine. It is used as a green leafy vegetable in many Asian and African countries besides possessing anticancer, antiestrogenic, immunomodulatory and antiamoebic activities. Its phytochemicals like flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, polyphenols etc. have been extensively explored to gain insight into its wide range of bioactivities and medicinal attributes, and boeravinone B has been reported as most potent and interesting flavonoid for its therapeutic properties. In present investigation high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis was done on monthly basis for two consecutive years to check the influence of temperature, humidity and rainfall on production and quantification of boeravinone B in various plant parts of field grown B. diffusa. Throughout the year, variation in the concentration of boeravinone B was observed and highest yield was observed in July, which is also the best time for Boerhaavia multiplication and growth. Amongst the plant parts, maximum concentration of boeravinone B was obtained in root parts (6.63%) followed by leaves (4.28%) and minimal content was obtained in shoot parts (3.08%). These results indicate the ideal time for harvesting of the whole herb for its better utilization as a herbal therapeutic for commercial purposes.

Subcritical Water Extraction of Onosma mutabilis: Process Optimization and Chemical Profile of the Extracts.

The aboveground and root parts of Onosma mutabilis were extracted using subcritical water and the process was optimized with response surface methodology. The composition of the extracts was determined by chromatographic methods and compared to that of conventional maceration of the plant. The optimum total phenolic contents for the aboveground part and the roots were 193.9 and 174.4 μg/g, respectively. These results were achieved at a subcritical water temperature of 150 °C, an extraction time of 180 min, and a water/plant ratio of 0.1, for both parts of the plant. Principal component analysis revealed that the roots contained mainly phenols, ketones, and diols, with the aboveground part mostly alkenes and pyrazines, whereas the extract from maceration contained mainly terpenes, esters, furans, and organic acids. The quantification of selected phenolic substances showed that subcritical water extraction compared favorably to maceration, especially with respect to pyrocatechol (1062 as compared to 10.2 μg/g) and epicatechin (1109 as compared to 23.4 μg/g). Furthermore, the roots of the plant contained twice as much of these two phenolics compared to the aboveground part. Subcritical water extraction of O. mutabilis is an environmentally friendly method that can extract selected phenolics at higher concentrations compared to maceration.

Use of brown sugar adhesive adhesive agents based on, palm and alobe extracts in the coating of crean bean seeds with rock dust

Beans are extremely important for the Brazilian economy, are part of the diet, are very nutritious and have great commercial value, with high production due to their ability to adapt to different edaphoclimatic conditions. Traditional peoples produce seeds of local varieties, called creole seeds. They are resistant because they retain relevant characteristics left as an inheritance from their ancestors, who, free of charge, provided an environmental service for the preservation and perpetuation of this genetic heritage. Based on this, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the adherent agents palm extract, aloe vera extract and sugar syrup in the pelleting of creole bean seeds (Minguita) with rock dust. The work was carried out in the Laboratory of Phytotechnics belonging to the Campus of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Alagoas. As adherent agents were used: water, palm extract, aloe vera extract and sugar solution. Rock dust (MB-4) was used for the coating. The evaluated parameters were: water content, weight of a thousand seeds, first germination count, germination, germination speed index, average germination time, germination uncertainty, length of root and aerial part and dry mass of seedlings. Palm is the most efficient adherent agent in the pelleting of bean seeds with rock dust, and can therefore be recommended for sustainable pelleting.

Effects of vortex generator on the hydrodynamic characteristics of hydrofoil and horizontal axis tidal turbine

Tidal turbine blades are prone to flow separation in the boundary layer under high speed or high angle of attack, which will reduce energy efficiency and even the stall damage of the blades. This paper proposes introducing the flow control theory of vortex generators (VGs) to tidal turbines and studying the influence of VGs on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the tidal turbine blades. First, a numerical study is performed to investigate the effects of VGS on the hydrodynamic performance of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 4418 hydrofoil. The impact of different parameters, such as VG arrangement, spacing, height, and length, on the hydrodynamic performance of hydrofoil is studied by the computational fluid dynamics method. The results show that VGs can effectively suppress the flow separation and improve the maximum lift coefficient of the hydrofoil. The influence of VGs on flow separation characteristics of horizontal axis tidal turbines is studied by the CFD method. The results show that the flow separation of turbine blades mainly occurs at the root part of the suction surface, and the flow separation region expands radially as the flow velocity increases. VGs can effectively reduce the flow separation area on the suction side of turbine blades by suppressing the flow separation effect. Compared with the turbine blades without VGs, the power coefficient of turbine blades with VGs is increased by up to 5%. The flume experiment verifies the accuracy of the simulation results.

GC-MS Analysis of Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T. Aiton Root Hydro-Alcoholic Extract

Ichnocarpus frutescens (Apocynaceae) are generally known as Krishn sariva in Hindi, Kali Sariva in Sanskrit, a large, evergreen, red woody climber, native to India, Java, China, Ceylon, South Asia, Northern, Australia and found in ascending to an altitude of 4000 ft. Different tribes of India are used this plant as a substitute for Indian Sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus Indicus) it has been used conventionally in diverse ailments of human beings that is headache, wound, fever, tongue, ulcers, cramps, night blindness, stomach pain, bone, fracture, skin infection, diabetes, liver disorder, as an alternative, tonic, diuretic and diaphoretic, Pharmacologically plant shows Antiobesity, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, skeletal muscle relaxant, hepatoprotective, antitumor. The present study has aimed to identify the Phyto-substance present in Ichnocarpus frutescens using GC-MS analysis. The root part was extracted by maceration in which we have taken 70% Ethyl alcohol and 30% of distilled water. The phyto-components of Hydroalcoholic extract were identified by GC-MS investigation and eight were identified by GC-MS investigation and found eight numbers of phyto-components. Phyto- constituents of the extracts were D-Ribo-Hexose, 2, 6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-, Diethyl Phthalate, Desulphosingrin, 3-O-Methyl-d-glucose, d-Mannose, Ethyl Oleate, Hexadecanoic acid, 2 Hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(Hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester. This study is the major characterization of the phyto-components of plant data that indicates the hydro-alcoholic extract has remarkable activities.

Adhering Agents in Maize Seed Pelletizing

The maize very important role in the Brazilian economy because it has a high commercial value, having great production due to its ability to adapt to different edaphoclimatic conditions. Family farming produces seeds from local varieties, called creole seeds. This type of seed is resistant because it keeps relevant characteristics left as an inheritance from its ancestors, who, free of charge, performed an environmental service for the preservation and perpetuation of this genetic heritage. Therefore, the work had to evaluate the effect of the adherent agents palm extract, aloe vera extract and sugar solution in the pelleting of creole corn seeds with rock dust. The work was carried out in the Plant Propagation Laboratory belonging to the Campus of Engineering and Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Alagoas. As adherent agents were used: water, palm extract, aloe vera extract and sugar solution. Rock dust (MB-4) was used for the coating. The evaluated parameters were: water content, weight of a thousand seeds, first germination count, germination, germination speed index, average germination time, germination uncertainty, length and dry mass of the root and aerial part. Palm extract is the most efficient adherent agent for pelletizing corn seeds with rock dust.

Phytoremediation by using Atriplex halimus subsp. schweinfurthii as a bio-absorbent of Cadmium in the soil

Background: The problem of soil contamination is a major concern of emerging countries. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and mercury cannot be biodegraded, and therefore, persist in the environment for long periods. It has become essential to develop efficient techniques for decontamination of polluted soils. One of these techniques, phytoremediation, is economically viable and compatible with environmental preservation policies. The application of phytoremediation in salty areas requires the use of plants that are able to tolerate heavy metals and high soil salinity. Atriplex halimus is one of the species with a great purification potential, which is a spontaneous halophyte species, and endowed with a fairly important aerial and root biomass. This study aimed to determine the effect of cadmium sulfate (CdSO4 ) on the germination and growth of A. halimus, and to assess its ability to accumulate cadmium and proline. Methods: This is an experimental study of the tolerance of A. halimus to increasing concentrations of CdSO4 by an in vivo test. This study aimed to assess the degree of tolerance of this perennial species towards different concentrations of CdSO4 . Results: The results show a non-significant effect of CdSO4 on the seed germination rate and growth of the aerial and root parts. However, a significant accumulation of proline was observed especially in the aerial part, whereas the highest cadmium content was recorded at the roots. Conclusion: According to the results, this species can be used in phytoremediation to decontaminate soils contaminated by heavy metals.