Road Transport Of Goods Research Articles

Multi-Index Driver Drowsiness Detection Method Based on Driver's Facial Recognition Using Haar Features and Histograms of Oriented Gradients.

It is estimated that 10% to 20% of road accidents are related to fatigue, with accidents caused by drowsiness up to twice as deadly as those caused by other factors. In order to reduce these numbers, strategies such as advertising campaigns, the implementation of driving recorders in vehicles used for road transport of goods and passengers, or the use of drowsiness detection systems in cars have been implemented. Within the scope of the latter area, the technologies used are diverse. They can be based on the measurement of signals such as steering wheel movement, vehicle position on the road, or driver monitoring. Driver monitoring is a technology that has been exploited little so far and can be implemented in many different approaches. This work addresses the evaluation of a multidimensional drowsiness index based on the recording of facial expressions, gaze direction, and head position and studies the feasibility of its implementation in a low-cost electronic package. Specifically, the aim is to determine the driver's state by monitoring their facial expressions, such as the frequency of blinking, yawning, eye-opening, gaze direction, and head position. For this purpose, an algorithm capable of detecting drowsiness has been developed. Two approaches are compared: Facial recognition based on Haar features and facial recognition based on Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG). The implementation has been carried out on a Raspberry Pi, a low-cost device that allows the creation of a prototype that can detect drowsiness and interact with peripherals such as cameras or speakers. The results show that the proposed multi-index methodology performs better in detecting drowsiness than algorithms based on one-index detection.

The consignment note and the community license – confirmative tools for the execution of the contract for the international carriage of goods by road on the territory of the European Union

The present clause covers the characteristics and ways of functioning of the relationship between the consignment note and the community license in the context of carrying out international road transport operations besides the territory of the European Union. Given that the community license can be identified as an analogue of the C.E.M.T. authorization, issued exclusively on the territory of the European Union, the description of its content, particularities, as well as of the way of its obtain, establishes an aspects of interest for an research of the European Union’s legislati-on in the field of international transport of goods by road. In respect that, in its spareness the community license can not produce legal effects on the territory of the community space, the necessity of examining the nominated kind in terms of the existing multilateral framework and the legislation of the European Union which settles the operations of road transport of goods is attested in this regard.

ANALYSIS OF MARITIME TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF ENSURING GLOBAL SECURITY

Topicality. russia's aggression against Ukraine was the main factor behind the food crisis and the increase in food prices at the international level. Acceptable logistics routes were blocked. Domestic water transport, rail transport and road transportation of goods were not able to export enough crops to ensure global food security. All these pressing issues in the field of maritime transport in Ukraine prompt us to investigate the nature of the problem.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of Ukraine's maritime transport based on national and global security.Materials and methods. The study was based on the results of scientific works of leading scientists in the field of maritime transport development and ensuring national, economic and food security. In writing the article, the methods of synthesis, theoretical generalization, empirical and analytical models of scientific research were applied.Research results. The study analyzes the activities of the ports of Great Odesa under the Grain Agreement (for the year of the agreement's existence). A significant impact on the disruption of the systematic operation of the grain corridor is caused by the russian federation, which led to a complete blockade of the Pivdennyi port and significant damage to port infrastructure, grain terminals and elevators in Odesa and Odesa region. The ports of Great Odesa exported 32.8 million tons of agricultural food products. In total, 1006 vessels left the ports of Great Odesa. The most active exporting countries are: China (8.0 million tons), Spain (6.0 million tons), Turkey (3.2 million tons), Italy (2.1 million tons), the Netherlands (2.0 million tons), Egypt (1.6 million tons) and Bangladesh (1.1 million tons).Conclusion. The analysis shows that for the further smooth functioning of the Black Sea Initiative, it is necessary to involve more influential international organizations in its regulation; to improve the institutional and economic system of maritime transport and introduce mechanisms that will encourage it to compete at the international level; to optimize the logistics supply chains of cargoes, to improve the multimodal approach to the functioning of the transport system of cargo transportation.

DIGITALIZATION AND MODERN ELECTRONIC SERVICES FOR ROAD TRANSPORTATION

Purpose. Digitalization of business processes and implementation of transparent and effective electronic services for the provision of administrative services is one of the key state priorities of Ukraine, the realization of which contributes to European integration processes and sustainable development of the country by reducing corruption risks in all sectors of the economy and social sphere. One of the main tasks that arises when solving this problem is the introduction and use of modern information technologies and electronic document management in road transport. In this regard, the paper analyzes the functionality of the existing information systems on the road transport market of Ukraine and considers the procedure for their use in the organization of transportation. Methodology. During the research, methods of analysis and expert evaluation were used to study the main functionality and the order of application of information systems for the organization of road freight transportation. Results. Currently, a number of electronic services and systems, such as Shlyah, eChherga, WiM, have been successfully implemented and operated in Ukraine for the organization of road transport. The e-TTN electronic document management system is at the final stage of implementation. Scientific novelty. The obtained results of the analysis of the functionality and the order of use of modern information systems for the organization of road transportation of goods allow to perform a scientific and economic evaluation of the choice of software products for solving operational logistics problems and improving the efficiency of the transport process. Practical significance. The presented research results can be used to organize and optimize the process of cargo transportation by road transport of Ukraine.

Assessment of the Impact of Selected Parameters of Tractor-Semitrailer Set on the Braking Safety Indicators

With the continuous development of road transport of goods, the issue of safety risks related to the movement of trucks and road trains remains an essential element of the overall road safety system. One of the persistent problems is the braking of such kits, especially in emergencies on the road. The work aims to show how typical changes in operating conditions can affect the basic indicators illustrating the safety of braking (effectiveness indicators, stability symptoms). A simulation method was applied for the analysis, which used a relatively simple (quasi-static) model of the tractor-semitrailer set’s rectilinear motion and models of the braking system and the longitudinal forces in the tyre-road surface contact. Calculations were made for the selected truck-trailer set in nominal condition and for several deviations from the nominal state, such as loading the trailer (load value, location of the semi-trailer’s centre of gravity), reduced surface adhesion, and selected faults of the semitrailer braking system. The results were compared for several qualitative and quantitative criteria for the evaluation of braking safety. Attention was drawn to the problem of the forces in the coupling (which determine the possibility of jack-knifing phenomena), the order of axle locking, and the braking distance. The presented results show that the change of operating conditions as above compared to the nominal condition visibly deteriorates the effectiveness of the braking process. The greatest threat, both related to the braking efficiency and the increase in the force in the coupling, is associated with the lack of braking of the semitrailer axle or a significant reduction in its load. The weight and location of the load’s centre of gravity considerably impact braking safety. In addition to the negative impact on the braking distance or increase in the horizontal force in the coupling, it changes the order of locking the axle. ABS reduces the risk associated with braking safety but does not eliminate it. At the same time, it has been shown that using relatively simple calculation tools makes it possible to indicate the risks related to the braking safety of such articulated vehicles.

Study of the Multimodal Freight Transport Sector in Romania: Analysis of the External and Internal Environment

The paper studies the current situation of the multimodal freight transport sector in Romania, using the analysis of its external and internal environment. The goal is to find out what are the pluses and minuses of this sector and what strategies must be adopted so that the targets set by the European Green Deal can be reached. This EU strategy emphasizes that, in order to reduce pollution, emphasis must be placed on multimodal transport, with an emphasis on rail transport. Thus, the general external environment is defined by the following factors: demographic, economic, technological, ecological, etc. While the labor force crisis in the road transport of goods deepens, and the average age of the staff in the railway sector is getting higher, the policy of the EU and, implicitly, of the EU member states stimulates multimodal transport, in order to reduce CO2 emissions. The Porter model shows that, despite the forces acting in a negative direction, the multimodal freight transport market is attractive. At the same time, from the strategic group belong both multinational corporations and enterprises with domestic capital, which underlines the attractiveness of the market. Thus, it is necessary to apply the strategy that involves a reduction of costs, but not by decreasing the quality of the services offered. On the other hand, the SWOT analysis indicates that multimodal freight transport in Romania is in the ideal/maximum situation. Therefore, it is necessary to apply an aggressive strategy. Thus a net competitive advantage will be ensured. The strategy consists in stimulating rail freight transport, which will contribute to reducing pollution.

Efficiency of the Consumption of Energy in the Road Transport of Goods in the Context of the Energy Crisis

Transport costs are strongly influenced by fuel prices and fuel consumption in transport, i.e., energy efficiency. The aim of the article is to present the problem of energy efficiency in freight transport with the use of Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDV). The authors presented the factors of energy efficiency in road transport, energy efficiency of the road vehicles, the share of fuel costs in the total costs of transport companies and the relationship between the increase in fuel prices and the increase in transport rates. Research methods include, apart from literature analysis, interviews conducted in Polish transport companies in 2022 and the analysis of data collected by the authors on the transport services market over the last 20 years. The increase in rates over the last 20 years, until 2021, largely coincided with the increase in fuel prices, while in 2022, for the first time in this period, the increase in fuel prices was greater than the increase in rates. However, the prices for transport services increased with the increase in energy consumption costs, not with changes in fuel prices. The cost of energy consumption depends on the efficiency of its use, which is constantly increasing, although to a small extent. Research shows that the efficiency of fuel consumption in high-tonnage transport changes at a rate of 0.8–1% per year while the proportion of fuel costs in Polish transport companies transporting goods by road in the last 20 years oscillates between 29% and 46%. There was also an increase in the freight rates on this market, in most cases by over 30%. Despite this, however, the profitability of some companies deteriorated. A large increase in transport rates, compensating for the increase in fuel prices, applies mainly to transport companies whose strategy is to compete with the quality of services, and when high-value loads are transported, while a small increase in transport rates, which does not compensate for the increase in fuel prices, applies mainly to companies whose strategy is to compete on the price of transport services and when low-value cargo is being transported. The results of research on the market in Poland conducted by the authors of the article agrees with the results and opinions of other authors and researchers from other countries. The authors also agree with the view that the possibilities of increasing the efficiency of energy consumption in road transport by the carriers themselves are limited. The road transport market, especially in Poland, is highly competitive, which results in high efficiency of transport processes. However, this efficiency is largely affected by factors beyond the control of these companies (technological factors, infrastructure and energy sources). It seems that the involvement of the state is necessary. The research carried out by the authors of the article also confirmed the existing relationships between the weight of the transported cargo and energy consumption identified by other authors.

The possibility of granting the right to use car parking in the central area the city of Krasnoyarsk

The development of urban agglomeration and transport systems contributes to an increase in road transport of goods and passengers, which, in turn, leads to an increase in negative impacts on the ecological situation of the urban environment. Conflicts between transport, in particular motor transport, and the environment are very serious and have been increasing for many years, with every car produced. In this paper, a quality indicator is proposed for consideration, which will be closely related to ecology, and which can be improved with the use of traffic management tools. This indicator is the speed of movement. Keywords: ecology, road transport, emissions, traffic management, dedicated lanes, modernization

Повышение эффективности междугородных грузовых автомобильных перевозок на основе учета факторов, влияющих на переменные затраты

Abstract. According to official statistics, about a quarter of road transport enterprises are unprofitable, so increasing their efficiency is an urgent task of the transport industry. In the market, carriers always has alternative options for loading vehicles. Based on the profit maximization criterion, the most effective trips are those that provide the maximum specific margin profit, which is determined by dividing the difference between the tariff and variable costs for the duration of the ride. Earlier studies conducted to determine effective trips were determined on the basis of average variable costs for the vehicles in question, however, studies have shown that variable costs significantly depend on the age of the vehicles and the load factor. The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency of intercity road freight transport on the basis of improving the methodology for selecting transportation orders, providing the maximum specific marginal profit in the specific operating conditions of vehicles. The basis of the methodology is to take into account the factors affecting variable costs in long-distance road transportation of goods. The study was conducted based on statistical data on the operation of Mercedes-Benz Actros-1840 truck tractors in AlliansAuto LLC in 2020 and 2021. The regularities of the influence of the age of the vehicles on fuel consumption and repair costs, as well as the load factor on fuel consumption were determined. The scientific novelty of the research is the improved methodology for selecting applications for transportation by marginal profit, taking into account the established patterns of influence of specific conditions on variable costs. The calculated economic effect in the form of an increase in marginal profit by 61860 rubles in annual terms for the conditions of transportation by road trains LLC “AllianceAuto” on the direction Chelyabinsk — Moscow testifies to the practical significance of the proposed methodology. Further improvement of the methodology for selecting applications for transportation by marginal profit is advisable to clarify the pattern of influence of the load on repair costs.

LIBERALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORTATION AS A NEW IMPULSE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INDUSTRY

The article examines the influence of state regulators on the organization of the process of international road transportation for Ukrainian carriers.
 It is substantiated that in the field of international road transportation there is a permit system between countries. That is, the main document that allows the performance of commercial transportation of goods or passengers on the territory of any state by a foreign vehicle is a permit to perform international road transportation of goods / passengers on the territory of a foreign state. A separate permit must be issued for each carriage of goods, which gives the right to carry out one run in the forward and reverse directions, unless another is stipulated in the permit itself. The competent authorities of the Contracting Parties will annually transmit to each other a mutually agreed number of forms of permits for the carriage of goods. In most cases, freight permits are issued within quotas on a parity basis.
 It has been proven that the administrative barrier in the form of permits for international road transportation is a deterrent to the free market.
 On the one hand, it is a kind of lever to protect national carriers, but on the other hand it is a restriction for the industry and not just transport.
 After all, changes in the legislation of the European Union will have an effect on Ukrainian carriers. Since, the process of negotiations in the direction of liberalization of road freight transportation for Ukrainian carriers is becoming more difficult. Therefore, the agreements reached with the countries that have agreed to such a step are extremely important.
 The legal acts included in the so-called Mobility Package and intended for the regulation of international road transportation in the European Union are described. Despite the fact that the norms of the Mobility Package now apply only to carriers from the EU member states and do not apply to carriers from the third countries, including Ukrainian, it is expected that the competent EU bodies will initiate proposals to extend a number of provisions of the Mobility Package to the carriers of non-EU countries.
 The proposed liberalization of the conditions for international road transportation is a new impetus for the development of the transport industry, as the absence of any barriers in the form of permits is a competitive advantage of domestic carriers in the road transport market.

The development of basic algorithms for processing navigation data in dispatching control systems of road transportation of goods and passengers

The development of basic algorithms for processing navigational data in dispatching control systems of road transportation of goods and passengers on specified routes is discussed in this article. Algorithms for processing navigation data with the use of GIS-technologies are described. The features of the “linking” of navigation marks to the zones of control points represented in the spatial model of the route by polygons formed by means of specialized editors of geographic information systems are described. The algorithm of recognition of flights performed on a given route based on the analysis of the actual data on the passage of checkpoints of the route by the vehicle, as well as the algorithm of recognition of liberty mileage is considered in detail. The description of the algorithm for comparing the planned and actual indicators of transport work developed using the theory of sets is presented. A block diagram of an algorithm for a step-by-step evaluation of the results of performing transport work is presented on the basis of the application of the procedure of stepwise narrowing of the set of admissible alternatives.

Navigation Control of Cargo Transportation in the North of Russia

To develop the northern territories and ensure a normal life for people working there, significant quantities of construction materials, fuel, machinery, equipment, food and other goods are needed, a significant part of which must be transported to these territories. The peculiarity of the processes of transportation of goods to the Northern regions by road is that most of the transportation process is carried out using temporary roads which are called winter (or snow) roads [1, 2].Unlike permanent paved roads with corresponding infrastructure maintenance elements, winter roads have a traffic track representing a snow-cleared lane without specially prepared layers of pavement. The track has temporary landmarks [3, 4]. However, in bad weather, sudden changes in temperature, the route can be «lost», which negatively affects reliability and safety of the transportation process. Geoinformatics tools allow to create a virtual spatial model of a temporary road, which can be shown on an electronic map [5–7]. Satellite navigation tools form actual navigation data, which are « linked» to the route by means of geoinformatics. The current location of a vehicle on a winter road track can be displayed using an electronic terrain map on a display screen of an on-board telematic unit [8–10]. The objective of the article is to consider the main tasks that are solved by the supervisory control system when monitoring movement of vehicles on temporary winter roads. Using mathematical methods and special methods of analysis and planning of road transportation, a methodological basis has been developed to increase the level of automation of basic functions of the dispatch control of road transportation of goods in mixed multimodal traffic based on the use of information generated by GLONASS global navigation system. It is shown that the use of geoinformatics, mobile communications and satellite navigation will significantly improve reliability and safety of the processes of cargo transportation in the North of Russia. According to experts, the use of the proposed methodology allows reducing time for cargo handling by an average of 30 % and decision-making time by 50 %, as well as increasing the efficiency of using vehicles by reducing by 95 % the number of deviations from the planned schedule.

ВИБІР МЕТОДІВ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ МІЖНАРОДНИХ АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ ПАРТІОННИХ ВАНТАЖІВ У ЛОГІСТИЧНИХ ЛАНЦЮГАХ

The article deals with the methods of delivery of ICCLC, such as: through, terminal, prefabricated and more. The influence of factors on the choice of a method of delivery of ICCLC. The object of study is the process of international road transportation of goods. The purpose of the work is to develop the main stages of the methodology of choosing the methods of the organization of ICCLC, depending on the conditions of transportation and customer requirements. To increase the efficiency of the ICCLC, one of the important tasks that carriers and freight forwarders solve is the choice of methods for organizing the ICCLC in logistics chains. It is advisable to use effective delivery methods in certain conditions of transportation, such as through, terminal, prefabricated, terminal (traction shoulders) and others. When choosing these methods, many factors are taken into account, such as the partisanship of international road transportation of goods, the geographical location of shippers and consignees, the state of highways and more. When organizing ICCLC using the above methods, different combinations are possible related to the particularities of transportation in the countries of departure and destination and the requirements of the cargo owners. The choice of the method of ICCLC organization is influenced by the criteria of ICCLC efficiency (for example, the time of delivery of goods, the cost of 1 km run of vehicle, the cost of 1 tkm of transport work, etc.). In addition to the above criteria, which help to determine the effectiveness of a particular method of delivery of goods, the rationality of the method in each individual situation depends on the possibility of the arrival of vehicle for unloading at the appointed time. This is because of the arrival time of the vehicle must be linked to other operations occurring at the terminal. The main stages of the methodology for selecting the organization of ICCLC are developed, taking into account the above factors and the impact of criteria on them. KEYWORDS: PARTITIONALITY, METHODS OF ORGANIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL CARGO TRANSPORTATION.

Technical and Technological Innovations and Quality in Road transport of Goods - Selected Aspects

The article presents the results of research regarding the impact of technical and technological innovations on the quality of services in road transport of goods. The study was conducted using a structured questionnaire survey on a sample of134 road transport companies. Respondents were managers and business owners. 7 factors, which potentially determined the quality of services, were assessed by the respondents. The data analysis used the arithmetic mean and the dominant, which formed the basis for determining the importance of a given factor for the quality of services. The variability analysis provided information about the variation of the sample. The results of the research proved the influence of innovation on quality. The highest-ranked factors supporting the quality ofroad transport services were intelligent transport systems, the ability to minform the customer about the actual location of the shipment (delivery time) and systems supporting the work of a professional driver. The article also identified selected innovations and attempts were made to determine their importance in the development of the quality of services and the effects of their functioning on the road transport system.

Air Pollution and Estimated Health Costs Related to Road Transportations of Goods in Italy: A First Healthcare Burden Assessment.

Background: The Italian Society of Environmental Medicine has performed a preliminary assessment of the health impact attributable to road freight traffic in Italy. Methods: We estimated fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) generated by road transportation of goods in Italy considering the number of trucks, the emission factors and the average annual distance covered in the year 2016. Simulations on data concerning Years of Life Lost (YLL) attributable to PM2.5 (593,700) and nitrogen oxides NO2 (200,700) provided by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) were used as a proxy of healthcare burden. We set three different healthcare burden scenarios, varying from 1/5 to 1/10 of the proportion of the overall particulate matter attributable to road freight traffic in Italy (about 7% on a total of 2262 tons/year). Results: Road freight traffic in Italy produced about 189 tons of PM10, 147 tons of PM2.5 and 4125 tons of NOx in year 2016, resulting in annual healthcare costs varying from 400 million up to 1.2 billion EUR per year. Conclusion: Road freight traffic has a relevant impact on air pollution and healthcare costs, especially if considered over a 10-year period. Any solution able to significantly reduce the road transportation of goods could decrease avoidable mortality due to air pollution and related costs.

The current situation and the directions of changes in road freight transport in the European Union

Abstract The purpose of the article is to present the current situation in the road transport of goods in the European Union and the directions of changes in this area. Firstly, theoretical issues related to freight transport have been introduced, with particular emphasis on the needs which generate the demand for the provision of such services. Afterwards, European statistics have been presented. These statistics demonstrate the changes which are taking place in the road transport of goods. The transport policy of the European Union has been described in next section of the article. Particular attention has been paid to the presentation of European Union projects which allow for limiting the negative impact of freight transport on the environment in the cities.

Improving road transport of goods in the process of distribution of wood-based materials

The article covers the problem of safety of wood-based materials during transport. There are three ways to improve the material transport process. Optimal routes have been proposed, on the basis of the nearest neighbour method, the Little algorithm and the GPS system

Regulations against Polish carriers performing international road transport of goods

Nowadays, in the European Union, in practically all fields of economy, including road transport, there are certain difficulties in free exercise of service activity in international transport. These difficulties are expressed by creating barriers of entry to a market or existing in that market by entities from other countries and they arise as a result of legal actions or administrative actions which interfere with legal provisions and therefore act in the interest of their own economy. The profitability of both Polish and foreign carriers which extended their activities to Western Europe is based on lower production costs, which can be achieved through lower maintenance costs of vehicles and lower working costs. The process of creating barriers of entry for the highly competitive entities in the EU results in market uncertainty, whose effect may be increased risk of providing transport services and which limits the transport potential of numerous companies. It is currently very difficult to find an agreement between the so-called “old EU” and the Visegrad Group in the area of transport. The key subject is solving the issue of posted workers. The most controversies regard the issue of whether the provisions of the new directive will also concern the workers from the transport sector. A few states, e.g. France, Germany, the Netherlands and Spain wants the sector to be permanently included in the directive. Poland (posts the most workers) and other EU member states which undertake transport operations in the EU oppose these provisions.

Особенности международных автомобильных перевозок грузов на современном этапе

the article examines the current state of the international road transport market and its features in the Russian Federation. The concept of international road transport of goods is given and their main advantages before choosing other modes of transport are listed. The main problems of international road transport of goods at the present stage are analyzed and possible ways of their solution are given. In particular, the functional-informational model of the international trading company and its advantages are considered.

The Relationship between Self-reported Traffic Crashes and Driver Behavior in the Road Transportation of Goods and Freight in Bali

Road safety stakeholders in Bali have highlighted the need to investigate and better understand road user behavior as a means of reducing the high number of crashes in the goods and freight distribution sector. This study aims to analyze the relationship between driver behavior and traffic crashes reported by drivers transporting goods and freight in Denpasar, Bali. A driving safety survey was distributed to 350 goods and freight transport drivers to obtain a range of demographic information, self-reported crash and offence data, and psychosocial data associated with driving safety. Analysis identified four areas of concern with distinctions between different driving practices within the sample, consisting of aggressive driving behavior, driving errors, traffic code violations and normlessness. The results of this study demonstrate that normlessness consisting of behaviors such as taking a slight risk when overtaking and ignoring speed limits were the most common forms of unsafe behavior reported by the goods vehicle transport drivers. The study found that speeding influenced more self-reported driving errors, aggressive behaviors, traffic rule violations and crashes. In addition, drink driving was found to be positively related to traffic crashes. The implications of these results are discussed.