Road Transport In Poland Research Articles

Analysis of the National Annual Emission of Pollutants from Road Transport in Poland in the Years 1990–2020

This article presents the official results of the inventory of pollutants in Poland from road transport, developed in the National Centre for Emissions Management of the Institute of Environmental Protection–National Research Institute in Warsaw as part of the reporting of national pollutant emissions. Considerations concern pollutants harmful to the health of living organisms. Source information is available in official reports. The national emission of pollutants covers the years of balancing 1990–2020. The aim of the work is to assess the dynamic properties of the processes of national emission of pollutants. The list of substances whose emission is examined in the article is consistent with the list of substances in accordance with the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Environment Agency (EMEP/EEA) procedure. These are pollutants harmful to the health of living organisms. The inventory of pollutants contributing to the intensification of the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere is carried out as part of separate reports. The energy consumption of road vehicles was presented. The ratio of national annual emissions of pollutants in 2020 and in 1990 is the lowest for sulfur oxides and lead, followed by non-methane volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide. The analysis of the national pollutant emission concerned the energy emission factor, which characterizes the ecological level of the accumulated category of road vehicles. This is an original element, not seen before in world literature and official reports of research institutes. An unambiguous trend of decreasing the energy emission factor of pollutants, apart from ammonia, was found, which is related to the use of catalytic flue gas purification systems. This is confirmed by the analysis of the ratio of the energy emission factor in 2020 and 1990, as well as the relative derivative of the energy emission factor in relation to the national annual emission of pollutants.

Simulating a Macrosystem of Cargo Deliveries by Road Transport Based on Big Data Volumes: A Case Study of Poland

Simulation models of transport systems are a key tool for solving many problems in the field of management of these systems. The methodologies for creating such models use datasets on both transport infrastructure and demand for the delivery of goods or passenger transport, however, many factors are considered based on assumptions due to the complexity. This article describes the approach to modeling the cargo transportation system for road transport in Poland based on data obtained by the Central Statistical Office from the TD-E survey. This approach avoids many assumptions about demand as the demand parameters are estimated based on a sample representing the general population—a set of all economic entities generating freight traffic. Basic procedures in the developed approach have been implemented as Python scripts. As a result of the use of the proposed methodology, a country-wide road transport model was obtained based on the TD-E survey from 2018. The adequacy of the developed model was assessed based on the results of the General Traffic Measurement from 2015. The obtained model is of satisfactory quality (the coefficient of determination equals 0.62), which can be improved after calibrating the space resistance functions and improving the traffic distribution procedure.

The role of logistics infrastructure in development of sustainable road transport in Poland

Despite road transport is recognized as a threat to natural environment, it is a predominant mode of transport in the European countries, what is primarily determined by the availability of road transport infrastructure and the relatively low costs. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between road transport infrastructure development, petroleum consumption, economic growth and air pollutants emissions from road vehicles in Poland using the Granger causality test and generalized impulse response function. Vector autoregression (VAR) model is estimated on the basis of annual data from the period 1994–2017, within the five systems describing the dynamic interdependencies between general expenditure on the modernization and expansion of road network infrastructure, length of roads, number of motor vehicles and air pollutants emissions in Poland. Conducted analysis reveals the existence of a common causality pattern, namely changes in expenditures on development of road transport infrastructure indirectly influences on the changes in emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), suspended dust emissions (PM10 and PM2.5) from road transport, thanks to the changes in consumption of fuels. Based on the obtained results, it can be confirmed, that the development of logistics infrastructure in Poland leads to a limited negative impact of road transport on the natural environment.

ANALYSIS OF THE VOLUME OF PASSENGERS AND CARGO IN RAIL AND ROAD TRANSPORT IN POLAND IN 2009-2019

Transport plays an important role in the economy of any country. Efficient and developed transport infrastructure of various modes of transport significantly affects the availability of transport services, and consequently, the well-being of citizens. This article presents an analysis of the volume of passengers and cargo transport using rail and road transport in Poland in 2009-2019. These analyses were carried out based on data obtained from the Central Statistical Office. All data concerns Polish entities that provide services in the field of passenger and freight transport in Poland and focuses on such information as the volume of passengers and cargo by individual means of transport, broken down into domestic and international transport. Further, the presented analyses concern the length of the available rail and road routes, tracks, the size of the rolling stock as well as the groups of transported loads.

Selected Determinants of Sustainable Transport in the Context of the Development of a Low-Carbon Economy in Poland

Road transport is one of the key elements of economic development that helps build social and territorial cohesion. The economic development that has taken place in Poland over the last three decades has led to an improvement in road infrastructure throughout the country. Construction of new roads and improvement of existing ones promotes economic development. However, as the number of cars increases, so does the level of air emissions. In reducing pollutant emissions, the analysis of the technological possibilities used and the improvement of their efficiency with the simultaneous minimization of generated pollution is also of particular importance. The purpose of the publication is to present development trends in road transport in Poland and the possibility of reducing emissions in this respect. The method of analysing strategic documents and statistical data was used to achieve this goal. Moreover, the article shows perspectives for reducing the level of emissions from road transport and refers to the assumptions related to the modernization of the transport sector and reducing its share in carbon emissions and its sustainable development in cities.

Road Transport in Poland - Status and Development Prospects

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present the arguments that motor vehicle transport in Poland has a significant impact on the economic development of the country, not only creating prospects for the development of the Polish army (modern equipment and armaments) but providing citizens of the Republic of Poland with the opportunity to move safely from place to place with modern car fleet on newly built roads. Methodology: Statistical information collected from available sources and reports is the basis for the analyses presented in the article. The primary research method is observation, analysis, and inference. Available source materials from Polish statistical institutions and ministerial ones have been analyzed, and the industry transport journals. Findings: Motor vehicle transport has a significant share in generating GDP. Since 1990, motor vehicle transport in Poland has been developing rapidly and over the last 30 years has been significantly stimulating the economy, created jobs, was the leaven of the scientific and technical progress, made a significant contribution to exports, promoted local investments, and created conditions for cooperation with other industries and science. Practical Implications: Many detailed threads have only been mentioned and are waiting for further development. However, the most important is the decision on the Polish state's support for the further development of the Polish automotive industry, which in the long term will contribute to the security of the Polish state and its inhabitants. Originality/Value: The lack of a synthetic study illustrating Polish motor vehicle transport development in the last 30 years has been identified. The article analyzes Polish motor vehicle transport in the years 1991-2020, comprising the analysis of the current condition of motor vehicle transport in Poland and its perspectives in the next few years.

The Importance of Alternative Drive Vehicles in Road Transport in Poland and the European Union

Abstract The development of electromobility in Poland and the whole world is an inevitable process. Every year, electric vehicles and vehicles powered by renewable fuels become more and more popular. It should be noted that the development of infrastructure for electric vehicles and the pursued environmental policy with the related subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles are an important aspect encouraging the purchase of this type of vehicle. The article presents a comparison of the popularity of vehicles powered by renewable energy sources in Poland and other European Union countries, as well as the characteristics of the most common alternative fuels. Its main objective is to specify the importance of passenger cars with alternative drive sources across the selected EU countries.

Comparison of pollutant emission associated with the operation of\xa0passenger cars with internal combustion engines and passenger cars with electric motors

Energy consumption and pollutant emission aspects were ascertained for cars under traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities, on motorways and expressways, with the use of data from the inventory of emissions from road transport in Poland in 2018. The values of characteristics of energy consumption under model traffic conditions, as well as pollutant emissions and energy consumption of cars with internal combustion engines and cars with electric motors, constituted the basis for further analyses and conclusions about the characteristics of the vehicles under the study in terms of energy consumption and pollutant emissions. As a result of the research, it was found in the case of the use of electric drives, a very significant decrease in energy consumption—by 70% and the emission of non-methane volatile organic compounds—at the level of 90%. In the case of the emission of nitrogen oxides, there is a great advantage in relation to cars with compression-ignition engines, while the emission of nitrogen oxides from cars with spark-ignition engines is about two times lower. It was found that the emission of particulate matter for electric cars is about three times higher than for cars with compression-ignition engines and almost six times higher than for cars with spark-ignition engines. On the other hand, the impact on carbon dioxide emissions is small—less than 10%.

The Inventory of Pollutants Hazardous to the Health of Living Organisms, Emitted by Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017

The paper provides the results of the inventory of pollutants hazardous to the health of living organisms, emitted by road transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017. For estimating pollutant emissions from road transport, a standardized methodology was applied, consistent with the guidance of EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook 2019 and the COPERT 5 software. The following substances were analyzed: carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter size fractions (total suspended particles—TSP, PM10, PM2.5). For the pollutants, emission values averaged over the distance travelled by the road fleet (average specific distance emission) were determined. The results obtained indicated that between 1990 and 2017 the annual pollutant emissions from road vehicles in Poland had an increasing trend concerning TSP (74%), PM10 (64%), PM2.5 (52%) and NOx (25%), while the corresponding emissions had a decreasing trend for CO (−117%) and NMVOC (−85%). However, a clear downward trend was found for the average specific distance emissions of all substances throughout the subsequent inventory years: TSP (−28%), PM10 (−100%), PM2.5 (−91%), NOx (−84%), CO (−208%) and NMVOC (−173%), which is due to the dynamic progress in the technological advancement of road vehicles.

Analysis of Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Road Transport in Poland between 1990 and 2017

The paper provides the results of the inventory of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from road transport in Poland over the period 1990–2017. To estimate GHGs’ emission from road transport, a standardized methodology was applied, consistent with 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and EEA/EMEP Emission Inventory Guidebook 2019, as well as the COPERT 5 software. In the analysis, emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide were taken into account. Emissions of all considered GHGs were converted to equivalent carbon dioxide. Throughout the subsequent years of emission inventory, emissions of all GHGs revealed an increasing trend, except for methane. The main cause underlying this increase is the dynamic development of motorization in Poland. Thus, GHGs’ emissions were analyzed, taking into account the number of road vehicles and the intensity of their use. An increase in the average specific distance emission was found for fossil carbon dioxide (by ca. 5%) and for nitrous oxide (by ca. 10%), while for methane, there was a decrease (by more than 150%). The GHGs’ emissions from road transport in Poland could be significantly lower if more emphasis was placed on the use of fuels from renewable energy sources.

Emission of pollutants from motor vehicles in Poland comparing to pollutant emission in the European Union

The inventory results of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland comparing to the emission of pollutants in the European Union have been presented in the paper. The analysis is based on the official results of the pollution inventory reported to the European Union. Emission of the following substances was considered for the years 1990–2016 for Poland and the European Union from all civili-zation and road transport activities: carbon monoxide, non-methan volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter consisting of fractions: total suspended particles, PM10 and PM2.5. It was observed that the share of pollutant emission from road transport in Poland is smaller than for the entire European Union. This is especially evident in the case of particulate matter and nitro-gen oxides. As a result of the analysis of the emission inventory in the European Union, it was confirmed that the share of motorisation in the emission of pollutants harmful to human health is significantly smaller in Poland than in the entire European Union. Therefore, conducting a detailed analysis of specific distance emission of pollutants from a statistical vehicle as well as extending research on greenhouse gas emission from motor vehicles is recommended.

Impact of Road Transport Means on Climate Change and Human Health in Poland

Operation of means of transport is one of major sources of environmental impact. The goal of this article was to analyse the greenhouse gas emissions and to assess the impact of operation of means of road transport in Poland on human health using the life cycle assessment technique based on an analysis of emission of dust and gas pollutants. Road transport was assessed by taking the following means of transport into account: passenger cars, other cars with weight of up to 3,500 kg, lorries, buses, motorcycles, mopeds and tractors. The analysis covered various dust and gas pollutants, including the emission of CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, NOx, NMVOC, PM and SO2. Using the IMPACT 2002+ life cycle impact assessment method, transport was assessed in a breakdown into the following impact categories: greenhouse gas emission and damage to human health, including damage caused by organic and inorganic compounds. It has been evidenced that the highest emissions of dust and gas pollutants are caused by passenger cars, which is mainly due to the number of vehicles of this type traversing Polish roads. The main cause of climate changes due to road transport is CO2 emission, while NOx emission is the main factor determining individual categories of damage to human health. The negative environmental impact is primarily related to the operation of combustion engine vehicles. Diesel oil and petrol are currently the main fuels used in Polish transport. In order to reduce their impact on the environment one should intensify the efforts aimed at increasing the share of alternative fuels in transport.

Hydrogenization of road transport in Poland, now and in the future

The advantages of hydrogen as an automotive fuel is the lack of pollutants emission from motor vehicles (with fuel cells) which is especially important in crowded city centers and with the possibilities of its local production. The use of hydrogen fuel in the road transport to a large degree brings about independence from the import of crude oil and crude oil derived fuels. In the case of producing hydrogen by water electrolysis using electricity from renewable energy sources, the result is the use of “clean” energy. As a result of verification, under Polish conditions, of the original method developed for determining the initial location of the hydrogen refueling station in Poland, in the pre-commercial phase (2020 - 2030), the said location has been indicated along TEN-T Corridors with the order of investment, taking into account above all the freedom to move around Poland of cars powered by hydrogen visiting Poland and transiting our country between other EU countries. Despite the strategic importance of developing hydrogen filling stations infrastructure, in the available materials, including various national programs for hydrogen propulsion technology developments, the explicitly formulated programming methodology for the development of these stations, has not been encountered. The methodology developed is of multi-stage character. Individual steps leading to the designation of the location of hydrogen refuelling stations in Poland (as the methodology alone seems to be of universal character) are as follows:Stage I: Method allowing to identify regions in which the hydrogen refuelling stations should be located in the first place.Stage II: Method allowing to identify urban centres, in which should be located the said stations.Stage III: Method for determining the area of the station location.With the above criteria, the order the construction of a hydrogen refuelling stations in Poland: 1 – Poznan, 2 - Warsaw, 3 - Bialystok, 4 - Szczecin, 5 - the Lodz region, 6 - the Tri-City region, 7 - Wroclaw, 8 - the Katowice region, 9 – Krakow.

Perspectives of using autonomous vehicles in road transport in Poland

The paper presents the characteristics and classification of autonomous vehicles, detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of using this technology on Polish roads.

The infrastructure of road transport in poland in shaping the state security

The infrastructure of road transport, as one of the elements of the country’s transport system, has a significant impact on the implementation of all kinds of transport taking place within the particular transport branch. Current quantitative and qualitative nature of individual infrastructural elements occurring in Poland, as well as the possibility of their further development are of great importance in shaping multidimensional security of the Republic of Poland.

Methanisation of road transport in Poland in the light of the law on electromobility and alternative fuels

The act on electromobility and alternative fuels is directed, as the name suggests, on the development of electromobility in Poland, i.e. the development of primarily BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) as well as public transport buses with such drive. However, it also applies to methane fuels, i.e. mainly CNG or LNG. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the above-mentioned fuels, the number of vehicles with engines fuelled with these fuels in the country in the context of the situation in other European countries, and the refuelling infrastructure for the vehicles in question in the country was also changed in the context of existing in other European countries. The examples present emission advantages and disadvantages in the aforesaid vehicles, also taking into account the results of own tests in real traffic conditions.

Applying the illegal emulator of the AdBlue pump in the aspect of the protection of the safety of the environment

The road transport is a constantly unrolling sector of the national economy. Consistent height of the number of motor vehicles in it of heavy vehicles load-carrying is posing an essential threat to the safety of the environmental protection. The present article is supposed what action to show are entertaining review bodies in the European Union among others Inspection of the road transport in Poland in order to prevent illegal installing devices eliminating the correct functioning of the SCR system, and consequently for increasing the amount of harmful substances emitted to the environment. Appointing institutions which will be conducting an examination and inspections of devices are an obligation of member states of the European Union, as well as will be implementing solutions guaranteeing tightening the system up. Experience, the economic pressure and rivalry in the road transport took hauliers to the non-observance of principles, in particular concerning the correct functioning of the SCR system (Selective Catalyst Reduction). The article contains duties which lie with drivers by vehicles, is taking issues of the system security and optimum action of devices and consequences which can result from the non-observance of provisions, as well as surrendering them to manipulations.

Ocena procesu narastania przebiegu podczas eksploatacji samochodów ciężarowych w kilku kategoriach pojemności silnika

The intensity of use of motor vehicles and the range of the transport jobs performed change during the many-year operation of such vehicles. The changes are introduced in result of ongoing analyses of actual current vehicle operation costs, reliability, and performance characteristics. The changes in the vehicle operation process, taking place with vehicle’s age, were analysed on the grounds of the mileage of over 9 000 motor trucks. The analysis covered a 20-year period of vehicle operation. The analysis results were used to estimate the mathematical models that describe the basic characteristics of the mileage growth process, with changes in these characteristics as observed in the recent years along with an intensive development of the road transport in Poland. Models of vehicle mileage growth have been developed for seven categories of engine cubic capacity. The coefficients of model equations have been given and the accuracy of the mileage values calculated on these grounds has been comprehensively evaluated. The relative measures of the scatter in the mileage values obtained from these models do not exceed 12 % of the average values determined from experimental data. A procedure has been proposed that leads to evaluating the mileage growth process and is based on the experience having already been gained in this field. It has been shown that the mileage growth process is strongly related to the engine cubic capacity. The mileage growth process is an important source of information for the planning of vehicle operation, forecasting of costs, and estimating of exhaust emissions and energy consumption in the whole cycle of operation of motor vehicles by transport companies

Implementation of Modular Trucks into Road Transport

Abstract In this article, an analysis of modular truck application in the road transport in Poland has been made. Terminology has been unified. Classification and law regulations applicable in different European countries and all over the world have been discussed. An analysis of existing solutions has been made and an optimal variant for road freight transport, including the condition and parameters of the road infrastructure in Poland, has been proposed. The study presents initial conceptual assumptions of this project as well as advisability of using these modular trucks, on the basis of a selected research object – the analyzed transport company. On this example, an analysis of costs and potential profits to be generated from transport services performed using the proposed modular trucks and with reference to costs borne by the investigated company with the use of currently operated transport means, has been made.

Motor transport in Poland – hydrogenization

In paper is presented programs of hydrogen technology development in the road transport, in the world. Also is presented: status and trends of the road network changes in Poland, with particular emphasis on the Polish sections of the TEN-T network, production technologies and hydrogen production in Poland, preliminary indications of the future hydrogen refuelling stations locations in Poland, assumptions for the development of hydrogen-powered vehicle fleet in Poland by the 2050, expert forecast of the demand for hydrogen by the road transport in Poland by the 2050 and the ecological effects of the use of hydrogen fuel in the road transport in Poland by the 2050.