Risk Factors For Overweight Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity in Chinese patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder

BackgroundsObesity and overweight are common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD); the results are inconsistent due to confounding variables involved in studies. Furthermore, no well-designed study has been published to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and underlying mechanisms of obesity/overweight in Chinese MDD patients. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of obesity/overweight and related risk factors in first-episode, drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with MDD in China. MethodsA total of 1718 patients were recruited. Their clinical and anthropometric data, thyroid function and biochemical parameters were collected. All patients were evaluated on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. ResultsThe prevalence of obesity and overweight was 3.73% and 56.00%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that TSH was the only independent risk factor for weight gain in MDD patents. The fitting curve of the relationship between TSH and BMI formed an inverted U-shaped parabola. The ordinal logit mode showed that when TSH<=2.68 was set as a reference, the odd rates of weight increased with the increase of TSH, and the highest rate was 3.929 (95%CI: 2.879–5.361, P<0.0001). LimitationCausality cannot be drawn due to cross-sectional design. ConclusionOur results suggest that overweight is very common among patients with FEDN MDD rather than obesity. TSH is a promising predictor and potential biomarker of high weight in MDD patients, and there is an inverted U-shaped parabolic relationship between TSH and BMI.

Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among college-going adolescents in Siddipet district

Background: Obesity among children is a major public health problem in industrialized world and also in the developing countries such as India. The prevalence is increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. India is going to become fourth country in terms of the greatest number of children with obesity. Objective: To study the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among college-going adolescents. Methods: Present cross-sectional study was carried out among 600 adolescents of 15–19 years. Pretested questionnaires were used to collect personal information, socioeconomic particulars, lifestyle patterns, and dietary habits. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by formula weight (kg)/height (m2). Based on the BMI charts developed by IAP, percentile for BMI was taken as a standard. Underweight students were excluded from the analysis. First correlation was carried out among BMI and all other variables. Significantly correlated variables were entered in the multiple linear regression model. Significant variables (P < 0.1) on Chi-square were entered in multiple logistic regression (MLR) model. Adjusted odds-ratio (OR) were compared with the crude odds ratio for each variable. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significance. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in both the sexes was found to be 17.7% in the present study. On crude analysis, being female (OR = 1.957 [1.272–3.01]), father being skilled or professional (OR = 8.184 [4.539–14.76]), father being educated at intermediate or higher (OR = 6.567 [4.132–10.44]), belonging to Social Class I and II (OR = 6.29 [3.362–11.77]), being nonvegetarian (OR = 1.663 [1.035–2.671]), and eating four times/day (OR = 1.717 [1.045–2.823]) were found to be significant risk factors for being overweight and obese among adolescents. However, final model of MLR showed that being female, father being highly educated, and belonging to higher social class were significant predictors of overweight and obesity. Conclusion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among these college-going adolescents was high. Being female, father being highly educated and belonging to higher social class were the significant predictors of overweight and obesity.

Design and Methodology of a Randomized Crossover Trial to Test the Effect of Low and High dAGE Diets on Metabolic Risk Factors and Inflammatory Markers among Overweight and Centrally Obese Asian Indian Adults

Background: Heat processing of foods accelerates the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Dietary AGEs (dAGEs) could exacerbate the risk for diabetes, by adversely affecting glucose metabolism. Asian Indian diets have not been evaluated for AGEs and their effect on metabolic risk factors. Objective: As a proof of concept, we report the dAGE content of Indian foods to further plan the design and methodology of a study that would evaluate the effect of high and low dAGE diets on metabolic risk factors such as insulin resistance, glycemia, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers in overweight and centrally obese Indian adults without diabetes. Materials and Methods: This randomized crossover trial includes 50 overweight and centrally obese adults aged 25–45 years with body mass index (BMI) ≥23 kg/m2 and waist circumference (WC) ≥90cm in men and ≥80cm in women. Participants will be provided 12 weeks each of low and high dAGE diets (with the dAGE content being measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), matched for calories and macronutrients with a 2-week washout period in between the two diets. Low dAGE diets use steaming, boiling, and pressure cooking compared to deep frying, stir frying, and roasting in high dAGE diets. Biochemical measures will be assessed both at baseline and the end of each diet using standard protocols. The difference in outcome measures will be evaluated (analysis of variance and paired t test) using SAS (version 9.2). Results: The dAGE content was found to be 49709 ± 5239 vs. 26178 ± 4327 mg/day (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) in high and low dAGE diets, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). Baseline demographic and biochemical characteristics did not differ between low and high dAGE diet interventions. Conclusion: The study trial will throw light on the effect of high and low dAGE diets on metabolic risk factors in overweight and centrally obese Indian adults, potentially leading to a novel dietary strategy to prevent diabetes in this population.

Degree of food processing and its relationship with overweight and body adiposity in Brazilian adults

ABSTRACT Objective To check the relationship of the degree of food processing with overweight and body adiposity in Brazilian adults. Methods Cross-sectional study with 670 adults (334 women and 336 men) aged 20-59 years in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, based on population data collected using a questionnaire, 24-hour dietary recall interview, and anthropometric evaluation. Consumed foods were categorized into four groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods. Poisson regression models were used to assess the relationship between degree of food processing and overweight and body adiposity. Results The contribution of unprocessed or minimally processed foods to total energy intake was a protective factor for overweight in all quartiles. The contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake was a risk factor for overweight in the highest quartile (prevalence ratio, 1.308; 95% confidence interval, 1.085-1.577). High energy intake from ultra-processed foods was a risk factor for excess adiposity in the highest quartiles. Conclusion Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with overweight and excess adiposity, whereas consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods is a protective factor for overweight.

Regional Disparities in Prevalences and Risk Factors of Obesity and Overweight in Chinese Children and Adolescents

Background: Geographical profiles of overweight and obesity in China are limited. We aimed to compare region-specific prevalences of overweight and obesity for Chinese children with a full range of ages and to describe the distribution of potential risk factors.Methods: We analyzed data from Prevalence and Risk factors for Obesity and Diabetes in Youth (PRODY) study, which was a cross-sectional survey of children aged 3-18 years from 11 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities that are geographically representative of western, southern, eastern, northern and central China. All participants underwent physical examinations, and their parents or caregivers completed online, self-administered questionnaires. We used multilevel logistic regression models to estimate prevalences of overweight and obesity and to assess related risk factors across sexes, age groups and regions. Findings: Between January 2017 and December 2019, 200,937 children in the PRODY study were included in our analysis. We found that children aged 8-13 years in northern China and children aged 3-5 years in western China were heavily burdened with overweight and obesity. In northern China the obesity prevalences peaked at 31·0% for boys and at 18·8% for girls, while in western China the prevalences of overweight and obesity peaked at 39·0% and 26·0%, respectively. Boys were vulnerable to overweight and obesity throughout all ages and regions (except western China). In addition, risk factors for overweight and obesity varied across ages, sexes and regions. Early-life factors (breast-feeding duration) and lifestyle factors (daily screen time, sleep time and exercise frequency) were the most important, modifiable factors for obesity control. Parental factors (parent’s overweight, socioeconomic characteristics and education status) had noteworthy impacts on their offspring’s overweight and obesity. Interpretation: The age- and sex-specific prevalences of overweight and obesity in Chinese children vary geographically; therefore, modifications of the major risk factors for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity should take age, sex and regional characteristics into consideration. Special attention should be paid to the most vulnerable children, and targeted interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the obesity burden in such a vast country. Funding: National Key RD National Natural Science Foundation of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Science and Technology Project; Key Disciplines of Medicine; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: The study protocol was approved by the ethics review committee of The Children’s Hospital of the Zhejiang University (Approval Number:2016-JRB-018) and the cooperating institutions.

Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet and Exercise: Effect of a 10-Week Intervention on Body Composition and CVD Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

We assessed the effect of weight-loss induced with a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet with and without exercise, on body-composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 57 overweight and obese women (age 40 ± 3.5 years, body mass index 31.1 ± 2.6 kg∙m−2) completed a 10-week intervention using a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet, with or without interval exercise. An equal deficit of 700 kcal∙day−1 was prescribed, restricting diet only, or moderately restricting diet and adding exercise, producing four groups; normal diet (NORM); low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (LCHF); normal diet and exercise (NORM-EX); and low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet and exercise (LCHF-EX). Linear Mixed Models were used to assess between-group differences. The intervention resulted in an average 6.7 ± 2.5% weight-loss (p < 0.001). Post-intervention % fat was lower in NORM-EX than NORM (40.0 ± 4.2 vs. 43.5 ± 3.5%, p = 0.024). NORM-EX reached lower values in total cholesterol than NORM (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L, p = 0.003), and LCHF-EX (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.9 ± 1.1 mmol/L, p = 0.004). Post intervention triglycerides levels were lower in NORM-EX than NORM (0.87 ± 0.21 vs. 1.11 ± 0.34 mmol/L, p = 0.030). The low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet had no superior effect on body composition, O2peak or cardiovascular risk factors compared to a normal diet, with or without exercise. In conclusion, the intervention decreased fat mass, but exercise improved body composition and caused the most favorable changes in total cholesterol and triglycerides in the NORM-EX. Exercise increased cardiorespiratory fitness, regardless of diet.

Role of genetic and epigenetic factors in formation of obesity and cardiometabolic disorders in boys

The literature review is devoted to modern ideas about the genetic and epigenetic factors of the formation of obesity and concomitant complications in boys. Risk factors for overweight are prepubertal age, male sex, and urban environment. Initial signs of metabolic disorders appear already in childhood and are more often recognized in children with excess body weight and family history. Increased body mass index in late pubertal is strongly associated with cardiovascular mortality (in young adults or in adulthood). Genetic factors for the development of obesity are family history of obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and adverse genotypes; epigenetic factors are diet pattern, level of physical activity, metabolic disorders in mother, etc. Encouraging higher levels of physical activity and less sedentary behavior may mitigate the effect of risk alleles on genetic predisposition to obesity. It was revealed that the development of severe forms of obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors, especially among boys and young men. The presence of obesity and its progression are independent risk factors for cardiometabolic disorders in boys. An important role in the prevention and treatment of obesity in childhood and adolescence belongs to formation of a conscious attitude to health. The development of individual programs taking into account the presence of unfavorable genotypes and correction of the epigenome will significantly improve the system of obesity prevention at earlier age periods, will prevent or delay the manifestation of complications in adulthood.

DEFINITION OF MEASURES TO REDUCE THE OBESITY LEVEL IN CHILDREN BASED ON RESEARCH RESULTS OF PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS

Purpose: to study prevalence and main risk factors for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 6–17 and develop appropriate prevention measures. &#x0D; Materials and Methods. Bibliographic, statistical and sociological methods.&#x0D; Results. It is noted an insufficient level of registration of obesity among children. During the study it was found that true prevalence of obesity and overweight in children and adolescents in Kharkiv is significantly different from the official statistics in Kharkiv region ((151.0±5.2)‰). 22 factors of risk had a reliable impact on the development of overweight in children and adolescents. The main risk factors for the formation of the overweight were biological and social and hygienic. Based on the results of the research it was proved that the key measures to reduce the prevalence of obesity and its consequences should be aimed at modifying risk factors, namely: changing stereotypes and habitats that contribute to pathology and at improving the quality of health care, basically at the primary level. Thus priority measures for improvement the quality of health care for children and adolescents with obesity should include: mandatory monitoring of body mass index among children from the age of 3 and assessment of the harmony of physical development; introduction of an information system for accounting, monitoring of obesity and overweight and the main risk factors (electronic medical record of the patient); introduction of patient registers at the territorial and regional level; preferential supervision by the family doctor, involvement of all experts; raising public awareness at the group, individual level; timely identification of risk factors, formation of risk groups, organization of dynamic monitoring, creation of differentiated prevention programs and study of public awareness of the main risks of overweight; advanced training of doctors, conducting training seminars on nutrition.&#x0D; Conclusions. Thus, to solve the problem of obesity in children such structures as local governments, educational institutions, healthcare institutions and public organizations should be obligatory involved. Special attention is paid to measures to optimize medical care at the primary level for such children.

To Study Prevalence Of Overweight And Obesity In Two Different Groups Of School Children Of Age 10-15 Years In Karad Town

The objective of the present study was to find out the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the school-going children of age group 10-15 yrs from two different schools of different socio-economic status and to study the associated risk factors in overweight and obese children .470 school-going children from Private English Medium School and 481 school-going children from Nagar Parishad School were interviewed. The prevalence of overweight in the boys was 10.19%, and girls were 9.61%, of the Private English Medium School, and in the boys of the Nagar Parishad School was 1.76%., and in the girls was 2.02%. The prevalence of obesity in the boys 3.5%, and girls was 10.25%of the Private English Medium School was and in the boys of the Nagar Parishad School was 0.7%, and the girls were 0%. The increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in these students showed a significant association with high earning parents, having a paid servant in their houses, preference and frequent eating of non-vegetarian food, frequent intake of fast food, eating outside food (hoteling), high intake of milk, consumption of milk additive, television viewing, preference to indoor games than outdoor games.

The Role of Arachidonic and Linoleic Acid Derivatives in Pathological Pregnancies and the Human Reproduction Process.

The aim of the available literature review was to focus on the role of the proinflammatory mediators of AA and LA derivatives in pathological conditions related to reproduction and pregnancy. Arachidonic (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) derivatives play important roles in human fertility and the course of pathological pregnancies. Recent studies have demonstrated that uncontrolled inflammation has a significant impact on reproduction, spermatogenesis, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) genesis, implantation, pregnancy and labor. In addition, cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandins and AA metabolite levels are higher in women’s ovarian tissue when suffering from PCOS. It has been demonstrated that abnormal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels are associated with ovulation failure, infertility, and implantation disorders and the increase in 9-HODE/13-HODE was a feature recognized in PCOS patients. Maintaining inflammation without neutrophil participation allows pregnant women to tolerate the fetus, while excessive inflammatory activation may lead to miscarriages and other pathological complications in pregnancies. Additionally AA and LA derivatives play an important role in pregnancy pathologies, e.g., gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia (PE), and fetal growth, among others. The pathogenesis of PE and other pathological states in pregnancy involving eicosanoids have not been fully identified. A significant expression of 15-LOX-1,2 was found in women with PE, leading to an increase in the synthesis of AA and LA derivatives, such as hydroxyeicozatetraenoic acids (HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadiene acids (HODE). Synthesis of the metabolites 5-, 8-, 12-, and 15-HETE increased in the placenta, while 20-HETE increased only in umbilical cord blood in women with preeclampsia compared to normal pregnancies. In obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) an increase in epoxygenase products in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) and the level of 20-HETE associated with the occurrence of insulin resistance (IR) were found. In addition, 12- and 20-HETE levels were associated with arterial vasoconstriction and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) with arterial vasodilatation and uterine relaxation. Furthermore, higher levels of 5- and 15-HETE were associated with premature labor. By analyzing the influence of free fatty acids (FFA) and their derivatives on male reproduction, it was found that an increase in the AA in semen reduces its amount and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids showed higher values in infertile men compared to the fertile control group. There are several studies on the role of HETE/HODE in relation to male fertility. 15-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid may affect the integrity of the membrane and sperm function. Moreover, the incubation of sperm with physiologically low levels of prostaglandins (PGE2/PGF2α) improves the functionality of human sperm. Undoubtedly, these problems are still insufficiently understood and require further research. However, HETE and HODE could serve as predictive and diagnostic biomarkers for pregnancy pathologies (especially in women with risk factors for overweight and obesity). Such knowledge may be helpful in finding new treatment strategies for infertility and the course of high-risk pregnancies.

Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Overweight and Obesity Among Office Public Servants in Case of Bahir Dar City Administration Public Sectors, Ethiopia

Background: Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for various chronic health problems. Civil servants are exposed to the sedentary lifestyle, and some of these jobs are characterized by sitting for a long period of time. Therefore, civil servants become susceptible to developing overweight/obesity, but little was researched on behalf of office civil servants. Method: Institution based cross-sectional study using Simple random sampling method was used to select 365 office civil servants working in Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia in 2020. The data was collected by using semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. The data were entered in to Epi-data and analyzed on SPSS. Result: The prevalence of overweight or obesity was 30.83% among office public servants in case of Bahir Dar city. Obesity or overweight is associated with more than three times meal per day [AOR=4.34, 95% CI [2.22–8.33], regular physical exercise or intensive activity at work place or at home [AOR= 3.84, 95% CI 1.37–11.11], recline or by sitting within a day (sedentary behavior) [AOR= 10 95% CI 4.16–50.00]. Conclusion and Recommendation: The prevalence of overweight or obesity was high among office civil servant workers in Bahir Dar city. Burden of overweight or obesity in this area is associated with time spent by sitting per day, meal consumption frequency, lunch consumption frequency and high intensity regular physical exercise which deserves sector wise integrated occupational health program in the work place to decrease identified risk factors of overweight or obesity.

Associations between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese University Staff.

Purpose: This cross-sectional study examined the associations between health-related physical fitness (HPF) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in overweight and obese university staff. Methods: A total of 340 university staff (109 women, mean age 43.1 ± 9.7 years) with overweight (n = 284) and obesity (n = 56) were included. The HPF indicators included skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), body fat percentage (BFP), grip strength (GS), sit-and-reach test (SRT), and vital capacity index (VCI). CVD risk factors were measured, including uric acid (UA), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and glucose (GLU). Results: BFP, SMI, and GS were positively associated with UA level (β = 0.239, β = 0.159, β = 0.139, p < 0.05). BFP was positively associated with TG and TG/HDL-C levels (β = 0.421, β = 0.259, p < 0.05). GS was positively associated with HDL-C level (β = 0.244, p < 0.05). SRT was negatively associated with GLU level (β = −0.130, p < 0.05). Conclusions: In overweight and obese university staff, body composition, muscle strength, and flexibility were associated with CVD risk factors. An HPF test may be a practical nonmedical method to assess CVD risk.

Hubungan Antara Body Mass Index (BMI) dan Pengalaman Karies pada Anak Pra-Sekolah di Puskesmas Rawang

influence dental caries due to altered saliva composition and impaired secretion. Intake of foods rich in carbohydrates can be risk factor for overweight, obesity and tooth decay. BMI is considered a simple method to analyse a nutritional status. Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between BMI and caries status of preschool children in Puskesmas, Rawang District of Padang City. Method: This study used the cross sectional design, with the total sample were 72 students from 6 from Early Childhood Development Place (PAUD) which located in Puskesmas Rawang, and selected through proportionate stratified random sampling method. The analysis of the relationship between BMI (underweight, normal weight, and obese) and caries status is conducted with Kruskal Wallis’ Test and followed by Mann-Whitney’s Test. Result: Ultimately, this study shows that there are significant differences (p &lt;0.05) between BMI (underweight, normalweight, and obesity) and caries status, which for the category of underweight-obesity showed significant difference (p&lt;0.05), whereas in the category of underweight-normalweight and normalweight-obesity showed there is no significant differentiation (p &lt;0.05). The results of this study indicated that the highest score of caries is in the categories of underweight children.Conclusion: As the conclusion of this study revealed that there is a relation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Caries Status. &#x0D; Keywords: Body Mass Index (BMI), Caries

Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among MBBS students

Background: Obesity is a life style disease. During college years students living away from home, are faced with many different food choices. So, this study was done to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and its risk factors among MBBS students.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 318 MBBS students of Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Assam from June to July 2017 by purposive sampling using a pre-designed, semi-structured questionnaire.Results: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 16.7% and 2.5% and higher among students who were non-vegetaranian, had irregular dietary habit, consume junk foods and carbonated drinks, used Motorized vehicle as a mode of transport, sleep &gt;8 hrs per day and had family history of obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and heart disease.Conclusions: There is need to increase awareness among the students in order to reduce the future burden of obesity associated chronic diseases.

Prevalence and risk factors for overweight and obesity: a cross-sectional countrywide study in Burkina Faso

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity in Burkina Faso using a population-based countrywide sample. We hypothesise that there is a...

Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Uganda—a descriptive retrospective study

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Uganda.DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingThis study was conducted in the outpatient’s T2DM clinic...

Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity Related to Diet and Disordered Eating Attitudes in Adolescent Girls with Clinical Features of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Background: We aimed to find the difference between girls with clinical features of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), divided into two groups: Overweight/obesity (Ov/Ob) and normal weight (N), related to diet, disordered eating attitudes (DEA), metabolic and hormonal differences, and to identify the risk factors of being overweight or obese. Methods: Seventy-eight adolescents with PCOS, aged 14–18 years, were divided into Ov/Ob and N groups. Patients underwent blood tests for determination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, DHEA-S, estradiol, of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), fasting glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and lipid profile. Nutrition was evaluated using a 3-day food record. To examine the level of DEA, the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) was used. We defined an EAT-26 score ≥20 as positive for DEA. Logistic regression was carried out to identify the independent predictors of being overweight and obese. Results: An increase of 10 g in plant protein intake decreased the probability of being overweight and of obesity (OR = 0.54; p = 0.036). EAT-26 score ≥20 was correlated with a 7-fold (OR = 6.88; p = 0.02) increased odds of being overweight or of obesity. Conclusion: Being overweight and obesity in adolescents with PCOS may be associated with DEA and the type and amount of protein intake.

A Two-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study-Improved Clinical Control over CVD Risk Factors through Weight Loss in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

Modest weight loss enhances clinical control over cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in overweight and obese individuals. This study aimed to assess the associations between individual weight loss and predefined criteria for clinical improvement in blood pressure, lipid levels, and glycemia. A two-year follow-up study involved 3388 (37.9% men) aged 45−64 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Changes in body weight were calculated as a percentage of baseline weight; outcome variables: systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, high-density (HDL-C) and low-density (LDL-C) lipoproteins, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and triglycerides (TG) were construed as the differences between baseline and outcome values. Clinically significant improvement was defined as SBP/DBP reduction by 5 mm/Hg, FBG−20 mg/dL, LDL-C-10 mg/dL, TG−40 mg/dL, and HDL-C increase by 5 mg/dL. Apart from LDL-C, a modest 5%–10% weight loss was associated with clinically significantly improved outcomes. The incident rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals for clinical improvement of SBP were: 1.27 (1.14–1.40), DBP/1.30 (1.12–1.50), HDL/1.54 (1.18–2.02), and TG/1.69 (1.32–2.17). In the higher category of weight loss, associations were still manifest, although the results proved diagnostically challenging (low number of cases). Even though modest weight loss does enhance clinical control over CVD risk factors, offering regular medical guidance to patients is postulated to further boos the anticipated outcomes.

Overweight and obesity in Eastern Morocco: Prevalence and associated risk factors among high school students

BackgroundOverweight and obesity in children and adolescents have become a major public health problem affecting most countries worldwide. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among public high school students in Eastern Morocco. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted between February and May 2014 among a sample of 2271 students (1086 girls and 1185 boys). References from the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity. ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity reached 12.2% (14.2% in girls vs 10.4% in boys, P<0.01) and 3.0% (3.1% in girls vs 2.8% in boys), respectively. Risk factors associated with overweight and obesity were urban residence (OR=1.76; [1.18–2.63]; P<0.01), father's income≥5000MAD (OR=1.32; [1.02–1.70]; P<0.05), father's overweight (including obesity) (OR=1.87; [1.38–2.54]; P<0.001) and female sex (OR=1.31; [1.02–1.68]; P<0.05). ConclusionThe prevalence of overweight/obesity has reached an alarming rate among high school students in the Eastern region of Morocco. The findings of the present study suggest an urgent need to set up a strategy to prevent and combat this epidemic.

Education and prevalence of overweight and obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia: analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data

BackgroundGlobally, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is escalating, particularly among women and wealthier people. In many developed countries, overweight and obesity are more prevalent in persons with lower socioeconomic status. In contrast, studies in developing countries have reported a higher prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among women with higher educational status. Hence, this study aimed to assess the association between education and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was done based on the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS) data. From the total 15,683 women participants of the 2016 EDHS, 2848 reproductive age group women aged 15–49 years old who had a complete response to all variables of interest were selected and retained for analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software program. Both descriptive and logistic regression models were used for analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity among the study participants was 11.5 and 3.4% respectively. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 14.9%. From the total participants who are overweight and, or obese, majority, 83.3% were urban dwellers and the remaining 16.7% were rural dwellers. Education was positively associated with overweight and obesity among women. Besides, increased age, region, living in urban areas, being in rich quintile, increased frequency of watching television, and frequency of using internet were significantly associated with the odds of being overweight and obese among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia.ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight and obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia is increasing compared to previous studies. Education was found to be a risk factor for overweight and obesity among women. Hence, context based interventions on the prevention and control methods of overweight and obesity are required.