Risk Factors For Overweight Research Articles

Various Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Children Aged 5-16 Years.

To determine the determinants of overweight and obesity among children aged 5-16 years. Descriptive study. Emergency and Outpatient Department of National Institute of Child Health, from October 2020 till July 2021. All children of either gender ranged between 5 and 16 years were enrolled. Children with ≥85 and <95 percentile were labeled as overweight and ≥95 percentile as obese. Other determinants like physical factors, high screen time, and environmental factors were noted. Frequency and percentages were computed for gender, residence, overweight, obesity, and physical and environmental factors. Mann-Whitney U-test was applied to determine the median difference of quantitative variables between overweight/obese and healthy children. The comparison was done to see the association of the presence of overweight/obesity with respect to the baseline characteristics. Binary logistic regression analysis was also applied. Of 184 children, 99 (53.8%) were males and 85 (46.2%) females. The median age was 9 (7-12) years. There were 25 (13.6%) overweight and 80 (43.5%) obese children. In combination, the frequency of overweight/obesity was found to be 105 (57.1%). After adjusting for other covariates, the odds of overweight and obesity were significantly higher for children with age ≤9 years (adjusted OR: 3.40, 95% CI: 1.51-7.66) and male gender (adjusted OR: 3.95, 95% CI: 1.80-8.68). However, lower odds of overweight/obesity were observed among children with low physical activity at school (adjusted OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14-0.66) and low screen time (≤4 hours) (adjusted OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.11-0.55). Children aged 5 to 16 years had a much greater frequency of overweight and obesity. Factors such as younger age, male gender, lower physical activity, and high time screen have been demonstrated to contribute significantly. Children, Obese, Overweight, Risk factors, Pakistan.

Effects of regular physical exercise on skin blood flow and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects

Objective: it is well known that low omentin levels and reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) are outgrowth of obesity. Besides, in obese subjects, microvascular dysfunction can be an initial stage of cardiovascular diseases. This situation can be evaluated with skin laser–Doppler flowmetry (LDF).Methods: in this study we investigated the effects of 12 weeks moderate physical exercise on microvascular reactivity and plasma levels of omentin and NO in 25 overweight and obese subjects. Control group was composed of 28 sedentary participants who were neither obese nor overweight. Microvascular reactivity was handled by measurement of skin blood flow from the ring finger of the right hand with LDF, which is a non–invasive method for evaluation. With this method, it was aimed to examine the post–occlusive reactive hyperemia response of the patients. None of the participants in both groups have never followed a regular exercise schedule in their life span.Results: with regular exercise, there was a statistically significant decrease in glucose (p=0.008), cholesterol (p=0.05), and triglyceride (p=0.048) levels, while body mass index, high–density lipoprotein, and low–density lipoprotein levels did not change significantly in overweight/obese group. Also, the omentin level significantly increased (p=0.01), but NO level did not change significantly. Moreover, the amount of change in omentin and NO levels measured before and after the physical exercise were significantly correlated (r=0.57). Considering the microcirculation, rest flow (p=0.001) and peak flow value of LDF (p=0.001) increased after the physical exercise.Conclusion: our study shows that moderate physical exercise affects microvascular reactivity and plasma levels of omentin in overweight and obese subjects.

Abstract #1183459: Effect of Exenatide versus Hypocaloric Diet on High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women without Diabetes

Obesity is associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes independent of comorbid diabetes; inflammation is a proposed link. In overweight and obese individuals with diabetes, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Whether this effect persists in individuals without diabetes is not known. We evaluated the effect of exenatide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, on inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors compared to hypocaloric diet and placebo injections in overweight and obese women without diabetes who demonstrated early clinically significant weight loss.

Characterization by Gender of Frailty Syndrome in Elderly People according to Frail Trait Scale and Fried Frailty Phenotype.

Background: Frailty has emerged as one of the main geriatric syndromes to be prevented in order to improve quality of health and life in the elderly. In this sense, the characterization of this syndrome through reliable and feasible diagnostic tools for clinical use, such as the Frail Trait Scale 5 (FTS-5) and Frail Trait Scale 3 (FTS-3), represents the basis for this objective. Objectives: To characterize the frailty syndrome in a population of older adults using FTS-5, FTS-3, and Fried phenotype (FP) as frailty diagnostic tools. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: 300 adults ≥65 years recruited from different Family Health Centers and community groups of older people in Talca, Chile. Methods: The diagnosis of frailty was made according to FP, FTS-5, and FTS-3 tools. Data about sociodemographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements were collected by a clinical interview by a previously trained health professional. Results: A total prevalence of frailty according to the FP of 19.7% was observed; while in the group of women and men it was 21.4% and 15.0%, respectively. Concerning the FTS-5 tool, the total prevalence of frailty was 18%, while in the group of women and men was 18.0% and 17.5%, respectively. The FTS-3 tool shows a total prevalence of frailty of 23.3%, while in the group of women and men a prevalence of 22.7% and 25.0%, respectively. A significant difference is observed with respect to the presence of the Fried criteria of “weakness” (women: 21.4%, men: 38.8%) and “weight loss” (women: 16.8%, men: 7.5%; p < 0.05). A significant difference is observed concerning the average score of “Handgrip” criteria, “walking time”, and “Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly” (PASE) between the group of women and men. Frailty, diagnosed by FTS-3, is significantly associated with the risk factors of overweight (body mass index ≥ 25) (OR: 10.225, 95% CI: 1.297–80.617) and advanced age (age ≥ 75 years) (OR: 1.839, 95% CI: 1.040–3.250). Conclusion: The prevalence of frailty observed with the FTS-5 (18%) and FTS-3 (23.3%) tools are similar to the prevalence observed through the FP (19.7%) and those reported in other observational studies. Considering the similar prevalence of frailty diagnosed with the three tools, FTS-3 should be a valuable tool for the screening of frailty in the community.

The association between recommended and non-recommended food scores on cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight adult women: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveObesity is a highly prevalent, non-communicable, disease associated with numerous comorbid complications, such as cardiovascular disease. Following a healthy diet is known to help reduce the risk of both obesity and cardiovascular disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of recommended food score (RFS) and none recommended food score (NRFS) with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 379 overweight and obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) women aged 18-48 years. Anthropometric measurements and body composition analysis were assessed in all participants. Dietary intake was assessed by a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) containing 147 items, and RFS and NRFS was calculated. Biochemical assessments including TC, HDL, LDL, TG, FBS, insulin, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP were quantified by ELISA.ResultsThe mean age and BMI of participants were 36.73 ± 9.21 (y) and 31.17 ± 4.22 (kg/m2), respectively. Binary logistic regression showed that participants in the highest tertile of the RFS compared to the lowest tertile had 57% lower odds for hypertriglyceridemia [OR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.20-0.92, P = 0.03]. Subjects with high adherence to the NRFS had lower HDL [OR = 2.11, 95%CI = 1.08-4.12, P = 0.02] and higher odds for hypertriglyceridemia [OR = 2.95, 95%CI = 1.47-5.94, P = 0.002] compared to low adherence.ConclusionsThere was an inverse significant association between adherence to RFS and odds of hypertriglyceridemia. There was a significant association between NRFS and hypertriglyceridemia, in addition to an inverse association between NRFS and HDL. We recommend that people increase their consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats or meat alternates, and low-fat dairy and avoid red meat, processed meat, chips, high-fat dairy, solid oil, refined grains, and variety of sweetened foods to prevent cardiovascular disease.

Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity within the Home Environment of Preschool Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing an increasing prevalence of young children being overweight and obese. Many feeding and physical activity-related behaviours are established at home during preschool years, yet the precise factors that contribute to preschool overweight and obesity have not been fully elucidated. This review aims to identify factors in the home environment associated with overweight and or obesity in preschool children in SSA. Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Africa Journals Online (AJOL) and the African Index Medicus databases were systematically searched for qualitative and quantitative studies published between 2000 and 2021. Eleven studies (ten quantitative, one qualitative) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the results highlight the paucity of studies exploring factors in the home environment associated with overweight and obesity in preschool children in Sub-Saharan Africa. The home food environment and maternal BMI appear to be important factors associated with overweight and obesity in preschool children; however, the information for all other factors explored remains unclear due to the lack of evidence. For successful obesity prevention and treatment interventions to be developed, more research in this area is required to understand how different aspects of the home environment contribute to overweight and obesity in preschool Sub-Saharan African children.

Association of Weight Perception, Body Satisfaction, and Weight Loss Intention With Patterns of Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity

Obesity is a public health issue and childhood is a critical window in which to establish healthy eating patterns and modify risk factors for overweight. This study aims to verify the association of weight perception, body satisfaction, and weight loss intention with patterns of health risk behaviors in adolescents with overweight and obesity. We analyzed health risk behavior from a school-based national survey conducted in 2015 in Brazil (n = 2,703 students with overweight or obesity, aged 13–17 years). We performed latent class analysis of alcohol consumption, tobacco use, physical activity, screen time, and eating habits for adolescents with overweight and identified four distinct health behavior patterns. The association of these patterns with weight perception, body satisfaction, and weight loss intention was analyzed through multinomial logistic regression. Adolescents who perceived themselves as “fat” or “very fat” were more likely to have a sedentary lifestyle and low consumption of fruit and vegetables. Body satisfaction was a protective factor against sedentary lifestyle. Students who reported weight loss intention were less likely to be in high–health-risk behavior groups (low consumption of fruit and vegetables; sedentary lifestyle; tobacco and alcohol use). Self-perception as overweight had detrimental associations, while body satisfaction was a protective factor for a healthy lifestyle. Weight loss intention still requires rigorous analysis due to inconsistencies in the literature. The complexity of the relationship between body image and obesity needs to be highlighted. Multicomponent strategies are required to control the global obesity pandemic.

FREQUENCY AND RISK FACTORS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE SCHOOL GOING ADOLESCENTS OF DISTRICT PESHAWAR, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Objective:&#x0D; To assess the frequency and risk factors of overweight and obese school going children of district Peshawar.&#x0D; To determine association of these risk factors with obesity in school going children.&#x0D; Material and methods:&#x0D; This is a cross sectional descriptive study, performed in public and private schools of district Peshawar from 1st October 2020 till 30th March 2021. A pre validated questionnaire was used to assess the dietary habits of students. The listed schools were stratified according to the monthly fee structure of the schools into three strata, low SES status (fee &lt; 1000 PKR), middle SES (fee = 1000-2500 PKR), high socioeconomic status (SES) (fee &gt; 2500 PKR). Two schools were selected using stratified random technique from each stratum. Simple random sampling technique (balloting) was used to select students from each selected school. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23. Chi square test was used to determine association between obesity and socioeconomic status and between obesity and dietary habits. Kendal-tau was used to determine statistical correlation between obesity and socioeconomic status and between obesity and dietary habits.&#x0D; Results: The overall frequency of overweight and obesity was found to be 14.7 % and 8% respectively. After applying chi square test, it was found that obesity has a significant association with socioeconomic condition and dietary habits of children. Kendal-tau was applied to develop correlation. It was found that obesity has positive correlation with socioeconomic condition +0.312. However obesity has negative correlation with dietary habits -0.092.&#x0D; Conclusion: childhood obesity is rising significantly in district Peshawar where every 4th or 5th child is either overweight or obese. The major risk factors that were studied were socioeconomic status and dietary habits, which were statistically found to be associated with obesity.&#x0D; Keywords: BMI, school going children, obesity, overweight.

Improvement of glycemic indices by a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

The current study aimed to investigate the effects of legumes inclusion in the hypocaloric dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes over 16weeks. Also, the modulatory effects of rs7903146 variant in the transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) gene that is associated with the risk of diabetes, were assessed on these cardiometabolic risk factors. This study was a randomized controlled trial. Three-hundred participants, aged 30-65years, whose TCF7L2 rs7903146 genotype was determined, were studied. The participants were randomly assigned to receive either the hypocaloric DASH diet or a hypocaloric legume-based DASH diet. The primary outcome was the difference in FPG change from baseline until the 16-week follow-up between the two dietary interventions. The secondary outcomes were differences in insulin resistance and lipid profile changes between the dietary intervention diets. A reduction in FPG, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) was observed at week 16 in both hypocaloric dietary interventions. Compared to the DASH diet, the legume-based DASH diet decreased the FPG and HOMA-IR. There is no interaction between rs7903146 and intervention diets on glycemic parameters. The DASH diet, enrich in legumes, could improve the glycemic parameters in participants with type 2 diabetes, regardless of having rs7903146 risk or non-risk allele. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) (code: IRCT20090203001640N17).

Effects of shrimp oil on cardio-metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents.

Background: Antioxidants have beneficial effects on health. Shrimp oil has Astaxanthin and omega 3 that act as powerful antioxidants and might have anti-inflammatory effects on cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects of shrimp oil supplementation on cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Methods: This randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 64 overweight and obese participants with 10-18 years of age. They were randomly assigned to receive either 500 mg shrimp oil or identical placebo that contained medium-chain triglycerides once per day for eight weeks. Dietary intake was obtained using food record questionnaire for three days at baseline and at the end of the study. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after eight weeks of intervention. Results: Overall, 53 participants completed the study; 30 subjects received shrimp oil and 23 subjects received placebo. There were no significant effects of shrimp oil on total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C and blood pressure compared with the placebo group (p>0.05). Shrimp oil had no significant effects on body mass index, waist circumference and hip circumference compared with the placebo group (p>0.05). Conclusions: Supplementation with shrimp oil had no significant effects on improving the anthropometric measures and cardio-metabolic risk factors. Future clinical trials are needed to investigate the beneficial effects of higher doses of shrimp oil on cardio-metabolic risk factors in the pediatric age groups.

Management precautions for risk of obesity are necessary among infants with PKU carrying the rs113883650 variant of the LAT1 gene: A cross-sectional study.

Patients with phenylketonuria (PKU), an inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism, require consistent treatment to avoid the brain toxicity caused by hyperphenylalaninemia. The treatment consists of life-long use of a low-phenylalanine diet, which aims at decreasing hyperphenylalaninemia and maintaining blood phenylalanine concentration in a safe range. Problems with balancing diet can result in suboptimal treatment outcomes; however, recent findings suggest that genetic alteration of the transport of phenylalanine might result in an additional health burden. We assessed the effect of a common variant (rs113883650) of the LAT1(SLC7A5) gene, which encodes the main transmembrane phenylalanine transporter, on the development of overweight in 54 infants with PKU who received standard therapy and adhered well to therapeutic prescriptions, and in 55 infants with a milder disease form—the so-called mild hyperphenylalaninemia (MHP), which does not require treatment. We found that infants with PKU—carriers of the rs113883650 variant had significantly higher Body Mass Index (BMI) at 1 year compared to PKU infants without the variant (mean BMI Z-Score of +1.15 SD vs -0.15 SD, respectively; t(52) = 5.25, p = 0.00005). Conversely, no significant BMI differences were detected in the subgroups of infants with MHP (t(53) = 1.15, p = 0.25). Additionally, high BMI in infants with PKU—carriers of the rs113883650 variant positively correlated with high variability of their blood phenylalanine levels (r(52) = 0.42, p = 0.002). It should be noted that this is an observational study, which does not determine causation. Nevertheless, our findings show that the rs113883650 variant of the LAT1 gene may be a risk factor for overweight in properly treated infants with PKU. Management precautions should be taken to prevent the development of overweight and obesity.

Does chronic consumption of orange juice improve cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide. As a complex matrix of micronutrients, phytochemicals and sugars, the effects of orange juice (OJ) on CVD risk factors in overweight and obese adults warrant investigation. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the effect of chronic OJ consumption on the lipid profile, blood pressure, glycemic indices and inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and obese adults. Four databases were searched from inception until May 2022 and eight studies were included in the final analysis. Pooled results demonstrated the beneficial effect of OJ on systolic blood pressure (MD: -0.98 mmHg, 95% CI [-1.52, -0.44], p = 0.000, I2 = 0.0%) and HDL-C (SMD: 0.29, 95% CI [0.03, 0.54], p = 0.027, I2 = 0.0%) compared to the control group. However, total cholesterol, TG, LDL-C, glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and CRP did not change following chronic OJ consumption. This meta-analysis demonstrates the beneficial effects of chronic OJ consumption on blood pressure and HDL-C in overweight and obese adults.

Neighbourhood Socio-Economic Circumstances, Place of Residence and Obesity amongst Australian Adults: A Longitudinal Regression Analysis Using 14 Annual Waves of the HILDA Cohort

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is rising dramatically worldwide, including in Australia. Therefore, the necessity of identifying the risk factors of overweight and obesity is pivotal. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of neighbourhood socio-economic circumstances and place of residence on obesity amongst Australian adults. This study has used nationally representative panel data on 183,183 person-year observations from 26,032 unique Australian adults from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). Random-effects logistic regression technique was employed to examine the relationships. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been found at approximately 34% and 24%, respectively. The most striking result to emerge from the analyses is that adults living in the most socio-economic disadvantaged area were 2.04 times (AOR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.57–2.65) and adults from regional cities of Australia were 1.71 times (AOR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.34–2.19) more prone to be obese compared to their healthy counterparts. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is very high among Australian adults, especially those living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods and the regional cities. Unhealthy levels of BMI have costly impacts on the individual, the economy, and the health care system. Therefore, this study emphasises effective weight control strategies that can potentially tackle the obesity epidemic in Australia.

The Effects of Shift Work on Cardio-Metabolic Diseases and Eating Patterns.

Energy metabolism is tightly linked with circadian rhythms, exposure to ambient light, sleep/wake, fasting/eating, and rest/activity cycles. External factors, such as shift work, lead to a disruption of these rhythms, often called circadian misalignment. Circadian misalignment has an impact on some physiological markers. However, these proxy measurements do not immediately translate into major clinical health outcomes, as shown by later detrimental health effects of shift work and cardio-metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the effects of shift work on circadian rhythms and its implications in cardio-metabolic disorders and eating patterns. Shift work appears to be a risk factor of overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes, elevated blood pressure, and the metabolic syndrome. However, past studies showed discordant findings regarding the changes of lipid profile and eating patterns. Most studies were either small and short lab studies, or bigger and longer cohort studies, which could not measure health outcomes in a detailed manner. These two designs explain the heterogeneity of shift schedules, occupations, sample size, and methods across studies. Given the burden of non-communicable diseases and the growing concerns about shift workers’ health, novel approaches to study shift work in real contexts are needed and would allow a better understanding of the interlocked risk factors and potential mechanisms involved in the onset of metabolic disorders.

Physical activity and sedentary behaviors associated with overweight and obesity among primary school children in Tanzania: a case-control study

PurposeThis study aims at determining the risk of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors on overweight and obesity among primary school children aged 10–13 years in Tanzania.Design/methodology/approachA case-control study was conducted from January to March 2020 involving 69 overweight/obese children as cases and 138 normal weight children as controls. Cases were identified as having body mass index-for-age ≥ +1 standard deviation (SD) and controls as those having BMI-for-age range between −2 SD to <+1 SD. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection on daily physical activities and sedentary behavior types, frequency duration and activity score. An independent sample t-test was used to compare means of activity score between cases and controls. Binary logistic regression was used to predict risk factors for overweight/obesity.FindingsRisk factors for overweight/obesity were listening to music and/or radio for >2 h/week (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2–6.1) and walking for exercise <2 h/week (OR 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–4.1). On the other hand, rope skipping for >2 h/week (OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03–0.7) was a protective factor against overweight/obesity. Controls had a significantly higher mean score of being active during lunch breaks compared to cases (p = 0.012). Cases had higher weight, height and percentage body fat than controls (p < 0.001). The home environment provided more avenues for physical activity than the school environment.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is original research work and the first case-control study to predict physical activity and sedentary behaviors as risk factors for overweight and obesity in Tanzanian school children.

Nutrition Education 4.0 to Prevent Overweight and Obesity through Social Media

Introduction: This study was aimed to explore the effectiveness of 2-months online-based nutrition education related to the reduction of obesity and the risk factor of overweight in adulthood aged 17-25 years compared to the control group. The nutrition education was followed by 800 participants which consist of intervention and control groups. The intervention group was given pre-test and post-test each module, on the other hand, control groups only had to join webinar nutrition education. Materials and method: 800 early adulthood participants coming from various regions in Indonesia were invited to join the WhatsApp group to get intervention by modules and webinars on different topics about nutrition. This is a randomized control trial study by giving nutrition education modules to adults. This study targets adult aged 17-25 years using a quasi-experiment design with a pre-post test control group design. The study will be conducted online in 8 urban areas (center) in Indonesia, namely: Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Jember, Medan, Bali, Samarinda, Kupang, Palu City.

Effects of fresh mango consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults

Background & aimsIn vitro and animal studies show antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties of mangos. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of fresh mango consumption compared to an isocaloric control snack on body weight, glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, liver function enzymes, inflammation, and antioxidant activity in overweight and obese adults (BMI ≥26 kg/m2). Methods and resultsIn a crossover design, 27 participants consumed 100 kcal/d of fresh mangos or isocaloric low-fat cookies daily for 12 weeks each, separated by a four-week washout period. Blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), and aspartate transaminase activity significantly decreased while total antioxidant capacity significantly increased following mango consumption. There were no significant changes in body weight, body fat %, blood pressure, insulin, or lipid profile following mango consumption. Cookie consumption significantly increased body weight, insulin, CRP, and triglycerides. ConclusionThese results suggest that relative to the control snack, mangos may improve certain risk factors associated with overweight and obesity including improved glycemic control and reduced inflammation. Clinical trials registerNCT03957928.

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obesity Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: The purpose of this review was to compare the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on cardiometabolic risk factors of obese children and adolescents. Methods: Relevant studies published in PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases were searched. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of HIIT and MICT on children and adolescents with obesity were included. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine the effect of HIIT on cardiometabolic risk factors using STATA software and potential moderators were explored (i.e., study duration, training modalities, work/rest ratio and work duration time). Results: Twelve RCTs involving 325 participants were included in the meta-analysis. HIIT showed more positive effects on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max; SMD = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.35, p = 0.000) and systolic blood pressure (SBP; SMD = −0.64, 95% CI: −1.05 to −0.22, p = 0.003) than MICT. However, when compared with MICT, HIIT caused no significant differences in body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, diastolic blood pressure and glycolipid metabolism markers. Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed that the effects of HIIT on VO2max and SBP were significantly different regarding protocol factors, such as modality, duration, training time, training settings, work/rest ratio and work duration. Conclusions: HIIT has a positive role in promoting cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. Moreover, when compared with MICT, HIIT had a more significant effect on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and systolic blood pressure. The factors of HIIT protocol had an important influence on the intervention effects of childhood obesity.

A study The Effect of Energy Restriction Diet and Phenolic acids Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults

BackgroundPoor obesity control is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes complications. Reducing body weight with pharmacotherapy can be challenging. This study aims to explore the effect of energy restriction diet (ERD) and Phenolic acids (PAs) Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults. MethodsA prospective, 12-week randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study conducted at University Hospital in Yemen between January 12, 2020, and May 28, 2020. In total 87 healthy non-athlete overweight and obese subjects (58% women; mean age, 42 years; with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27 kg/m2 were assigned randomly to treated group 47 to receive PAs, 25mg/d after energy restriction diet daily (≤ 100k kcal/day, and 40 to receive placebo as control. Additionally, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, body composition, plasma lipoproteins, lipids, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin sensitivity and hormone peptides of both groups were measured before the beginning of treatment and 12 weeks after treatment. ResultsCompared to the control group, body weight, body fat %, body mass index (BMI), triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein(LDL), blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity significantly decreased in the treated groups while insulin sensitivity and adiponectin hormone level were increased (P < 0.05). However, no significant changes occurred in FBS, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), and waist circumference (WC) (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The study shows that ERDs and PAs treatment was effective in attenuating cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure, glycemic control and lipid management, and it may provide a novel treatment for improving dual cardiovascular risk factors.

Study to Evaluate the Risk Factors of Overweight and Obesity among Higher Secondary School Children in Muzaffarpur, Bihar

ackground: Overweight and obesity are risk factors for diet-related non-communicable diseases. These diseases are the fifth leading risks for global deaths. Virtually, all age groups are affected bythe consequences of overweight and obesity.Aims and Objectives: This study was undertakento evaluate risk factors of overweight and obesity among higher secondary school adolescents.Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 492 school adolescents of the government sector six higher secondary schools in Muzaffarpur. This study measured height, weight and plotted Body mass Index on CDC (Child Development Centre) charts. Factors affecting obesity like physical and sedentary activities (using Bharathy et al. questionnaire) and school-based risk factors were also studied.Results: Based of measurements taken risk factors for overweight and obesity in 492 higher secondary school students, the estimated provincial prevalence of overweight was found to be 9.7%, obesity 3%, and malnutrition 18% respectively. Students involved in household chores for 4 hours or more a week were associated with a decreased risk of overweight (OR 3.97, 95% CI 1.41-11.03) and those with less activity were at increased risk for obesity (OR 6.59, 95% CI 1.83-21.19).Conclusion: The problems of overweight and obesity are taking place while students are still at the risk of underweight. Several factors were correlated with overweight and obesity. Therefore, interventions targeting gender, frequency of eating food out of home, vigorous activities, and frequency of doing the vigorous physical activity are recommended.