Rheum Ribes Research Articles

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Rheum ribes, characterization and the evaluation of its toxicity on HUVECs and Artemia salina

This study describes an eco-friendly procedure to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using fresh and dried stem extract of Rheum ribes. AgNPs formation was confirmed using UV-vis spectrometry. The effects of parameters such as temperature, reaction time, pH, AgNO3 concentration, and plant extract/AgNO3 ratio on NP formation were evaluated. Morphology and structural features of the particles were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR. The average size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were determined using DLS. After characterization, among the two AgNP samples, selected one; AgNP sample synthesized by dried Rheum ribes stem extracts (d-AgNPs), which exhibited narrow size distribution and high surface plasmon resonance in the range of 435–445 nm for toxicity assessment. The cytotoxic effect of d-AgNPs on HUVECs cells was evaluated with MTT analysis. Accumulation measurements were made in three periods as 24, 48, and 72 h and elimination values were examined at +24 h using ICP-MS analysis

Determination of secondary metabolites including curcumin in Rheum ribes L. and surveying of its antioxidant and anticancer activity

Dry stem and root of Rheum ribes are used for the treatment of different diseases. In this study, the organic components in the root of R. ribes were extracted by three extraction methods (soxhlet, ultrasonic and maceration) and the efficiencies of these methods were calculated. To validate the existence of Curcumin, analysis such as UV–Vis (Ultraviolet–Visible), HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), GC (Gas Chromatography) and GC/Mass were performed and in order to separate Curcuminoids, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) technique was implemented on the extract which had the highest yield. Total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of three kinds of extract were measured. For studying antioxidant activity, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging was done. Finally, for investigating anticancer activity, MTT (Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium), NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium) and DNA-Binding tests were done. The most yield was belonged to soxhlet extract. The results showed the presence of Curcumin in soxhlet extract has not been reported previously. Furthermore, the total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents were belonged to ultrasonic extract. As well as the maximum antioxidants properties were belonged to ultrasonic and maceration extraction. The MTT assay showed the lowest IC50 in the ultrasonic extract. At NBT test, the highest NBT reduction percentage was belonged to maceration extraction. DNA-binding test revealed that all the extracts have shown some degree of fragmentation. Due to the presence of Curcumin in R. ribes and the notable features that the results showed, it can be a good source for Curcumin extraction and use in the drug industry.

Chemical Constituents from Rheum ribes Shoots and its Insecticidal Activity Against Aedes aegypti

Chemical Constituents from Rheum ribes Shoots and its Insecticidal Activity Against Aedes aegypti

Phytochemicals and antioxidant activities of twelve edible wild plants from Eastern Anatolia, Turkey

Wild edible plants are important nutrient contributors in the diet of populations both in rural and urban areas. Eastern Anatolia has high plant diversity, and many plants are widely used as traditional food and medicine. In this study, approximate compositions, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities of twelve edible wild plants in Eastern Anatolia were investigated. L-ascorbic acid, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid and total phenolic contents of analyzed edible wild plants ranged from 1.03 to 10589.71 mg/kg dw, 88.70 to 1740.02 mg/kg dw, 25.00 to 700.20 mg β-car. eq./kg dw, and 444.14 to 2071.96 mg GA eq./kg dw, respectively. Chlorogenic and gallic acids were the most abundant phenolic acids in the plant samples. Rutin, quarcetin, kaempferol and luteolin were identified and quantified in the samples. Luteolin (15.98- 832.82 mg/kg dw) was identified in almost all tested plants (except Coriandrum sativum). The results showed that Arum conophalloides, Rumex tuberosus, Rheum ribes, Plantago lanceolata, Tragopogon longirostris, and Chenopodium album had high contents of different phytochemicals, and antioxidant activities. These plants are available for a short time of the year and in small quantities. Future studies should be focused on biological, functional and toxicological assays and finally for commercial production of these promising plants.

In-silico investigation of antibacterial herbal compounds in order to find new antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus and its resistant subtypes

IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus can cause different diseases. S. aureus resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant strains recently have become a big problem in hospital infections. These strains respond to some current antibiotics, but these effects may not last long due to the constant mutations of these bacteria. Therefore, research on other factors, such as herbal compounds, may play a crucial role in inhibition. Hence, in this research, we have tried to find herbal efficient compounds to inhibit S. aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) important proteins and infections. Material and methods2000 compounds from 87 medicinal plants were collected from related articles. S. aureus and MRSA important protein structures were obtained from the RCSB PDB database. In addition, the PubChem database was used to achieve the structure of the compounds. Molecular docking analysis of compounds was performed against CrtM(diapophytoene synthase), DNA gyrase, SarA(Staphylococcal Accessory Regulator A), and PBP2a(penicillin-binding protein 2A) proteins which were the most noticeable proteins causing S. aureus and MRSA infections, and finally, the features of top compounds were gained from different databases. ResultThe results showed that Berbamine, Galangin, Hypericin, Protohypericin, Pseudohypericin, and Berberine were the best compounds with high binding affinity to each four mentioned proteins with no or minimum side effect. Berbamine had the highest binding affinity to all four proteins. ConclusionAccording to the results Mahonia aquifolium, Beberis Vulgaris, Chelidonium majus, Rheum Ribes, Hypericum perforatum, and Hibiscus sabdariffa had the best active compounds against S. aureus important proteins. These medicinal compounds may be effective as antibiotics against S. aureus resistant subtypes because they have no or minimum side effects and are beneficial for health. If it is proven experimentally that the aforementioned herbal compounds are effective on S. aureus, these compounds could help treat diseases caused by S. aureus.

Analysis of Chemical Composition by GC/MS and Assessment of Anticancer Activity of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes Linn.) Stalks

Analysis of Chemical Composition by GC/MS and Assessment of Anticancer Activity of Rhubarb (Rheum ribes Linn.) Stalks

Application of Choline Chloride as Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Green Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Rheum Ribes Leaves

Deep eutectic solvents are applied as a new type of sustainable solvents.The new generation of green solvents are considerable utilize to extraction of bioactive compounds due to their physicochemical properties and structure. In this study, the extraction process of phenolic compounds from rhubarb roots using of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was investigated.Totally 8 different types of choline chloride- and L-proline-based deep eutectic solvents containing various H-bond donors/acceptors were synthesized.The extraction conditions for phenolic acids such as effect of different DESs,extraction temperature,water content in nades,ratio of solid to liquid and extraction time were studied.The optimal parameters were found to be extraction time of 30 min, temperature of 313.15 K, DES 30 wt % water and solid/liquid ratio of 1:20 led to significantly effect on the extraction of phenolic contents from plant material. The quantification and characterization of two biactive flavonoids in the extracts was analyzed via ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) with photodiode dedection.Compared with conventional extraction system, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) showed high extraction efficiency for both polar and less polar compounds. This study reveals,the developed DESs have significant as alternative new green dissolving agents in the extraction of phenolic compounds from plant resource due to their high solubilization ability and low toxicity.

Characterization of Rheum ribes with ZnO nanoparticle and its antidiabetic, antibacterial, DNA damage prevention and lipid peroxidation prevention activity of in vitro

This study aims to investigate the antidiabetic, antimicrobial, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation prevention activity of ZnO NPs/Rr formed as a result of the interaction of Rheum ribes (R.ribes) plant with ZnO. The ZnO NPs/Rr obtained as a result of the reaction were confirmed using high-reliability characterization methods. According to the data obtained as a result of the study, it is seen that the activity of ZnO NPs/Rr to prevent lipid peroxidation is quite strong. Lipid peroxidation inhibition activity of ZnO NPs/Rr at the highest concentration of 250 μg/ml was calculated as % 89.1028. It was observed that ZnO NPs/Rr prevented DNA damage by % 92.1240 at the highest concentration of 100 μg/ml. It was determined that the antidiabetic effect of ZnO NPs/Rr formed by ZnO of R. ribes plant, which is used as a medicinal plant as an antidiabetic, was significant. It appears to have a strong antidiabetic property compared to the positive control acarbose. In our current study, it was observed that ZnO NPs/Rr formed zones ranging from 8 ± 3.0 to 21 ± 4.5 against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. It has been determined that ZnO nanoparticles have an antibacterial effect.

Effect of Rheum ribes L. juice on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium and chemical quality on vacuum packaged raw beef

The aim of this study was to evaluate Rheum ribes L. juice as a marinade against L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium in vacuum packed raw beef. The juice was used at levels of 10%, 50%, and 100% for different marination times (2, 6 or 24 h). E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium counts in the marinated samples at 100% conc. for 24 h were found as 1.1 and 1.7 log10 lower than the control group on day 0, respectively (P < 0.05). L. monocytogenes count was found approx. 3.0 log10 lower than the control group on day 15 (P < 0.05). Total viable count, psychrotrophic bacteria, LAB counts, and pH values were found lower in the 100% conc. marinated samples than control group on day 0 (P < 0.05). A total of 22 volatiles were identified in Rehum ribes L. juice, and ethanol, ethylbenzene and xylene were found as major compounds. Observations showed that the juice exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens depending on the concentrations and marination time. In conclusion, it can be derived that Rheum Ribes L. juice can be used as an acidulant for the decontamination of meat and meat products, and can be a major component of marinades.

A Review on the Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Effects of Rheum ribes.

Herbal medications are typically used for the treatment of diverse diseases without significant adverse effects. The Rheum ribes (R. ribes), commonly called rhubarb, is a hardy perennial herb and is consumed all over the world. There is growing evidence of the therapeutic benefits of R. ribes. Extensive in vitro and in vivo investigations have shown that R. ribes reveals beneficial properties via different mechanisms. In the current article, various pharmacological and therapeutic effects of R. ribes have been reviewed. For this purpose, different online databases using keywords such as R. ribes, therapeutic effects, and pharmacological effects were searched until the end of December 2020. R. ribes has been suggested to be effective in the treatment of a wide range of disorders including stomachache, nausea and vomiting, hemorrhoids, and measles. Additionally, different studies have demonstrated that R. ribes possesses numerous pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral, and may also function as an expectorant. The present narrative review provides a detailed survey of scientific investigations regarding the pharmacological properties and therapeutic effects of R. ribes.

Effect of Rheum Ribes and Urtica Dioica on type 2 diabetic rats

Effect of Rheum Ribes and Urtica Dioica on type 2 diabetic rats

Liver Disorders that Induced by Burkholderia Mallei and the Role of Phenolic Compounds of Rheum Ribes in Treatment

The present study was designed to show the potential role of phenolic compounds against the toxicity of Burkholderia mallei. The study used 30 adult male rats that distributed to five groups (each group consist 6 rats); control group that received normal saline, second group rat injected intraperitoneal with B. mallei at dose 10 6 cell/ ml. third group rat injected intraperitoneal with B. mallei at dose 1 08 cell/ ml. fourth group rat injected intraperitoneal with B. mallei at dose 1 0 6 cell/ ml and treated with 250ug/ml of phenolic compounds for four weeks. Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert (key words). Fifth group rat injected intraperitoneal with B. mallei at dose 1 08 cell/ ml and treated with 250ug/ml of phenolic compounds for four weeks. Sixth group rat treated with 250ug/ml of phenolic compounds for four weeks. The results show high significant increased (P &lt; 0.05) in levels AST, ALT, ALP and MDA with high significant decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in levels GSH, catalase in second and third groups compared with control group. The results of fourth, fifth and sixth groups show non-significant changes (P &lt; 0.05) in all parameters compare with control group when using Rheum ribes. It was concluded that Rheum ribes has been potential role against the toxicity of B. mallei in adult male rats.

Liver Disorders that Induced by Burkholderia Mallei and the Role of Phenolic Compounds of Rheum Ribes in Treatment

The present study was designed to show the potential role of phenolic compounds against the toxicity of Burkholderia mallei. The study used 30 adult male rats that distributed to five groups (each group consist 6 rats); control group that received normal saline, second group rat injected intraperitoneal with B. mallei at dose 10 6 cell/ ml. third group rat injected intraperitoneal with B. mallei at dose 1 08 cell/ ml. fourth group rat injected intraperitoneal with B. mallei at dose 1 0 6 cell/ ml and treated with 250ug/ml of phenolic compounds for four weeks. Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert (key words). Fifth group rat injected intraperitoneal with B. mallei at dose 1 08 cell/ ml and treated with 250ug/ml of phenolic compounds for four weeks. Sixth group rat treated with 250ug/ml of phenolic compounds for four weeks. The results show high significant increased (P &lt; 0.05) in levels AST, ALT, ALP and MDA with high significant decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in levels GSH, catalase in second and third groups compared with control group. The results of fourth, fifth and sixth groups show non-significant changes (P &lt; 0.05) in all parameters compare with control group when using Rheum ribes. It was concluded that Rheum ribes has been potential role against the toxicity of B. mallei in adult male rats.

A Study on Foods That Boost The Immune System During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread rapidly across the world and been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. One of the ways to combat COVID-19 and other infectious diseases is to boost the immune system. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to eat well and consume foods that boost the immune system. This study investigated the effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) oil, silverberry, date, grape, Asphodelus aestivus, Rheum ribes, and carob on the immune system. There is no cure yet for Covid-19. However, scientists and healthcare professionals recommend that people eat foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals to bolster their immune system to fight COVID-19 because immunodeficiency is the Achilles' heel of Covid-19 pandemic

Effect of isgin (Rheum ribes L.) on biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity and DNA damage in rats with obesity induced with high-calorie diet

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of Rheum ribes L. plant root extracts on DNA damage, biochemical and antioxidant parameters in rats with experimental obesity induced with a high-calorie diet. The study groups were divided as “normal control(NC)”, “obese control(OC)”, “obese + Rheum ribes(OR1)(200 mg/kg)” and “obese + Rheum ribes (OR2)(400 mg/kg)”. At the end of the application, rats were sacrificed and blood and tissue samples were obtained. According to the results obtained, the marker of DNA damage in tissues of 8-OHdG was determined to be significantly reduced in brain tissue of the OR1 and OR2 groups compared to the NC group. However, fluctuations were identified in the MDA activity, antioxidant defense system elements and serum biomarkers in tissues. In conclusion, Rheum ribes plant root extract ensured improvements in DNA damage in brain tissues and MDA levels and showed positive effects on antioxidant parameter activities in different tissues.

The antiproliferative potential of isolated emodin and aloe-emodin from Rheum ribes on different cancer cell lines

Herbal compounds are important resources that used in the treatment of many diseases, and are inspiring in drug design and development. Rheum ribes, a perennial native plant, has potentially diverse medicinal effects, including antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-tumor activity. The key molecules associated with anticancer activity of R. ribes in tumor formation still remains unclear. The present study was aimed to elucidate the antiproliferative effects of two purified compounds, emodin and aloe-emodin, from R. ribes. In our study, chromatographic separation was used to purification of compounds. Experimental 1D and 2D 1H and 13C-NMR spectra helped us to confirm the chemical structures of emodin and aloe-emodin. The viability of human glioblastoma cell line (U373), human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7), and human colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29) were detected by WST-1 proliferation assay as dose- and time-dependent. The isolated emodin and aloe-emodin from R. ribes, reduced viability of human glioblastoma, breast and colorectal cancer cell lines in dose- and time-dependent manner significantly. These antiproliferative effects may contribute as a possible strategy to the development of new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of cancer.

The effect of Aqueous, Ethanolic extracts of Rheum ribeson insulin sensitivity, inflammation, oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, one of the most common chronic metabolic disorders, occurs when the body is unable to utilize insulin effectively. Hyperglycemia, one of the most common characteristics of diabetes, is related to the development of several diabetic adverse effects, which lead to an elevation in oxidative stress and inflammation responses. Among the current therapeutic options, such as hypoglycemic drugs and insulin therapy, which have limitations, there has been much attention given to the use of traditional medicinal plant that modulate hyperglycemia, inflammation, improve oxidative stress, and prevent diabetes-induced complications. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to investigate whether the consumption of aqueous and ethanolic Rheum extractions improve insulin sensitivity, inflammation and oxidative status in subjects with T2DM. Sixty patients with T2DM (male and female) were recruited in this double-blind, randomized and controlled clinical trial from the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The participants were randomly allocated into three groups aqueous extract (n = 20), ethanolic extract (n = 20) and control (n = 20) who were given three Rheum ribes capsules daily for 6 weeks. A significant elevation in the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) was observed at the end of study in the aqueous extracts (P = 0.03) and also ethanolic extracts (P = 0.01) of Rheum extract groups compared to initial values. At the end of study, there was also a significant reduction in levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in ethanolic extracts (P = 0.002) compared to initial values; however, intervention with aqueous extracts had no effect on malondialdehyde. There was also a significant reduction of high sensitivity C-reactive protein in ethanolic extracts (P = 0.001) and aqueous extracts (P = 0.001) groups at the end of study compared to initial values. At the end of the study, there were significant differences in the insulin, ethanolic extract group compared to control group. It appears that the ethanolic extract is more effective than the aqueous extract of Rheum ribes in diabetic patients. Rheum ribes intake may have favorable effects on insulin sensitivity, malondialdehyde and high sensitivity C-reactive protein in diabetic patients.

Overview of herbal and traditional remedies in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on Traditional Persian Medicine.

This study aims to describe the herbal and traditional remedies in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with an overview on related available evidence in modern medicine. This study is a review that focuses on the most important Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) sources including Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, Jorjani's Zakhīra-yi Khārazmshāhī, and Aazam-Khan's Eksir-e-Aazam, as well as pertinent information from Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Scientific Information Database, and Google Scholar by using the keywords salak, rīsh-e-balkhi, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and leishmaniasis for selected remedies. Several oral and topical herbal remedies, such as Vitis vinifera L. (Unripe grapes), Berberis vulgaris L., Rheum ribes L., Santalum album L., Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl (Camphor), Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch, Crocus sativus L., Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb, honey, and Alum root, were mentioned in TPM resources for the treatment of CL. Furthermore, cauterization, cupping, and leech therapy were considered for this purpose. In this review, some evidence-based studies will also be presented that have demonstrated the therapeutic properties of some of these products. In conclusion, the sages of TPM have recommended several systemic or topical medications, in addition to physical procedures, for treatment of CL, all of which could be a base for conducting further research on its efficacy.

Ultrasound irradiation and green synthesized CuO-NiO-ZnO mixed metal oxide: An efficient sono/nano-catalytic system toward a regioselective synthesis of 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazoles

An efficient approach has been reported that 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazoles are prepared from structurally diverse N-arylcyanamides and sodium azide using sono/nano-catalytic system. The mixed metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) (CuO, NiO, and ZnO NPs) were prepared with utilizing aqueous leaves extracts of the Rheum ribes. In this study, the effect of the reaction condition was investigated on the catalytic activity and selectivity of mixed metal oxide NPs for the synthesis of aminotetrazole derivatives. In this regard, various reaction conditions were precisely compared such as reflux and ultrasonication (US). In this study, the regioselective synthesis of 1-aryl-5-amino-1H-tetrazoles with high yield was achieved by the synergistic effect between US irradiation and prepared nanocatalyst which showed the potential of sono/nano-catalytic system in organic synthesis. Furthermore, the as-prepared nanocatalyst could be reused and recovered from the reaction mixture for several times without consequential abate in its catalytic activity and selectivity.

Quality Control of Hard Gelatin Capsules Containing Rheum Ribes L. Extract and Investigation of Its Effects on Oxidative Stress

ÖZ Rheum türleri tıbbi öneme sahiptir. Rheum ribes L. yerel olarak ışkın, uçkun ve uşgun olarak bilinmektedir. Genellikle Lübnan’da, İran’da ve Türkiye’nin doğusunda yetişmektedir. Rheum ribes L. bitkisinin çeşitli bölümlerinden elde edilmiş ekstraktlar birçok hastalığın tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Rheum ribes L. ekstraktının hazırlanması, elde edilen toz ekstraktlarının Avrupa Farmakopesi’ne uygun olarak toz kontrollerinin yapılması, hazırlanan ekstraktın sert jelatin kapsül formülasyonunun elde edilmesi ve Rheum ribes L. ektstraktını içeren sert jelatin kapsüllerin kapsül kalite kontrol çalışmalarının yapılması, bitkisel ekstraktın in vitro olarak antioksidan özellik gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir. Sert jelatin kapsüllere dolumu gerçekleştirilen Rheum ribes L. ekstraktlarında yığın dansitesi, sıkıştırılmış dansite, sıkıştırılabilirlik indeksi, hausner oranı, akış süresi, yığın açısı tayini, elek analizi; dolumu yapılan sert jelatin kapsüllere ise dağılma testi, ağırlık sapması testi yapılmıştır. Bitki ekstraktının antioksidan aktivitesi DPPH metodu ile ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre yığın açısı 26,66 ± 0.33 ̊ yığın dansitesi 0,37±0,06 g/ml, sıkıştırılmış dansite 0,46±0,09 g/ml, elek analizinin sonucuna göre d50: 214,734±12,36 µm, d90: 43,99±2,92 µm bulunmuş olup, yapılan dağılma testinde ise suni mide vasatında 1 dakika 12 saniyede, suni barsak vasatında 2 dakika 10 saniyede kapsüller dağılma göstermiştir, dolumları yapılan kapsüllerde ağırlık sapması 250,16±1.85 mg’dır. Rheum ribes L. ekstraktının IC50’si 74,1±4,8 µg /mL olarak bulunmuştur. Elde edilen verilere göre, Avrupa Farmakopesi baz alındığında kapsüllere dolum yapılan tozun akışkanlığı mükemmel, elek analizi sonucuna göre tozun inceliği çok kaba toz olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlara göre; Rheum ribes L. ekstraktı içeren sert jelatin kapsüllerin formülasyon açısından bir sorun teşkil etmediği ve piyasada gıda takviyesi olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Rheum ribes L., sert jelatin kapsül, oksidatif stres, kalite kontrol, Işkın