Quality Of Resulting Product Research Articles

THE DIFFICULTIES FACED BY MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN THE FORMAL MARKET ACCESS: THE CASE IN SMALL AND MICRO ENTERPRISES IN THE CITIES OF MAKASSAR AND KABUPATEN GOWA SOUTH SULAWESI

This research aims to analyze about the difficulties faced by micro and small enterprises in accessing markets in sustaining and expanding the operation and the survival of their businesses. Samples taken from the 45 micro and small businesses (UMK) chosen deliberately from the entire population. Design research in the applied Research Exploratory. Data collection is done with in depth interviews with business owners (industry) to obtain data that is associated with this research. From a sample of research found that very few micro and small businesses (UMK) managed to access the formal market, the main reason is the inability of their products to meet the requirements set by the institution of a formal marketing, they are only able to do marketing. The conclusions of the research are: a). skills principals UMK on marketing management are generally very low, b). quality of the resulting product is still low so as to make their difficulties in dealing with competitors in the market, c) continuity in serving customers/partner has yet to be secured, d) difficulty in using modern production technology, because of lack of capital, e) slow in doing the response to changes in the market. Recommended: that the Government should also play a more active role in facilitating the ease of access to the formal market, by helping UMK in partnerships, and the provision of facilities for product market UMK on any area in the form of marketing outlets adopted the model Alpha March.

Evaluation of the Human Error Probability in Cellular Manufacturing

Referring to Gutenberg there are three elementary production factors: material, equipment and human workforce. They all have a significant influence on the product quality. Nevertheless, in machining research they have been given differing attention, depending on the focused scope. This paper presents the results of an empirical study of the human error probability (HEP) in a Cellular Manufacturing environment. First, it is shown that the influence of human work on the resulting product quality in machining so far has only been given little attention. Therefore a content analysis according to Mayring has been conducted on publications in the domains of production technology and ergonomics. Second, various schemes for the classification of human errors are presented and evaluated in terms of their applicability to human tasks in machining. Finally the design and results of an empirical study which has been conducted at the Cellular Manufacturing reference line, consisting of two lathes and four milling machines, in the Center for industrial Productivity (CiP) at TU Darmstadt are presented. Overall 2700 human-machine interactions have been observed and evaluated in terms of their influence on product quality. Results show that there is a significant influence of the human worker as three percent of these interactions incorporated a spurious action.

Comparison of Purification Strategies of Three Horseradish Peroxidase Isoenzymes Recombinantly Produced in Pichia pastoris

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a versatile heme-containing glycoprotein frequently used in medical diagnostics, is primarily isolated from plant. This process involves filtration, salt precipitation and several chromatography steps, which is expensive, renders low yields and gives isoenzyme mixtures. Although single isoenzymes can be recombinantly produced in Pichia pastoris, they get hyper-glycosylated in the yeast rendering the downstream process cumbersome and thus not competitive. In this study, we analyzed the purification of three HRP isoenzymes differing in the number of N-glycosylation sites recombinantly produced in P. pastoris. We wanted to 1) determine potential correlations between the mode of protein production and the resulting product quality and downstream process, 2) investigate correlations between the number of N-glycosylation sites of HRP and the mode of purification, and 3) find the optimal purification strategy for the recombinantly produced HRP isoenzymes. Thus, we applied different cultivation strategies and tested downstream processes employing both particlebased resins as well as monolithic supports. We showed that the mode of cultivation affected product purity but not the subsequent downstream process. Purification of each of the three HRP isoenzymes using monolithic supports was successful and independent of the number of N-glycosylation sites, whereas purification by particle-based resins was highly affected by glycosylation. Summarizing, we demonstrated a novel feasibility of using monoliths operated in flow through mode for the purification of comparatively small biomolecules.

Increasing flowability and bulk density of PE-HD powders by a dry particle coating process and impact on LBM processes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the processability of cohesive PE-HD particles in laser beam melting processes (LBM) of polymers. Furthermore, we present a characterization method for polymer particles, which can predict the quality of the powder deposition via LBM processes. Design/methodology/approach – This study focuses on the application of dry particle coating processes to increase flowability and bulk density of PE-HD particles. Both has been measured and afterwards validated via powder deposition of PE-HD particles in a LBM machine. Findings – For efficient coating in a dry particle coating process, the PE-HD particles and the attached nanoparticles need to show similar surface chemistry, i.e. both need to behave either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. It is demonstrated that dry particle coating is appropriate to enhance flowability and bulk density of PE-HD particles and hence considerably improves LBM processes and the resulting product quality. Originality/value – At present, in LBM processes mainly polyamide (PA), 12 particles are used, which are so far quite expensive in comparison to, for example, PE-HD particles. This work provides a unique and versatile method for nanoparticulate surface modification which may be applied to a wide variety of materials. After the coating, the particles are applicable for the LBM process. Our results provide a correlation between flowability and bulk density and the resulting product quality.

Integrated Maintenance Decision-Making and Product Sequencing in Flexible Manufacturing Systems

In highly flexible and integrated manufacturing systems, such as semiconductor manufacturing, the strong dynamic interactions between the equipment condition, operations executed on the equipment, and the resulting product quality necessitate a methodology that integrates the decision-making process across the domains of maintenance scheduling and production operations. Currently, maintenance and production operations decision-making are two decoupled processes. In this paper, we devise an integrated decision-making policy for maintenance scheduling and production sequencing, with the objective of optimizing a customizable objective function, while taking into account operation-dependent degradation models and a production target. Optimization was achieved using a metaheuristic method based on the results of discrete-event simulations of the target manufacturing system. The new approach is demonstrated in simulations of a generic cluster tool routinely used in semiconductor manufacturing. The results show that jointly making maintenance and production sequencing decisions consistently and often significantly outperforms the current practice of making these decisions separately.

DIVERSIFIKASI MANGGA OFF GRADE MENJADI SELAI DAN DODOL

Karanganyar village is a good mango producing area of excellent quality and off grade. The lack of knowledge about the processing of mango off grade diversification leads to lower selling prices. Training diversified manufacture of processed mango off grade into jams and dodol is appropriate for the conditions of rural communities Karanganyar. Manufacture of butter and mango dodol off grade is focused on the handling and processing of raw materials are accurate and correct, so that the resulting product quality. The method used is lectures and applications making of jam and mango dodol off grade and their packaging. Achievement on the training of making jam and mango dodol off grade is a partner all participants can make jam and dodol well and their packaging.

Continuous-flow production of a pharmaceutical nanoemulsion by high-amplitude ultrasound: Process scale-up

High-pressure homogenization (HPH, including microfluidization) and high-amplitude ultrasonic processing are currently the leading two methods used to produce nanoemulsions of superior quality. Despite suffering from multiple important drawbacks, HPH is currently the technology of choice for the industrial manufacture of pharmaceutical nanoemulsions. The ultrasonic nanoemulsification technology is free from most of these drawbacks and frequently used in laboratory studies. The challenge for the ultrasonic method, however, has been bridging the gap between laboratory research and its industrial implementation. Due to limitations of conventional ultrasonic technology, scaling up has not been possible without a significant reduction in ultrasonic amplitudes, which compromises product quality. This limitation has been overcome by Barbell Horn Ultrasonic Technology (BHUT), which permits constructing bench and industrial-scale processors capable of operating at high ultrasonic amplitudes. In the present study, a high-quality MF59®-analog pharmaceutical nanoemulsion has been successfully manufactured using laboratory, bench and industrial-scale high-amplitude ultrasonic processors. The overall laboratory-to-industrial scale-up factor achieved by using BHUT was approximately 55. The ultrasonic amplitude and the resulting product quality were maintained identical at all three scales. To our knowledge, this work is the first reported instance of a successful and systematic industrial scale-up of any high-amplitude ultrasonic process.

Effects of thermally treated broiler feed with different organic acid levels on resulting meat composition and parameters related to meat quality

Abstract Microbial contaminations of animal feed can lead to impaired food safety and human foodborne diseases. Risks can be mitigated by conventional feed hygienization practices including thermal processing and supplementations with organic acids. The aim of this study was to examine whether these hygienization techniques, alone or in combination, affect meat composition and meat quality-related parameters in broilers. Water, protein and fat contents of broiler breasts were determined using destructive analyses. Additionally, meat color and pH analyses, as well as fluorescence and reflectance analyses in the UV/VIS/NIR range, were conducted using rapid non-invasive methods. Although minor differences were observed regarding fat content, color and pH between the treatment groups, these were ascribed to natural product variations, and no substantial correlation could be established between the diets fed and the parameters examined. It was concluded that the implemented hygienization treatments did not negatively affect broiler meat composition and quality-related parameters. Industrial relevance Product–process interactions with respect to food quality along the entire production chain are of high importance. Often data on the impact of feed and feed preparation techniques on the resulting product quality of meat are missing. The manuscript provides a new and comprehensive study on the effects of thermally treated broiler feed supplemented with organic acids on selected meat parameters. This is the first study using optical together with conventional chemical methods for an analysis of meat changes occurring after feed supplementation.

Water Penetration Behavior in Water-assisted Injection Molding (WAIM): A Study of Product Quality for Different Process and Material Parameters

Abstract This study investigates the relation between water penetration behavior and product quality in water-assisted injection molding (WAIM) for different process and material parameters. The principle mechanisms responsible for both building up the residual wall thickness (RWT) and formation of part defects as well as the influence of these process and material parameters on the RWT and occurrence of part defects could be revealed. This is done by relating the measurements of water pressure and water volume flow rate, visualizing in-mold variations during water injection, to both the part weight and a visual inspection of part cross-sections, for different process settings and materials. It was found that the RWT as well as the formation of part defects depend on the polymer resistance, since the variation of the latter leads to a change in both the water bubble width and velocity. On the one hand, the resistance is determined by the process parameters having an influence on the amount of melt ahead of the water bubble, depending on injector opening time, water volume flow rate and water injection delay time. On the other hand, the resistance also depends on the friction between the polymer chains, which is determined by the zero-shear viscosity and the shear thinning behavior of the polymer. In addition, the occurrence of part defects is directly related to the polymer crystallization behavior. The resulting product quality therefore depends on a combination of the process parameters and the applied material.

Quality risk in outsourcing: Noncontractible product quality and private quality cost information

AbstractThis article addresses the concept of quality risk in outsourcing. Recent trends in outsourcing extend a contract manufacturer's (CM's) responsibility to several functional areas, such as research and development and design in addition to manufacturing. This trend enables an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) to focus on sales and pricing of its product. However, increasing CM responsibilities also suggest that the OEM's product quality is mainly determined by its CM. We identify two factors that cause quality risk in this outsourcing relationship. First, the CM and the OEM may not be able to contract on quality; second, the OEM may not know the cost of quality to the CM. We characterize the effects of these two quality risk factors on the firms' profits and on the resulting product quality. We determine how the OEM's pricing strategy affects quality risk. We show, for example, that the effect of noncontractible quality is higher than the effect of private quality cost information when the OEM sets the sales price after observing the product's quality. We also show that committing to a sales price mitigates the adverse effect of quality risk. To obtain these results, we develop and analyze a three‐stage decision model. This model is also used to understand the impact of recent information technologies on profits and product quality. For example, we provide a decision tree that an OEM can use in deciding whether to invest in an enterprise‐wide quality management system that enables accounting of quality‐related activities across the supply chain. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009

Rotational molding cycle time reduction using a combination of physical techniques

AbstractRotational molding is a process used to manufacture hollow plastic products, and has been heralded as a molding method with great potential. Reduction of cycle times is an important issue for the rotational molding industry, addressing a significant disadvantage of the process. Previous attempts to reduce cycle times have addressed surface enhanced molds, internal pressure, internal cooling, water spray cooling, and higher oven air flow rates within the existing process. This article explores the potential benefits of these cycle time reduction techniques, and combinations of them. Recommendations on a best practice combination are made, based on experimental observations and resulting product quality. Applying the proposed molding conditions (i.e., a combination of surface‐enhanced molds, higher oven flow rates, internal mold pressure, and water spray cooling), cycle time reductions of up to 70% were achieved. Such savings are very significant, inviting the rotomolding community to incorporate these techniques efficiently in an industrial setting. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers

Impact of new product development (NPD) proficiency and NPD entry strategies on product quality and risk

This research explores the variation of new product quality and risk associated with New Product Development (NPD) entry strategies (e.g. in‐house developments and joint ventures). Our first two research questions examine the quality of new products and the variation of risk across five NPD entry strategies. Our third and fourth research questions investigate the association of the proficiency with which NPD technical activities are performed with new product quality and the risk involved in developing new products. Our final two research questions explore whether the type of NPD entry strategy mediates the association between the proficiency with which NPD technical activities are performed and the quality and risk associated with the development of new products. Our study focuses on new products developed by three major industries, namely medical devices, electrical equipment, and heavy construction equipment. Our research suggests that there is no difference in the quality or the risk associated with the development of new products across NPD entry strategies. We also found that new product quality was associated with the proficient performance of many NPD technical activities whereas risk was associated with the proficient performance of fewer NPD technical activities. We found that choice of NPD entry strategy mediates the relationship between new product quality and NPD technical activity proficiency. Unlike product quality, NPD entry strategy selection appears to mediate NPD risk minimally. Our study contributes to NPD knowledge and managerial decision making by pointing out that the technical activities performed during the early stages of the NPD process are important to the attainment of a quality product and positively, not negatively, associated with perceived NPD risk. Additionally, our study extends knowledge of the association between proficiently performed NPD technical activities and the resultant product quality and perceived risk felt when individual NPD entry strategies are implemented.

Pharmacometrics at FDA: Evolution and Impact on Decisions

Drug development and regulatory decisions are driven by information that is compiled primarily from clinical trials and other supportive experiments, but also through clinical experience in the post-market period. The wisdom of these decisions determines the efficiency of drug development, the decision to approve the drug, and the resultant drug product quality including guidance on how to use the product known as the label. Although the decisions are usually simple in nature (e.g., trial design and project progression at the company, product and labeling approval at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)), the information informing the decision is complex and diverse.

Study on the Water Retention of Coating Color by Sandas Method (Pressurized Filtration) Suggests that Using a Filter of 0.4μm Pore Size is More Reliable to Predict Performance of Color in Coating Operation and Resultant Product Quality

各種の塗工方式における塗工液の脱水挙動をラボレベルで完全に再現することは容易で無いが，比較的良く相関するデーターが取れる方法としてAA―GWRに代表される加圧脱水方式が広く定着している。これまで非常に一般的であったカオリンと澱粉を使用する塗工液の場合，5．0μm細孔径のフィルターが利用されてきた。しかし，顔料の微粒化，各種材料のノニオン化などの新たな要因により，ある特定の塗工液中の粒子はフィルターを透過して吸水紙へ到達してしまう為，保水性を示すはずの脱水量が異常に大きい値を示す例が見受けられるようになった。そこで，本研究では，これまで一般的に使用されてこなかった塗工液成分にも対応できるフィルターの細孔径の検討行うために，5．0から0．05μmの細孔径を有するフィルターを使用した実験を行った。また，塗工工程での塗工液の保水性の影響を調べる為に，実機レベルに近い高速パイロットブレードコーターを使用した。その結果，PVAやHESなどイオン性官能基を持たない水溶性バインダーを使用した場合や，比較的微細な炭酸カルシウムや酸化チタンを使用する場合に，ブレード塗工機での操業性や塗工紙品質の実態と相関しない，異常値とも言える非常に大きな値を示すことがわかった。しかし，0．4μm細孔径のフィルターを用いた場合は，このような特定の塗工液でもより正確な予測や考察が可能であることがわかった。5．0μmと0．4μmのような複数の細孔径のフィルターを併用することで，これまで蓄積されてきた保水性の検討結果を生かしながら，様々な塗工液，塗工方法，塗工用原紙（基材）へ対応してその操業性や品質の予測や考察が可能となるであろう。

Quality prediction in manufacturing system design

Expected product quality is affected by manufacturing system design decisions. Product quality prediction would allow a manufacturer to make better choices of system parameters at the early design stage and, hence, enhance competitiveness through achieving higher quality levels. A Configuration Capability Indicator (CCI) that maps the manufacturing system configuration parameters into an expected product quality level has been developed. A hierarchical fuzzy inference system was developed for modeling the relationship between manufacturing system design parameters and the resulting product quality level. A configuration capability zone is proposed to graphically represent the configuration capability, for a system configuration that produces more than one product, and compare it to the benchmark six-sigma capability. The developed model has been applied to two case studies (Test Parts ANC-90 and ANC-101, and Rack Bar Machining) with different system configurations for illustration and verification. The results demonstrate the ability of the CCI to compare different system configurations from a quality point of view and to support the decision-making during the early stages of manufacturing system planning and design.

Virtual Process Engineering – An approach to integrate VR, FEM, and simulation tools in the manufacturing chain

Today's businesses continually search for ways to increase productivity. To achieve this goal, shorter product development cycles and shorter manufacturing times are required. In both cases, problems that may arise during development must be identified much faster. In product development, this is done using virtual prototypes that can be easily duplicated and shared between everyone involved. In addition to this product design process, the stability of the manufacturing process and the resulting product quality ultimately determine the product's profitability. Therefore the manufacturing concepts of a new product can best be demonstrated using Virtual Manufacturing. The subset of Virtual Manufacturing where material properties of the product and machine tools and the physics of the process are investigated is called Virtual Process Engineering. Virtual Process Engineering utilizes Finite Element Methods (FEM) and simulations for the computation of the manufacturing process and Virtual Reality (VR) for quick and intuitive examination of the computation results.

Irradiation of semiconductor devices using a 10 MeV travelling wave electron linear accelerator

A 10 MeV travelling wave electron linear accelerator, previously used for teaching, was adapted to irradiate semiconductor devices. Theoretical formulas and the EGS4 programs were used to validate the feasibility and superiority of using the 10 MeV electron linear accelerator for irradiating the semiconductor devices. Electron energies should be greater than 7 MeV to irradiate packaged high-power thyristors. Irradiation increased diodes' breakdown voltage and decreased their reverse recovery time when accelerated electrons irradiated packaged diodes. Controllable high-power packaged power thyristors are also irradiated to shorten the minority carrier lifetime and turn-off time. The resulting product quality reached expected requirements.

製品開発のためのスケジュールＦＭＥＡ １ 不具合モードとして作業の遅れのみが起こり得る場合

In managing a product development project, one of the primary objectives is to minimize the gap between the resultant product quality and its predetermined target under the given due date constraint. Achieving this objective is not an easy task mainly because the fact that, due to uncertainties in the duration and the output of each activity, the project's lead-time and the product quality remain uncertain until the project is completed. In order to facilitate this task, the authors propose a new approach, called schedule FMEA. It classifies the possible outcome of each activity into several categories of results; success and one or some failure mode(s), and prepares a corrective action for each failure mode. If a failure mode is observed in running the project, the predetermined corrective action will be taken. In this article, only the truncation of each activity is considered as the optional corrective actions. In this case, the result of each activity is defined as success when it is completed with a shorter duration than the preset limit, otherwise it is regarded as failure and the corrective action will be taken, that is, the activity will be truncated. The problem of setting a limit to the duration of each activity is formulated as a dynamic decision making process, and a heuristic algorithm is developed to this problem. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the power of the proposed approach.

The role of top management commitment in quality management: an empirical analysis of the auto parts industry

Examines the associations between ten integrated quality management constructs and the resulting product quality. Analyzes responses from plant managers of 449 auto‐parts firms using stepwise regression. Notes three primary predictors (customer focus, empowerment, and supplier quality management) explaining 26 per cent of variation in product quality. Examines the role of top management commitment in TQM implementation by splitting the sample into firms with high and low top management commitment based on the mean score on this construct. Concludes, first, that firms with high top management commitment produce high quality products despite variations in individual constructs, and, second, that in firms with low top management commitment, four other constructs, i.e. customer focus, supplier quality management, empowerment, and internal quality information usage are primary predictors of product quality.

An innovative machine for automated cutting of fish

The Iron Butcher, which is commonly used in the fish-processing industry for head cutting of fish, is known to be inefficient and wasteful, and the resulting product quality may be unacceptable for high-end markets. This paper describes an innovative machine for fish cutting that has been developed by us, employing advanced sensor technology, improved control techniques, and properly designed and integrated components. The new machine eliminates many of the drawbacks of the Iron Butcher. The components of the machine, their design, and selection are described. Integration of the components, and development and operation of the overall system are presented. An economic analysis is given, in order to indicate the cost advantages of the new machine in comparison with the Iron Butcher.