Results Of Independent T-test Research Articles

Distracting Effect of Watching Animation on Children’s Anxiety While Vaccination

Background: Vaccination can help children boost their immunity which is good for their growth and development. Children, specifically school-age children, are usually getting vaccination program in school, known as Bulan Imunisasi Anak Sekolah (BIAS) or school children immunization month. However, a lot of children are usually reluctant to attend the program because of the anxiety to get vaccinated. Therefore, this study aimed to help children getting over through their anxiety by giving them visual animation to distract them during vaccination as well as studying the impact of animation on children’s knowledge and anxiety during BIAS. Methods: The methods employed in this study was quasi-experiment with pre and post test design. The data was collected usin a modified questionnaire adopted from Zung Self Rating Anxiety Scale (ZSRAS) and Tailor Manifest Anxiety Scale (T-MAS). The data were analyzed using univariate analysis to acquired frequency distribution, while bivariate analysis was also used to acquired results of dependent and independent t-test. 76 respondents were selected for this study which was divided into two groups: control and intervention groups. Results: The results show statistically significant between respondents’ level of anxiety in intervention group during BIAS (p value 0,000). There was also statistically significance on the level of anxiety after the intervention between intervention and control groups. (p value 0,002). Conclusion: From the results, in can be concluded that dictraction, specifically animation, during vaccination for children can be an alternative in nursing intervention to lower the anxiety on children.

Arabic Reading Fluency Rates: An Exploratory Study

Reading fluency has been defined as the process of automatically associating graphemic and phonetic information in a text with minimal conscious attention if any at all. Research has found that the effect of fluency on reading proficiency is of importance to student learning and that increasing oral reading fluency (ORF) rates has been correlated in several studies to improved comprehension. However, no reading fluency rates (FR) or standards in Arabic have been established to date. This exploratory study begins to examine Arabic language ORF and proposes an initial Arabic reading fluency scale. Thirty-five teachers from six private bilingual schools across three Arabian Gulf countries (KSA, the UAE, and Kuwait), administered ORF tests that comprised of authentic, vowelized, and leveled Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) connected texts on 1003 students in Grades 1–6 in Fall and Spring of the same academic year. Results of independent samples t-test revealed changes in reading fluency between Fall and Spring. Furthermore, the range of FR for these initial data within each grade level was significant. Results obtained, however, appeared to be lower than several of the international ORF charts used for English and Arabic languages. Girls outperformed boys in Grades 1–3, while boys outperformed girls in Grades 4–6. The study has several limitations and several likely implications that extend to languages other than Arabic possibly including the potential importance of extended reading practice and early exposure to text.

Research on the MEG of Depression Patients Based on Multivariate Transfer Entropy.

The pathogenesis of depression is complex, and the current means of medical diagnosis is single. Patients with severe depression may even have great physical pain and suicidal tendencies. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) has the characteristics of ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution and safety. It is a good medical means for the diagnosis of depression. In this paper, multivariate transfer entropy algorithm is used to study MEG of depression. In this paper, the subjects are divided into the same brain region and the multichannel combination between different brain regions, and the multivariate transfer entropy of patients with depression and healthy controls under different EEG signal frequency bands is calculated. Finally, the significant difference between the two groups of experimental samples is verified by the results of independent sample t-test. The experimental results show that for the same combination of brain channels, the multivariate transfer entropy in the depression group is generally lower than that in the healthy control group, and the difference is the best in γ frequency band and the largest in the frontal region.

The Development of Scientific Literacy Ecology Worksheet to Improve Student Higher Order Thinking Skills at Senior High School

This study aims to produce a student worksheet (LKPD) based on scientific literacy on ecology topic, to determine the feasibility of the LKPD as learning materials according to expert validators, teachers, and student responses, and its effectiveness in improving student's higher order thinking skills (HOTS). The research development is 4D Thiagarajan model. Product validation is done by content, learning strategy and media validators and also biology teacher assessment and student responses. The effectiveness test of worksheet was carried out at SMA Methodist An Pancurbatu at the X IPA 2 as the experimental class and at the X IPA 1 as the control class. The data were collected by using observation, interviews and student achievement test. The questionnaire instrument used Likert scale. Research result showed that the worksheet feasibility according to content (material), learning strategy and media experts were 92.19%, 92.2% and 94.8%, respectively, with very good category. Teacher's assessment and student responses were 93.24 % and 94.00% also with very good category. Meanwhile, the effectiveness test result showed that the gain score was 0.7 > g > 0.3 means that developed scientific literacy LKPD was effective in increasing of students' HOTS. The independent sample t-test result showed that there was a very significant differences of learning outcome between the experimental and the control classes (t count= 5.89; P=0.00). In this case, the learning outcome (HOTS) of the students who have used the developed worksheet in the learning process was significantly higher compared to the students who didn’t use the developed worksheet. The developed worksheet was effective to improve the student HOT, especially in answering the analytic (C4) and synthetic questions. Keywords: HOTS, Ecology, Scientific Literacy, LKPD, Development.

Using REDW Strategy Towards Students’ Reading Comprehension Achievement of the Eighth Grade Students of SMP Negeri 2 Belitang

This thesis is entitled “Using REDW Strategy towards Students’ Reading Comprehension achievement of the Eighth Grade Students of SMP Negeri 2 Belitang”. The problem of the study was limited by teaching reading comprehension achievement by using REDW strategy of the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Belitang. Th eobjective was find out whether or not REDW strategy is effective to teach students’ reading comprehension achievement of the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Belitang. The method of the study used experimental menthod which applied one group pretest and posttest. The population of the study was all of th eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Belitang in academic year of 2012/2013, with total number 232 students from eight clasess. In this research, the writer applied random sampling to choose sample class, and the sample class of this study the writer choose VIII2 as the experimental group and VIII4 as the control group with the total students in each class are 29 students. In collecting the data, the writer used written test that was given twice; pretest and posttest, and the analyzing data using t-test. After the writer calculated the students’ scores of pretest and posttest, the writer found the differences of students’ average score in pretest and posttest; 65.75 as pretest and 76.55 as posttest. By using the students’ score obtained from the pretest and posttest in experimental group and control group it was found that the result of independent t-test was 2.60. it is higher than critical value taht is 2.04. this indicated that the null hypothesis (Ho) was refected and alternative hypothesis (Ha) accepted. In other word, REDW strategy was effective to teach students’ reading comprhension achievement of the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Belitang.

Teachers’ Coping Style and Classroom Management Strategies toward Student Misbehavior among Bahir Dar University

Background: Student misbehavior is disrupted during the teaching-learning process, creating psychological and physical discomfort that affects the achievement of educational goals. Aim: The current study was to explore the relationship between teachers’ coping styles and classroom management strategies toward student misbehaviour. Methods: The researchers used a correlational research design. Results: The independent t-test result shows there was a significant teacher gender difference that is observed in student misbehaviour and coping styles. The correlation result indicated a negative relationship between passive avoidant teachers coping styles with recognition and reward and discussion methods of classroom management. Social problem solving was positively and significantly related to recognition and reward and discussion, and negatively correlated to hinting and aggression. Conclusion: Teachers' gender and their coping styles were significant predictors of student misbehavior. The study recommended that it is essential to design and build a smooth relationship between student and teacher that can effectively minimize the chances of the happening of student misbehavior, and can solve the problem easier.

Comparative study of self-compassion and corona disease anxiety in adolescents receiving and not receiving COVID-19 vaccine

Introduction: The prevalence of COVID-19 has negative psychological consequences on adolescents. The current study aims to compare self-compassion and corona anxiety in adolescents receiving and not receiving Covid-19 vaccine. Methods: Based on the purpose of the research, a causal-comparative method was used. The study population included all male high school students in Kermanshah in 2021-2022, of which 384 students were selected as research sample using multi-step cluster sampling. The self-compassion questionnaire (Neff, 2003) and the anxiety of Corona questionnaire (Alipour et al, 2019) were used to collect data. Results: The results of data analysis using independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of self-compassion and corona anxiety (p <0.01). Moreover, the results of independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups for components of self-friendliness, common humanity, mindfulness and psychological symptoms of corona anxiety and physical symptoms of corona anxiety (p <0.01). Generally, the results showed that vaccinated individuals had significantly more self-compassion, self-friendliness, shared humanity, and mindfulness, and less corona anxiety and physical and psychological symptoms (p <0.01).

COMPARISON OF PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIERS TO EXERCISE AMONG MEDICAL AND NON-MEDICAL STUDENTS

Background: Perceptions of exercise benefits and barriers in medical and non- medical students needs to be explored as it is expected that medical students have more awareness regarding physical activities. Objective: To compare the perception of exercise benefits and barriers among medical and non-medical students. Methodology: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 months from November 2020 to April 2020, on sample of n=289 regular male and female students in the age range of 19-27 years. The data of final year medical students was collected from Azra Naheed Medical College and nonmedical students from Superior University, Lahore Through on probability convenient sampling technique. The perception of exercise benefits and barriers was assessed using the exercise benefit/barrier scale (EBBS). The data was carried out by an online Google form due to the pandemic situation. The independent sample t-test was used to estimate of difference among both groups. Results: The mean age of the participants was 23.75±2.11 years. A total of n=164(56.74%) were males and n=125 (43.25%) were females. The result of independent t-test showed no significant difference between medical and non-medical students regarding exercise benefit (91.2±11.66 ver. 91.09±12.83, p=0.93) and barriers (34.97±7.22 ver. 35.27±7.62, p=0.72) as well in total score of EBBS (126.23±14.450 ver. 125.81±16.390, p=0.810).Conclusion: It is concluded that medical and non-medical final year students are equally aware about exercise benefits and barriers. Keywords: Benefits, BarriersExercise, Medical students, non-medical students, hysical activity, Perception

Teachers’ Innovation on Reflective and Integrative (RAI) Video Lessons in Enhancing the Academic Performance of Grade 2 Learners in Araling Panlipunan

This research used a quasi-experimental research design during COVID-19 distance education. It utilized a comparison and experimental group of learners at Parian Elementary School, Schools Division of Calamba City. Based on the results of the study, there is evidence to support that the experimental group performed better than the comparison group in the formative test. Likewise, the result of the Independent Samples t-test result reveals a significant difference between the Posttest Mean Scores of the Comparison and Experimental groups. Hence, the hypothesis, which states no significant difference, is rejected. Further, there is an improvement in the score of the comparison group from the pretest to posttest. However, a great improvement in the mean score of the experimental group. In conclusion, the Reflective and Integrative (RAI) video lessons successfully enhance the academic performance of Grade 2 Araling Panlipunan learners. The study recommends that Education Officials and School Administrators are encouraged to support the teachers in implementing technological pedagogical innovations in delivering 21st-century quality education. They are also encouraged to conduct seminars and workshops on technological pedagogical innovation in the new normal education. Future researchers may identify and test other factors or variables that can further define the effectiveness of the RAI video lesson. Similar study may be conducted to explore the variables not included in this study, such as classroom.

USING VIDEOS AS A TEACHING MEDIA FOR READING COMPREHENSION: DOES IT WORK?

There are various strategies and techniques of teaching used by teachers to improve students' reading comprehension. The most widely used and challenging tasks for teachers are the implementation of the media. In this study, the researcher employed video of narrative text as a considerable media to enhance students' reading comprehension and as a way to get students attention to study. Moreover, few studies report on the of videos used in teaching learning process in which any result will actually be considered beneficial to the development of teaching. Video of narrative text is a sequence of narrative text which is visualize in form of video. In conducting this study, the researcher used quasi experimental research design. Following the idea, this study was designed to investigate the effect of using video of narrative text on the students' reading comprehension. The tenth-grade students of one of the private schools in Malang were used as the target population of this study. The required data were collected through achievement test. Due to the need to understand the effect, ttest was employed in this present study. The result of this study showed that the use of video of narrative text did not give a significant effect on the students' reading comprehension. It was proven from the calculation result of independent sample ttest. Half of them showed improvement in their but half of them did not. Therefore, there was no significant different between students who taught by using video of narrative text and original text.

Gender differences in pleasure: the mediating roles of cognitive flexibility and emotional expressivity.

BackgroundGender differences have been found to be associated with individuals’ pleasure. Cognitive flexibility and emotional expressivity might play an important role between gender differences and pleasure. This current study is to explore the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and emotional expressivity in the relationship between gender differences and pleasure.MethodIn this cross-sectional study, a sample of 1107 full-time university students from five colleges in Tianjin, Chinese mainland was investigated by questionnaire. All participants completed the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPs), the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and the Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire (BEQ).ResultsThe results of independent T-test suggested that females reported better emotional expressivity, anticipatory pleasure and consummatory pleasure than males, whereas males had better cognitive flexibility than females. Using bootstrapping approach revealed that the partially mediation effects of cognitive flexibility on gender differences in anticipatory and consummatory pleasure, and that of emotional expressivity on gender differences in anticipatory and consummatory pleasure. Results of this present study stated that cognitive flexibility and emotional expressivity play a partial mediating role in explaining gender differences in anticipatory and consummatory pleasure.ConclusionFemales had higher anticipatory and consummatory pleasure because they tend to use emotional regulation strategy to express their emotion.

Penetapan Vitamin C dalam Jeruk Keprok Segar dan Jus secara Iodometri

Orange has high levels of Vitamin C. The most frequently consumed orange is tangerine. People usually consume fresh oranges and juice. This study aimed to determine the difference in Vitamin C content in fresh tangerine and tangerine juice. The research design used was experimental. Population in this study area includes all citrus fruits sold in the Ngemplak Tulungagung market. The sample was obtained by using the purposive sampling technique. The data obtained are fresh tangerine has a content of Vitamin C as much as 26,4% and tangerine juice as much as 7,2%, then data is processed with the software SPSS 16 and analyzed by Independent T-test. Result of Independent T-test is obtained P-value = 0.001 < α = 0.05.Based on the result of the Independent T-test, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected, so there is a difference in Vitamin C content in fresh tangerine and tangerine juice on an Iodometric basis.

Using Group Investigation (GI) Strategy to Improve Students’ Writing Skill

The aim of this research is to find out the effectiveness of Group Investigation Strategy in improving students’ writing skill This study is experimental and was conducted in Bangka, Bangka Belitung province. 50 students from two classes of middle school were taken as the sample. By using Paired Sample t-test and Independent Sample t-test, the result showed that the students who were taught by using Group Investigation Strategy got higher score than those who were not. The result of independent sample t-test stated that t-obtained (0.420) was lower than critical value of t- table (2.01) and the significant (2-tailed) was 0.670, higher than computation with significant level 0.005. In other words, there was a no significant difference between students who were taught by using Group Investigation Strategy and the students who were taught without using Group Investigation Strategy.

The Effectiveness of Using Revised Bloom's Taxonomy-Oriented Learning Activities to Improve Students’ Metacognitive Abilities

Learning activities carried out in schools today lack innovative and varied approaches. There are few learning activities that can help develop students' meta cognitive abilities. Meta cognitive abilities are important for students to realize their weaknesses and strengths in studying and utilizing learning materials. This study analyses the effectiveness of developing revised Bloom's taxonomy-oriented learning activities to improve students' meta cognitive abilities. A quasi-experiment was used as the research design, in the form of a posttest which allowed control over the design. The subjects of this survey were all fourth graders, consisting of 132 students. The random sampling method was used to select 44 students. The data collection method used was via a test. The testing instrument used was a 10-item descriptive test. The methods and techniques of data analysis used were inferential statistical analyses. The data analysis used an independent sample t-test using SPSS. The independent sample t-test result showed 0.00 < 0.05. This meant that the development of learning activities based on Bloom's revised classification method was effective for improving students' meta cognitive skills.

Ambient air pollution perception and coping behaviour among hikers

ABSTRACT Air pollution is becoming a global issue affecting many places around the world. In recent years, issues regarding air quality, leisure-time physical activity and tourists’ behavioural intentions have been of considerable concern. This study aims to explore the impact of air pollution on hikers’ hiking behaviour based on the stress coping theory and also examine the differences of hikers from two locations within different air quality. On-site questionnaire survey was conducted to understand hikers' perceptions of air pollution, stress induced by air pollution, and coping behaviours. Overall, 400 questionnaires were completed, of which 336 were valid. Results of independent t-test indicated that although the air quality of Xiangshan was better than Shoushan for long periods of time, Xiangshan hikers were more likely to use absolute substitution than Shoushan hikers when facing air pollution. Moreover, based on the results of the regression analysis, perception of air pollution and stress associated with air pollution were determined to be correlated with coping behaviours. Behavioural coping strategies rather than cognitive coping strategies were employed when hikers encountered air pollution. Finally, managerial implications and suggestions for future research were proposed based on the results.

IMPROVING ENGLISH VOCABULARY MASTERY THROUGH RIDDLES GAME TO THE FIFTH STUDENTS OF SD XAVERIUS 9 PALEMBANG

Vocabulary is central to learning of foreign language at primary level. Every person need vocabulary to express their ideas especially in English, even in a simple of conversation. The purpose of this study was to find out whether or not there was any significant difference in English Vocabulary to between the fifth students of SD Xaverius 9 Palembang who were taught by using Riddles Game and those who were not. The method in this study was quantitative research with quasi-experimental for control group and experimental group. The sample of this study was fifty seven students of the fifth grade of SD Xaverius 9 Palembang in academic year 2018/2019. The data were analyzed by using independent sample ttest. The result of Independent Sample t-test showed that the value of t-obtained (6.540) > the value of t-table (1.673) with the significance value (0.00) was lower than the alpha value (0.05). It means that there was a significant difference in English vocabulary to the students of SD Xaverius 9 Palembang between who were taught by using Riddles game and those who were not. Keywords : vocabulary, Riddles game

Comparison of movement patterns in 13- to 15-year-old boys with and without lumbar hyper lordosis by 9 test screening battery

Background and Aims: lumbar lordosis is one of the most common abnormalities in the spine in adolescents that affects the movement system and lead to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders in the body. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study in which 60 boys aged 13 to 15 years were selected by convenience sampling. Subjects entered the study after initial screening and were divided into two groups: lumbar lordosis (n = 31) and normal (n = 29). The mean age and BMI of the subjects were (13.71 ± 0.86) and (21.88±2.52), respectively. The lordosis angle was in the normal group (38.51±5.62) and in the lordosis group (57.08±8.57). Lordosis angle was measured using a flexible ruler and movement patterns according to the guidelines of the 9 Test Screening Battery. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent t-test at a significance level of α <0.05. Results: The total score of the 9 test screening battery was 20.3 ± 2.4 in the lordosis group and 21.6 ± 2.2 in the normal group. The results of independent t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the total scores in the two groups (P = 0.032). Among the partial scores, the Deep squat score was 2±0.68 in the lordosis group and 2.48±0.68 in the normal group, with a significant difference between them (P=0.008). Also, the test score for Straight leg raises was 1.87±0.67 in the lordosis group and 2.27±0.57 in the normal group, and there was a significant difference between these two variables (P=0.012). No significant correlation was found between the results of other partial tests. Conclusion: Lumbar lordosis can negatively affect the quality of lumbar-pelvic movement patterns in adolescent boys. Therefore, it is recommended that corrective movement specialists pay attention to the quality of its movement patterns during evaluation and lumbar correction exercises.

Cycling to Regulate Random Blood Glucose Levels in Individuals with Diabetes

BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, the four pillars of diabetes management include health education, food planning, physical exercise, and drug adherence. However, the most common imprudence in those four pillars was ignoring physical activity. Cycling has become a new social activity and a lifestyle among the community during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an aerobic exercise that increases insulin receptor sensitivity. AIM: This study aims to analyze the effect of cycling on Random Blood Glucose (RBG) levels in individuals with diabetes. METHODOLOGY: This paper used a quasi-experiment pre-post test design with the control group. It utilized total sampling with 60 respondents. The independent variable was cycling using a dynamic bicycle. Meanwhile, the dependent variable was RBG levels with a glucometer as the instrument. The procedure in the intervention group was cycling using a dynamic bicycle twice a week with a distance of 2–3 kilometers each session. The data analysis used a paired T-test and independent sample T-test. RESULTS: After cycling, the independent T-test result was p = 0.00 (p < 0.05). Thus, there was a difference in the mean RBG levels between the intervention and control groups after cycling. There was a decrease in mean RBG levels in the intervention group (206.67 ± 69.887 in pre-test and 114.60 ± 30.395 in post-test). In addition, the paired T-test resulted in p = 0.00 (p < 0.05). Thus, there was a difference in the intervention group’s mean RBG levels before and after cycling CONCLUSION: Cycling can lower RBG levels in individuals with diabetes.

PODCAST UTILIZATION TO ENHANCE STUDENT'S LISTENING SKILL

Listening skill is one of language skills which is crucial to promote language users’ communicative competences. It is essential for the teachers to utilize appropriate media to create a supportive learning atmosphere.Podcast as one of ICT tools can be optimized to provide the students with periodical listening sources to help practicing the student’s listening skill. This research explored Podcast utilization in listening class and aimed at finding out whether or not Podcast utilization could enhance students’ listening comprehension and compare the students’ listening comprehension between the students who were taught using Podcast and the students who were not taught using Podcast. A quasi experimental research was applied as the research design. This research involved eighty-eight students selected using purposive sampling technique. Listening comprehension test was administered to obtain the data. The obtained data were analyzed by using Paired Sample T-test and Independent Sample T-test. The result of Paired Sample T-test showed that there was a significant progress in student listening comprehension after they got treatment by using Podcast. The result of Independent Sample T-test revealed that the progress of experimental group exceeded the progress of control group in their listening comprehension. It proved that utilizing Podcast could enhance students’ listening skills. Keywords : Podcast, listening skills, ICT utilization

스포츠클럽활동 참여가 청소년들의 학교생활만족과 학업스트레스에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to investigate the aspects of school life satisfaction and academic stress for adolescents participating in school sports clubs in G metropolitan city. A questionnaire and α-amylase measurement were simultaneously conducted by dividing male and female students. To verify the difference between the two groups (male and female), the following conclusions were drawn based on the results of independent t-test and frequency analysis. First, as a result of the satisfaction of school life of students participating in school sports club activities, the items that are commonly high among boys and girls are 20, 2, 24, and 12. They had pride in school, a teacher who was intimate, and friends with whom they were not close in the same class, and it was uncomfortable to be in school. Second, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the academic stress of students participating in school sports club activities, but the result was not high in α-amylase, an academic stress item. In summary, the results of a study to find out the direction of future guidance through the results of the school life satisfaction of the youth participating in school sports clubs were shown, and the results showed that academic stress was reduced through sports club activities. In addition, it is thought that it can be lowered through active and active participation, recognizing that female students generally have higher academic stress than male students.