Restoration Of Cultural Heritage Research Articles

Virtual Restoration and Visualization Changes through Light: A Review

The virtual modification of the appearance of an object using lighting technologies has become very important in recent years, since the projection of light on an object allows us to alter its appearance in a virtual and reversible way. Considering the limitation of non-contact when analysing a work of art, these optical techniques have been used in fields of restoration of cultural heritage, allowing us to visualize the work as it was conceived by its author, after a process of acquisition and treatment of the image. Furthermore, the technique of altering the appearance of objects through the projection of light has been used in projects with artistic or even educational purposes. This review has treated the main studies of light projection as a technique to alter the appearance of objects, emphasizing the calibration methods used in each study, taking into account the importance of a correct calibration between devices to carry out this technology. In addition, since the described technique consists of projecting light, and one of the applications is related to cultural heritage, those studies that carry out the design and optimization of lighting systems will be described for a correct appreciation of the works of art, without altering its state of conservation.

Electrochemistry in Archaeology and Art Conservation

AbstractElectrochemical techniques are of application in the fields of archaeometry, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. These include the identification of components in paintings, ceramic and glasses, fibers, metals, etc., but also establishing diagnostic criteria of conservation and the application of conservative treatments. Here, it is presented an updated summary of the evolution of these applications in the last decades, and a discussion on their capabilities and future research for tracing, authentication, manufacturing techniques, provenances, and dating.

Improving outcomes for future generations in petroleum licensing regimes – an assessment of the United Kingdom's regime: Part 2 – assessment of the UK regime

Part 2 of this article assesses the United Kingdom's offshore petroleum licensing regime for its treatment of the interests of future generations using the methodology developed in Part 1. The assessment is a functional assessment across nine areas: four environmental areas (ecosystems necessary for human life, other ecosystems, cultural heritage and amenity values and restoration of ecosystem damage) and five non-environmental areas (technology, risk management, planning and strategy, resource management and limits on development and production).

Metodologías para reforzar la literacidad y el respeto por los libros

A partir del año 2017, desde el Departamento de Pintura de la Universidad de Granada dentro del Grado en Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales, estamos realizando actividades dirigidas a fomentar la literacidad en el alumnado y recuperar la apreciación por los libros a diferentes edades. Con la incorporación de las nuevas tecnologías y el acceso a contenidos de todo tipo a través de las pantallas, asistimos al paulatino arrinconamiento de la lectura y el empleo de libros, restándoles valor y atención a sus aspectos formales, decorativos y textuales. Es por ello que consideramos fundamental llevar a cabo este tipo de iniciativas que trasladan a las aulas actividades prácticas para impulsar el conocimiento y reconocimiento de los libros a la par que desarrollan habilidades motrices, cognitivas y su creatividad. 
 Debido a las inusuales circunstancias de este año 2020 y con motivo de la celebración del día del libro el 23 de abril, se han propuesto actividades para poder realizar en casa mediante un archivo digital descargable con contenido visual y audiovisual. Para la divulgación y la exposición de los trabajos realizados se ha utilizado un hashtag y las redes sociales.
 La realización de este tipo de actividades está aportando resultados muy positivos y con una alta implicación de los colectivos implicados. Además, consideramos que la implementación de este tipo de actividades de manera regulada en la enseñanza aporta numerosas ventajas como la sensibilización y conocimiento del patrimonio documental, la importancia de su conservación y su defensa.

Cultural heritage as status seeking: The international politics of Turkey’s restoration wave

This article explores the relationship between cultural heritage politics and international status-seeking. We advance a two-fold typology of status-seeking that explains why states engage in cultural heritage restoration practices at home and abroad. First, cultural heritage restoration can be an easy way to signal state respect of its multicultural past while providing cover for continuing anti-multicultural policies of the present. States with uncertain, challenged, or liminal international status use cultural heritage projects as a ‘standard of civilization’ of democracy, displaying themselves on the international stage as worthy of status and respect. Cultural heritage here is used as a strategy for international status affirmation. Second, states may engage in cultural heritage restoration beyond their borders, supporting or directly managing renovation of these sites in order to expand their imagined national cultural, political, and economic domain. Cultural heritage restoration projects here serve as a backdrop for powerful international economic alliances that can be used for status substitution—replacing one status-generating benchmark of ‘standard of civilization’ with another—economic prosperity. We illustrate these arguments with two recent cases of cultural heritage restoration that involve Turkey: the ‘Akdamar’ Church in Van, Turkey and the Tomb of Gül Baba in Budapest, Hungary.

Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast as a tourism resource

The article describes the theoretical and methodical foundations of the study of the Jewish cultural heritage as a modern tourism resource. It turned out that in both foreign and domestic literature studies are not enough. The historical background of the formation of the cultural heritage of the Jewish ethnic group in the territory of the modern Lviv Oblast, which for many centuries has been the center of Jewish life, is considered. The dynamics of the ethnical composition of the population of the Lviv Oblast in 19312001 is studied and a significant reduction in the share of the Jewish community is found. The dynamics of the share of the Jewish population in urban settlements of the Lviv Oblast is studied, and it is found that it sharply decreased after the events of the World War II, primarily as a result of the Holocaust. A map of the share of the Jewish population in the urban settlements of the Oblast in 1939 is developed. The existing objects of Jewish cultural heritage (in particular, synagogues and cemeteries) in Lviv and other cities of the Lviv Oblast are characterized, and a map of these objects is developed. The main centers of Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: Lviv, Brody, Busk, Zhovkva, Rava-Ruska, Uhniv, Velyki Mosty, Sokal, Belz, Stryi, Drohobych, Staryi Sambir, Turka. It found that the main problems of the Jewish cultural heritage of the Lviv Oblast are: neglected state of the objects, insufficient funding for the rehabilitation and restoration of these objects, the absence of tourist routes involving these objects, etc. The tourist route “By places of the Jewish sacred heritage of the Lviv Oblast” is developed and a map of this route is created. Measures for the restoration and popularization of Jewish cultural heritage of the Oblast are identified: allocation of budgetary funds, attraction of private investors, international organizations and Jewish communities; development of new tourist routes; determination of places by information stands; publication of information materials about objects; organization of international conferences, round tables, festivals; training of guides on the topic of Jewish cultural heritage, etc.

A first evaluation of the usefulness of Kudzu starch in cultural heritage restoration

In recent times, the use of natural and harmless products for the environment and restorer is taking place in the field of Cultural Heritage restoration. In this sense, wheat, rice and corn starches as adhesives, have suitable characteristics without toxicity risks. A new starch in this field, is the Kudzu, an almost pure compound (99.5% starch) that is processed by a natural way from a plant called Pueraria lobata. This is a preliminary study of the potential use of Kudzu starch for the restoration of Cultural Heritage, focusing, firstly, in its capacity as adhesive through a comparative evaluation with common starches. The accelerated aging process carried out proved that Kudzu ensures optimal chromatic behaviour. On the other hand, the main problem in starch paste is the biological colonization. The daidzein, a natural antimicrobial compound implicit in Kudzu starch, confirmed the resistance to microorganism in this preliminary approach. The evaluation of the adhesive capacity, and the reversibility of the starches, suggest that Kudzu starch is a valid adhesive in the field of paper restoration. Thus, the potential of this starch in the conservation of Cultural Heritage is evidenced and its use as cleaner, resistance to biological colonization and consolidant is promising.

Assessment of compatibility between historic mortars and lime-METAKAOLIN restoration mortars made from amazon industrial waste

In the field of conservation and restoration, incompatibility between historic materials and restoration materials should be avoided, and, therefore, a lot of studies are aimed at assessing compatibility in restoration projects. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the mineralogical, physical, and mechanical compatibility between historic mortars and lime-metakaolin (MK) restoration mortars, using MK derived from the industrial waste from the Amazon region. It is worth mentioning that this is the first attempt to use this kind of residue for the restoration of cultural heritage. Historical samples used in this work are from the 18th and 19th centuries, from Belém do Pará (northern Brazil). The composition of the restoration mortars was determined using a complete factorial duplicated in 22 with three central points. The evaluation of mineralogical compatibility was performed by XRD and DSC-TG, and the evaluation of physical and mechanical compatibility occurred by determining the compressive strength, open porosity, capillarity coefficient, and drying rate. As expected, lime mortars were the most compatible with historic mortars in terms of mineralogical composition. The mineralogy of lime-MK mortars resulted in the immediate formation of hydraulic products in the first days of curing, indicating rapid hardening and high initial mechanical strength. In general, the physical and mechanical properties of restoration mortars were compatible with historic mortars, which was influenced by the adopted features and mineralogy. The results indicate restoration mortars with lower mechanical resistance and greater open porosity, capillarity coefficient, and drying rate. This indicates that some of the restoration materials would not cause excessive stress on the old structure, favor gas exchange, and reduce the prolonged presence of moisture. The results also indicate that restoration mortars with MK are probably more resistant to weathering than restoration mortars without this additive, especially the prolonged presence of water, a common situation in the humid tropics. Thus, the conclusions of this work can be useful both for the field of conservation and restoration and for the field of applied clay science, as it directs towards the sustainable use of clays from industrial wastes as an additive in restoration mortars.

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN RESTORATION WORK MANAGEMENT IN CULTURAL HERITAGE. THE CASE OF THE CHURCHES OF SAN MANUEL COLOHETE AND SAN SEBASTIÁN (HONDURAS)

Abstract. The restoration work management in cultural heritage presents lots of difficulties according to the context where it takes place. Some of them are the precarious communication network and civil infrastructures, the absence of specialised local labour or sensitized with cultural heritage whom work with or the need to import suitable materials to develop the project correctly. In the case that arises, the churches of San Manuel de Colohete and San Sebastian (Honduras) converge, among others, all of these difficulties involve the heritage management directly. Besides, the planned work budget is usually reduced and needs the implication of all the actors involved in the project. Therefore, the objective of this work is to identify the difficulties around the development of these restoration works and possible solutions that allow them to achieve the purpose planned. The methodology applied for this article is based on the practical experience and the comparative analysis of cases in similar situations. All of it, in a broad context of citizen participation, in international cooperation actions which takes place in remote and inhospitable geographical areas, where any action is complex. The results refer to the way to solve problems that arise and to the solutions, sometimes creative, which finally make possible the cultural heritage restoration.

Diáspora africana na espoliação e restituição de bens culturais: um ensaio acerca das discussões contemporâneas

Durante o período colonial, milhares de artefatos culturais foram levados do continente africano pelos europeus. Nos últimos anos, a restituição de bens culturais tem chamado atenção de teóricos, governos, órgãos internacionais e regulamentações jurídicas. Contudo, há pouca informação sobre a forma como essa realidade se apresenta e é discutida. Este ensaio é uma proposta de investigação sobre a restituição dos bens culturais retirados no contexto do colonialismo, considerando a relação de países europeus com países africanos. Trata-se de analisar a constituição do regime internacional de proteção e restituição do patrimônio cultural, seus princípios, limites e possibilidades, tendo em vista alguns casos de processos restitutivos realizados a partir da década de 1990 e suas narrativas. Em meio aos debates acerca da descolonização das relações entre ex-metrópoles e ex-colônias e os efeitos ainda presentes do colonialismo, este trabalho põe em marcha uma proposta teórico-metodológica que aposta no papel da memória e sua potência no que toca ao direito humano à cultura e à identidade. Palavras-chave: Bens Culturais. Decolonialidade. Restituição.

Estudo da tradução de cartas patrimoniais com base em um corpus paralelo bilíngue (inglês-português)

Cartas patrimoniais são documentos que definem os conceitos e estabelecem as diretrizes gerais para a conservação, preservação e restauração do patrimônio cultural. Há um fluxo constante de publicação de novas cartas e, portanto, há a demanda pela tradução desses textos especializados. Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre a tradução de cartas patrimoniais baseado em um corpus paralelo composto por 32 cartas em inglês e suas respectivas traduções em português, também utilizado em estudo anterior para a elaboração de um glossário de termos usados em cartas patrimoniais. Por meio da análise do corpus, foi possível descrever a estrutura das cartas patrimoniais, compreender algumas condições e características das cartas traduzidas e analisar questões relativas à tradução de sua terminologia. Para tanto, foi usado o programa WordSmith Tools 6.0, seguindo os fundamentos teóricos e metodológicos da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1993; 1999; BARROS, 2004) e da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2000; 2004).

Technique as function of memory: heritage values and revaluation of habitat and the landscape in Ambalema, Colombia

<p>The present work is framed in two notions: 1) that in the habitat all scales are interdependent, and 2) that it is necessary to integrate knowledge from various disciplinary origins, for a better understanding of the current world and for the achievement of more responsible actions. This approach is particularly applied to the field of conservation and restoration of natural and cultural heritage. Recent exercises are brought to explain the specific case of Ambalema, Tolima, Colombia, with emphasis on specific actions carried out by the University of Ibagué through its North Tolima Architecture Lab, Ambalema headquarters.</p><p>Since the declaration of the historic center of Ambalema, as a national monument in 1980, and mainly in the course of the twenty first century, both from the academy and from civil society, efforts have been carried out to maintain and enhance the cultural heritage values of this place of recognized historical importance in Colombia. In this case, the historical review exceptionally transcends the usual assessment of the colonial, or postcolonial, by going back in time to find the true material and technical roots in pre-Hispanic practices.</p><p>The consequent deterioration of the passage of time calls for interventions, which, if not careful and attentive to the patrimonial importance of the context, may become a reason for the gradual deterioration of the historical Ambalema related value. Simultaneously, it is crucial to combat disinterest on the part of the population, by motivating and inviting them to participate in the practical exercises that are being carried out in that municipality. This approach has been successfully applied in the actions mentioned. The physical works carried out on site by the aforementioned architectural lab are detailed here, as well as the participation achieved by groups of local inhabitants in the activities accomplished. The full coherence of this material work is taken advantage of, as a point of convergence of the concepts indicated above, to obtain applicable lessons and new theoretical-practical perspectives on: technique as function of memory.</p>

INTERIOR RESTORATION A.A MARAMIS BUILDING MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF INDONESIA: DEVELOPING INTERIOR CONCEPTS WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE RESTORATION

A.A Maramis is a palace building consisting of 3 floors with the 19th century Empire in Indonesia. This building represents the development of Indonesian architecture in the early 19th century. In the renovation planning that began at the end of 2019, the A.A Maramis building is expected to be a historical reminder of how important this agency is as well as the chronology of events that have occurred in the past in order to increase love for the nation and the motherland. In the planning of restoration is expected to become one of the attractive and educative tourism destination. Restoration of A.A. Maramis building refers to the concepts and principles of Cultural Heritage. This study uses qualitative methods and interdisciplinary approaches include history, culture, and aesthetics. The renovation and development as well as the use of the interior or interior is a place to preserve, present and convey information about the travel history of the Ministry of Finance in developing the nation and state of Indonesia.Keywords: A.A Maramis building Ministry of Finance of Indonesia, developing, interior concept, the principle of cultural heritage restoration

Nanomaterials Used in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage: An Up-to-Date Overview.

In the last few years, the preservation of cultural heritage has become an important issue globally, due to the fact that artifacts and monuments are continually threatened by degradation. It is thus very important to find adequate consolidators that are capable of saving and maintaining the natural aspect of these objects. This study aims to provide an updated survey of the main nanomaterials used for the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. In the last few years, besides the classic nanomaterials used in this field, such as metal nanoparticles (copper and silver) and metal oxides (zinc and aluminum), hydroxyapatite and carbonated derivatives, tubular nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes) have been used as a potential consolidate material of cultural heritage. Tubular nanomaterials have attracted attention for use in different fields due to their structures, as well as their ability to present multiple walls. These nanotubes have the necessary properties in preserving cultural heritage, such as superior mechanical and elastic strength (even higher than steel), high hydrophobicity (with a contact angle up to 140°), optical properties (high photodegradation protection), large specific surface area (from 50 to 1315 m2/g, depending on the number of walls) for absorption of other nanomaterials and relatively good biocompatibility.

Hyperspectral imaging as powerful technique for evaluating the stability of Tattoo Wall®

The aim of this work is to present the utilization of hyperspectral imaging to evaluate the stability of Tattoo Wall®, in respect of simulated solar radiation and extreme humidity conditions, for a possible use in the restoration field. Tattoo Wall® is a new and never investigated decorative technique involving transferring digital images on wall surfaces through a transfer paper with solvent-based ink and fixative. This technology shows high stability, but the long-term degradation is not well defined. In order to test the possibility of using Tattoo Wall® in the field of restoration of cultural heritage, Hyperspectral imaging in the visible and short-wave infrared range was applied on samples prepared with different ground mortars and protective layers. Hyperspectral imaging was used before and after artificial ageing procedure, performed under controlled conditions, simulating solar radiation and high values of relative humidity. Data were treated and elaborated in order to evaluate the sensitivity of the proposed technique in order to identify the variations on paint layers, induced by photo-degradation and humidity, before they could be detected by eye. Furthermore, a supervised classification method to evaluate the possibility of the Tattoo Wall® surface changes monitoring was successfully applied adopting a multivariate approach.

Innovative Technologies for Cultural Heritage. Tattoo Sensors and AI: The New Life of Cultural Assets.

Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage is something more than a simple process of maintaining the existing. It is an integral part of the improvement of the cultural asset. The social context around the restoration shapes the specific actions. Today, preservation, restoration, enhancement of cultural heritage are increasingly a multidisciplinary science, meeting point of researchers coming from heterogeneous study areas. Data scientists and Information technology (IT) specialists are increasingly important. In this context, networks of a new generation of smart sensors integrated with data mining and artificial intelligence play a crucial role and aim to become the new skin of cultural assets.

Multi-analytical techniques used for the identification of the dyeing techniques of several textile of ancient China

In this research, two pieces of textiles from the Qing dynasty (1644–1910) were studied to character the dyeing techniques using appropriate Eco-friendly analysis. The dye was identified by UHPLC-Q-Tof-MS, which improved sensitivity and resolution significantly when compared with LC-MS. The mordant in the textile dyeing process was determined by SEM-EDX. The results showed that Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was used in dyeing the yellow silk thread, Polygonum tinctorium was the source of the plant for the blue silk thread, and the plant source of green fabric most likely turned out to be Rhamnus davurica pall., which was first detected in ancient textiles. Iron and aluminum ions were detected as the metal ions in the mordant. Combined with all this information, the original dyeing process used for these textiles can be inferred. The results allow us to understand the dyeing techniques in the Qing dynasty, and to provide scientific support for conservation and restoration of the precious cultural heritage.

Research of documents on the architectural heritage protection in terms of the preservation of the Samara historical urban nucleus

The article presents the attempt to define principles, which could serve as the basis for developing an approach to the reconstruction, rehabilitation and modernization of the historical urban nucleus of the Samara city. In order to identify significant aspects of this issue, the article deals with documents relating to the protection, restoration and reconstruction of architectural, historical, and cultural heritage (international agreements, charters, conventions) that appeared in the late 19th - 20th centuries.

Fracture and internal structure detection of ceramic objects using improved digital radiography images

Abstract Radiography testing (RT) is an effective, non-invasive method for the detection of hidden structures, details and fracture regions of valuable ancient ceramic objects. To maximize detail extraction from the radiographs and to better interpret images, we use an efficient image processing method that reveals the design and defect regions of objects. For larger radiographic images, it is preferable that a desktop computer is capable of processing the algorithm. Algorithms that require a large memory size and CPU time necessitate the resizing of the images, resulting in lower quality output images. In this study, the fast bilateral filter (FBF) was implemented to enhance the visualization of the radiographs of ceramic objects from the archaeological museum of Burriana, Spain. The digital radiographs were provided by a computed radiography (CR) system at the Laboratory of Documentation and Registration in the University Institute for the Restoration of the Patrimony (IRP) of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Spain. The FBF method based on the Fourier series and the truncated Gaussian function was successfully implemented with radiographs of antique objects. The results show that the internal structures, manufacturing processes, and fractures are better visualized and the edges and fine details are preserved. The design details were shown to be better visualized than the original radiographs based on opinions and evaluations from experts in radiography and the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.

Design, synthesis and characterization of hybrid coatings suitable for geopolymeric-based supports for the restoration of cultural heritage

Geopolymers are inorganic materials that form long-range, covalently bonded, networks; they are materials similar to ceramics, whose components are mainly aluminium and silicates. Any inorganic source of silica and alumina, dissolved in the alkaline solution, acts as a precursor of geopolymers. The type of clays most commonly used in the synthesis of geopolymers is based on kaolinite. The present work concerns the modification of the geopolymer at the chemical and nanostructural level, through the design and development of hybrid coating sol-gel formulations to improve characteristics such as mechanical strength, chemical inertness, heat resistance and porosity for possible use in the restoration and conservation of cultural heritage. The methods of functionalization of the geopolymers here shown are: (i) the treatment of the geopolymeric surface, post-drying, through the application of the sol-gel directly on the monolith, for a modification of the surface properties; (ii) the pretreatment of the geopolymeric mixture, through the addition of the alkoxysilane which can induce a homogeneous consolidation of the molecular structure, implementing the properties of the entire monolith. The employed alkoxysilanes differ according to the length of the hydrocarbon chain and the presence of halogen atoms. Hydrophobicity tests were performed on these formulations.