Direct Responsibility Research Articles

Assessing the Impact of the Current Pharmacy Education in the Attitudes of Early Career Pharmacists towards Leadership and Professional Identity in Nigeria

Background: The WHO nine-star pharmacist model as well as the Centre for the advancement of pharmacy Education (CAPE) Educational outcomes have recognised the concept of leadership as a crucial attribute for pharmacists. This emphasizes the need for pharmacy education to meet up with the goals, need, objectives and requirements of the profession. Objectives: Accordingly, the objective of our study was to investigate the impact of the current pharmacy education in the early career pharmacists towards leadership and professional identity in Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of early-career pharmacists across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. In this study, early-career pharmacists were referred to licensed pharmacists with five or less years of practice. Results: 580 early career pharmacists participated in the study. From the study, 65.6% of the respondents noted that the pharmacy education prepared them effectively for leadership while 79.3% of the respondents noted that pharmacy education prepared and imbibed professional identity in them. The result of this study may be due to the improved curriculum in pharmacy education in Nigeria and also a deviation towards pharmaceutical care and PharmD program which highlights leadership, direct responsibility, clinical-oriented care and managerial skills as core values. This study suggested limited mentorship program and workload/ time constraints as key barriers to display leadership roles among early career pharmacists. From this study, 82.8% of our respondents suggest that the pharmacy education curriculum need adjustment to better prepare students for leadership roles. This may be due to the shift in paradigm from pharmacist being product-oriented to becoming patient-oriented and also with the rapid advancement in cutting-edge information technology and artificial intelligence (AI), the nature of pharmacist work has changed and thus job security is likely affected. Conclusion: The findings of our study showed that leadership has been moderately incorporated into the current pharmacy education in Nigeria but there is need to improve the curriculum by introducing early mentorship program, entrepreneurship and innovation, clinical and practical experiences as well as adopting an active teaching approach in leadership as this will enable effective leadership and professional identity demonstration across all levels and fields of pharmacy practice in Nigeria.

The representation of complex diversity in upper chambers: comparative study of Ethiopia, Iran and Turkey

ABSTRACT This paper explains the creation and use of upper chamber in addressing the problem of representation. Ethiopia, Turkey and Iran are chosen for this comparative analysis because they are similar in terms of diversity. The issue of representation in both lower and upper chambers is an agenda of representative democracy. In fact, the role and necessity for the upper chamber varies country to country. Countries like UK, the USA, India, Russia and Ethiopia are the premier examples of a bicameral parliament whereas Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Israel and Turkey (since 1982) are examples of unicameral. Functionally, ensuring the geographical representation of diverse interests and interpreting the constitution. Usually, the upper chamber is appointed and this leads to lack of direct responsibility and accountability to the people whom they represent. This paper examines the role of the upper chamber in Ethiopia (1991–2015), Iran (until 1979 Islamic Revolution) and Turkey (1961–1980).

Responsibility Of The Board Of Directors In Bankruptcy Of Limited Liability Companies From The Perspective Of Law Number 40 Of 2007

AbstracThis research was conducted with the aim to explain to the academic world and the wider community regarding the responsibilities of the board of directors on the bankruptcy of a limited company, either caused by the negligence of the directors themselves or due to external error factors of the limited company. This paper uses a normative legal research method by using a statutory regulatory approach. The results of this study show that if the company goes bankrupt caused by the negligence of the board of directors while the bankrupt's debt is not sufficient to pay in full the company's obligations in bankruptcy, then they are jointly and severally liable or jointly responsible for all unpaid obligations of the bankrupt estate, but if the directors have carried out their duties well, apply the principle of prudence for the benefit of the company, not experiencing a conflict of interest, either directly or indirectly, in terms of company management actions which results in loss and has taken action to prevent the loss, then the directors cannot be held responsible for the company's losses. In this paper, the researcher provides input that the regulation Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning bankruptcy, there must be updates, especially article 97 regarding the responsibilities of directors which tend to be general in nature. By explaining specifically what constitutes negligence causing the company to go bankrupt of course it will facilitate the legal process, Are the directors really responsible for the bankruptcy? or caused by external factors beyond the control of the board of directors.

Legal Policy of Responsibility For Unlawful Acts of Directors in Managing State-Owned Enterprises

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) play an important role in the Indonesian economy, not only as economic entities but also as agents of social development. SOE directors are responsible for managing the company, including strategic decision-making, human resource management, and risk management. However, they often face various challenges, including political intervention, bureaucracy, and transparency issues. The phenomenon of unlawful acts in the management of SOEs, such as corruption and abuse of authority, is a serious problem that can damage integrity and public trust. This study uses a normative and descriptive analytical approach to examine the legal responsibility of SOE directors in the context of unlawful acts. The study results indicate that firm and transparent legal responsibility is essential to ensure the accountability and sustainability of SOEs. Improvement steps are needed in the supervision and law enforcement system to prevent unlawful acts and improve the integrity and credibility of SOEs as the driving force of the country’s economy.

Responding to the literacy load of science in monocultural contexts:

Existing research about literacy within different subjects suggests that specialist language styles add an extra load to student learning. This has resulted in changes to centralized policy mandates in various jurisdictions, eliciting a variety of responses, including enthusiasm, agreement, compliance, neglect, subversion, and/or resistance. This mixed method study investigated whether 55 secondary school teachers from a culturally homogenous coastal region of Eastern Australia recognized literacy issues within science and their responses to such issues. There were three main findings. Firstly, only one third of participating mainstream science teachers accepted direct responsibility for helping their students deal with the literacy load of science, but most participating teachers recognized the literacy nature of more than half of the activities suggested to them. Secondly, participants teaching classes at several grade levels, and female participants, reported using a greater range of literacy activities in their science classes, and more clearly content-related activities were mentioned more frequently. Thirdly, participants who had completed a postgraduate teacher preparation program were more likely to express confidence in dealing with the literacy load of science and acceptance of responsibility for doing so. Time spent on literacy in teacher preparation programs appears to influence positive mainstream science teacher attitudes and practices in response to the literacy load of science. Study findings challenge conventional views of teacher recalcitrance, and they support the maintenance of policy and teacher preparation practices that encourage science teachers to respond productively to student literacy needs that have been identified by on-going research.

The Prime Minister's direct responsibility for the general policy of the state in the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005

Political responsibility is considered a characteristic that distinguishes it from other responsibilities because these characteristics result from the nature of the action issued by the president, in addition to the legal rules from which the action comes. Therefore, acknowledging the direct responsibility of the Prime Minister alone, without the ministry, for the general policy of the state comes in violation of the general laws of responsibility. The direct responsibility of the Prime Minister in the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 raises a fundamental problem because the laws for determining responsibility resulting from general policy violated the constitution when it decided that the Prime Minister alone is subject to the direct executive responsibility of the state, which was referred to in Article (78) of the Constitution because the Prime Minister cannot alone determine the policy of the state. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the right laws for determining the responsibility of the Prime Minister to achieve a balanced political system capable of achieving prosperity and recovery of the state’s economy.

Àgó: A Feminine Purification Rite in Ọ̀ .wo ̣̀ ,. Oǹdó State, South-West, Nigeria

In Yorùbá land, raising a child is the continuation of giving birth to the child; a large part of the child's early training is the mother's direct responsibility. Every woman wants her child to prosper to make the father and the entire family proud. A woman does anything she can to see that she achieves this role. This study, therefore, describes the performance of Àgó; a feminine purification rite in Ọ̀wọ̀ , Oǹdó State, South-West Nigeria to depict how Ọ̀wọ̀ women use the rite to save the lives of their children and make them prosper in life. The paper adopts womanist theory (the totality of feminine self-expression, self- retrieval and self-assertion in positive cultural ways) and sociology of literature (an attempt to understand the interrelationship between literature and society) for the work. Findings show that mothers who give birth to children with the same sex three consecutive times perform Àgó. The confinement given to mothers alone emanates from the societal notion that it has assigned that role to women. In this specific cultural setting, women seem to play a role in caring for their children's lives through the performance of the rite, in which, sometimes also the other parent is present. Furthermore, the Àgó rite appears as a collective event, in which the entire community is involved.

Climate change on the board: navigating directors’ duties

ABSTRACT A noteworthy trend within the surge in corporate climate litigation is the increasing focus on personal responsibility of corporate directors. In 2023, ClientEarth commenced a derivative claim against Shell and its directors in the English courts, arguing that those directors were in breach of their directors' duties under the Companies Act 2006. This article analyses the claimant's arguments, examines the basis upon which the court dismissed the claim and identifies the procedural challenges that are likely to be faced by future claimants in commencing similar claims. In light of the rising trend in shareholder activism, coupled with the ever-increasing regulatory requirements to strengthen corporate human rights and environmental performance, the article anticipates further attempts to bring derivative claims against directors for failing to take action to address climate change risks. It provides suggestions for the sorts of arguments that may have greater prospects of succeeding before the English courts.

Acute Care Nurses' Partnership With Patients to Recognise and Respond to Changes in Patients' Clinical States: AQualitative Study.

To explore and describe acute care nurses' partnership with patients to recognise and respond to changes in patients' clinical states. Acute care nurses' decisions to partner with patients to recognise deterioration in clinical states and to respond by activating a rapid response system improves patient outcomes. Acutely unwell patients can also experience clinical changes that include improvement and deterioration that does not trigger rapid response system activation over the course of hospitalisation from illness and treatment. How acute care nurses partner with patients in response to improvement and deterioration not triggering a rapid response system is not well-understood. An exploratory, descriptive study underpinned by Tanner's Clinical Judgement Model. Using purposive and quota sampling, 20 nurses with direct patient care responsibilities on one medical and one surgical ward in a large Australian hospital were recruited. Nonparticipant observations followed by semistructured interviews were conducted between January and May of 2021. Nurse-patient interactions were observed for 4 h, and verbally described and recorded. Semistructured interviews were recorded and explored nurses' reasoning behind decisions observed. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Three themes were identified from the data: nurses checking in for changes; nurses forming judgements; and nurses partnering with patients to respond. Acute care nurses promoted subjective assessment based on patients' safety risks. Patients' participation in response to changes was prioritised based on acute care nurses' judgement of safety. Patients receive significant safety benefits when acute care nurses partner with patients in response to their experience of improvement and deterioration during acute illness. Further research should evaluate the sensitivity of subjective cues in patient assessment. Partnership with patients in assessment and management of improvement and deterioration improves the quality and safety of patient care. Assessment frameworks should equally prioritise the use of objective and subjective cues. Nursing education should promote the safety benefits of patient partnerships in responding to patient changes. Equator checklist COREQ. Data collected included description of patients' interactions with study participants.

TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM DIREKSI PERSEROAN TERBATAS TERBUKA PADA MEKANISME PELAKSANAAN RUPS SECARA ELEKTRONIK BERDASARKAN POJK 15 TAHUN 2020

research discusses the legal responsibilities of directors in conducting electronic General Meetings of Shareholders (GMS) in Public Limited Companies (PT Terbuka), based on Financial Services Authority (OJK) Regulations Number 15 and 16 of 2020. These regulations were issued to facilitate the digital transformation of corporate governance, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The directors are responsible for ensuring that the GMS is conducted in compliance with applicable legal provisions, including the electronic submission of meeting agendas, announcements, and shareholder invitations. This study aims to analyze how these OJK regulations affect the obligations and responsibilities of directors in conducting electronic GMS, as well as the legal implications if the directors fail to fulfill their obligations. The research employs a juridical-empirical method by collecting primary data through interviews and direct observations, along with secondary data from literature reviews. The results show that OJK Regulations 15 and 16 of 2020 have significantly altered the GMS procedures, imposing legal consequences on directors in Indonesia's capital markets

Prevention of corruption in the acts of the national police of Ukraine: administrative and legal dimension

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the existing issue of preventing corruption among police officers is not only a problem of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, but also a national issue, in particular. The purpose of the article is to analyze the typology of corruption in the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine. In the context of scientific intelligence, a number of general scientific and sectoral methods are applied, in particular, the method of analysis, synthesis, historical and logical, dialectical, historical and synergistic, systemic methods. It is noted that corruption in police bodies is a phenomenon that poses a risk not only to established members of the structural divisions of law enforcement agencies, but also to one that, in its individual content, exerts a negative influence on the breakdown of social relations, the breakdown of the state, which presents individual rights as such on the dominance of the doctrines of the rule of law, equality of all before the law, which are characteristic of a democratic legal state. The article states that the prevention of corruption in the ranks of law enforcement officers is a component of the state’s general anti-corruption policy, which correlates with the state’s intentions to prevent this negative phenomenon, includes its own strategy for the development of public and legal relations regarding the neutralization or localization of the actions of officials of the NP of Ukraine (factors ) corruption and consequential influence with the support of the congruence of the legal toolkit in order to achieve the set goal, which is established in the field of implementation of the tasks set before it by the National Police of Ukraine. At the same time, an important factor in preventing corruption offenses among police officers is the growth of their civic consciousness. Attention was drawn to the fact that corruption offenses among police officers are an extremely dangerous phenomenon, which, unfortunately, is characteristic of foreign police officers as well. It is noted that corruption can be overcome under circumstances when each police officer will feel a direct responsibility for the fulfillment of a common desire - the formation of a police that is actually independent from corruption. It is noted that a significant number of foreign countries managed to form a modern effective mechanism for preventing corruption offenses among police officers. Considering the European choice of our state, there is a definite need to develop and implement an innovative anti­corruption policy taking into account the positive factors of the existing international experience.

THE INFLUENCE OF RUSSIA (PERMANENT MEMBER OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL) ON THE THREAT TO WORLD PEACE AND SECURITY-WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE WESTERN BALKANS

The United Nations Organization is a global organization emerging from the aftermath of the Second World War, which, according to the Organization's Charter, its main purpose is the preservation of peace and security in the world; the development of friendly relations between nations; achieving international cooperation for solving economic, social, cultural humanitarian problems, etc. and the intention that the UN itself becomes a center for harmonizing actions to achieve common goals. The Security Council is the body that within the Organization has the main and direct responsibility for maintaining global peace and security. In the framework of the Security Council, the permanent members are the countries with the most political and diplomatic influence in the world, but at the same time they have the greatest responsibility for the implementation of the provisions of the UN Charter. The behavior of these states is of essential importance for world peace. Often the member states of the Security Council, due to their interests, not only do not adhere to the main principles when it comes to preventing any member state from jeopardizing stability and peace by protecting the interests of certain aggressor states, but it also happens that with provocation and direct participation in wars and armed conflicts endanger world peace. From the founding of the UN to today, the most blatant case of starting a very dangerous war conflict is Russia. Precisely because of this fact, in this paper the object of research will be Russia, which uses the position of a permanent member of the Security Council, not only for the protection of its political interests, but also by participating in armed conflicts and by declaring war on sovereign states. Since the end of the Second World War, and especially during the Cold War, but also after 2008, Russia has either participated in many armed conflicts or caused them. Objectively, within the framework of this research, it is impossible to include all cases, therefore we will focus only on the Russian influence and endangering peace in the Western Balkans. The paper deals with the indirect and direct Russian influence in some of the countries of the Western Balkans, emphasizing the concrete circumstances and characteristics of each country in particular. For this research, the professional literature, the most relevant international juridical act, the media that inform about actual events in Russia is a direct destabilizing factor, etc. The research relies mainly on the method of analysis of juridical acts, defense doctrines highlighted above, facts of real political events, diplomatic disputes and military conflicts. Based on the analyzed information, we come to the conclusion of research results, conclusions and suggestions for the future political, military, economic, development measures that should be taken by the international community, including NATO, EU, OSCE and other international organizations in which democratic and peacekeeping states adhere, with the aim of maintaining peace, stability and preventing Russia from extending its influence to a dominant size, since as an authoritarian state that it is, as a result, there would be various long-term wars and conflicts in the Western Balkans.

The Role of Green Organizational Culture Based on Tri Hita Karana in Increasing Green Innovation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Small and Medium Enterprises in Denpasar City

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Denpasar City, in addition to having a positive impact on stakeholders and contributing to the national economy, are also often perceived by some people as parties responsible for various environmental damage phenomena including environmental pollution, air pollution and global warming. This study aims to develop and test a theoretical model that empirically examines how green organizational culture based on local wisdom in the Tri Hita Karana perspective influences sustainable competitive advantage in the context of SMEs. In addition, this study also statistically explores the research model and the mediating role of green innovation that has previously received little attention. This study uses a quantitative approach using a survey of 95 respondents. Data were collected from a convenient field survey using a closed questionnaire from SME actors related to the direct responsibility of business activities towards environmental aspects in the city of Denpasar Bali-Indonesia. A structural equation modeling approach was used to achieve the research objectives. The results showed that green organizational culture based on Tri Hita Karana is a significant predictor of sustainable competitive advantage in this study. Furthermore, the findings reveal that green innovation fully mediates the relationship between green organizational culture based on Tri Hita Karana and sustainable competitive advantage.

Relationship between Volunteerism and Empathy among Adolescents in Rwanda

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between volunteerism and empathy among adolescents in Rwanda. Materials and Methods: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study indicated that engaging in volunteer activities enhances adolescents' empathy levels, as these experiences expose them to diverse social situations and perspectives. Adolescents who volunteer tend to develop a greater understanding and sensitivity towards the needs and emotions of others. This empathy growth is attributed to the direct interactions and responsibilities involved in volunteering, which foster emotional and cognitive empathy. Moreover, the sense of purpose and fulfillment derived from helping others further reinforces empathetic behaviors. Overall, volunteerism serves as a significant developmental tool in nurturing empathy among adolescents, promoting their social and emotional well-being. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, empathy development theory and theory of planned behavior may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the relationship between volunteerism and empathy among adolescents in Rwanda. In practice, schools and community organizations should design volunteer programs that are both structured and reflective to maximize empathy development. Policymakers should prioritize integrating volunteerism into the educational curriculum as a key component of social-emotional learning.

Assessment of Community Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Perception of Pharmaceutical Care in South Africa: A Cross-sectional Survey

Background: Medicines are intended to cure, prevent, or diagnose diseases, alleviate signs, or symptoms, but improper use can cause patient morbidity and even mortality. Pharmacists assume direct responsibility for all the patient’s drug-related needs. Hence, pharmacists’ knowledge and attitudes regarding pharmaceutical care (PC) and their perceived barriers to PC provision are imperative to treatment success. The aim of the study was to explore community pharmacists’ knowledge and perception towards pharmaceutical care and identifying perceived barriers towards its implementation in South Africa. Methods: A quantitative study was undertaken, using a descriptive cross-sectional design. The data were collected by means of an online questionnaire completed by community pharmacists across South Africa. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, through Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Out of 250 online questionnaires sent, a total of 181 responded, which delivered an 72.4% response rate. The vast majority (n=166; 91.7%) of the respondents were knowledgeable about PC though a few (n=15; 8.3%) of the respondents had a poor understanding of PC. A high number of respondents (n=173;95.5%) agreed that providing PC would increase the patients’ confidence in the pharmacy profession (n=173; 95.5%); and about 87.2% responded that all pharmacists should provide PC services. Lack of compensation for PC provision was perceived as the main barrier (83.9%). Conclusion: South African community pharmacists have good knowledge of PC, but a lack of remuneration and time were perceived as the main barriers to PC provision. Relevant stake holders like policymakers in pharmaceutical service, health care financial managers, and pharmacy managers should intervene to overcome these barriers.

Improvement of cardiological care in the context of large cities

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the basic principles of improving cardiological care in a large city. The study also aims to assess the prospects for introducing key trends in improving this kind of care in modern cities in various time perspectives. Method The methodological approach involves systematic analysis of improving cardiological care in a large city, including statistical investigation of key aspects of care in various polyclinics in Almaty. Results The results obtained indicate the need for the development and practical implementation of the principles of improving cardiological care in large cities. There is also necessity to ensure the timely provision of necessary assistance to citizens when they detect various cardiovascular diseases. Conclusions The results obtained and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of practical importance for employees of medical institutions in large cities, whose direct professional responsibilities include providing cardiological care to patients. They are also significant for patients themselves who are interested in improving the level of cardiological care provided to them.

Human Resource Assessment and Sustainability : Investigating the Measurability of Human Activity

Sustainability, as a complex set of goals, has many possible interpretations and approaches the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out in the document have 169 sub-goals, of which Goal 10 is "reduced inequalities". There are 10 sub-goals linked to this goal, the first of which is aimed at reducing income inequality. Employers have direct responsibility and considerable leeway to develop fair wage systems. For HR professionals, the practical implementation of this is a major task, and their knowledge can therefore be a key factor in achieving SDG 10. In our research, we sought to answer the question of what future HR professionals know about the accounting measurability of human performance and how they assess its monetary valuation. In our view, HR professionals who are aware of the issues of human performance measurement and recognize the fundamental problems can play a significant role in meeting SDG 10. In our primary research, we surveyed 448 undergraduate human resources students from early December 2022 to the end of January 2023 using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire contains closed and open questions in addition to demographic data. Our research shows that the value of human activity is not well expressed in monetary terms, which implies that wages and the value of work are not closely related.

The Regulations of the Supervisory Officer Personal Data Protection-Based Accountability Principle

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>This study examines The Model of Regulations Supervisory Officer Personal Data Protection-Based Accountability Principle: Lessons from Sweden. This study is a qualitative approach by reviewing and analyzing legal aspects and comparing laws. Even though Indonesia has a personal data protection law, misuse of personal data is still excessive. Owing to accountability basis PDP supervision arrangements have not been properly implemented. Meanwhile, Sweden was chosen as a comparison country since it was one of the first countries to have a personal data protection law. The result shows that in Sweden, personal data is regulated in the General Data Protection Regulation and the personal data supervisor well implemented the principle of accountability therefore it worked effectively. Meanwhile in Indonesia, given that a data protection supervisor has not been established, Protection of personal data is still carried out by each agency appointed by law on a sectoral basis and it deemed less effective in providing personal data protection. Therefore, the personal data supervisor with a single rule and direct responsibility to the president is the perfect model for Indonesia.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

ЗЕМЕЛЬНІ ПРАВОПОРУШЕННЯ: РОЗМЕЖУВАННЯ КРИМІНАЛЬНОЇ, АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОЇ І ДИСЦИПЛІНАРНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ

The constitutional principles of a democratic and legal state guide the development of Ukraine in the direction of people’s rule and a legal state. Therefore, the subsystem of legal norms regulating homogeneous relations in the sphere of public and state maintenance of law and order acquires special importance for the materialization of formal and declarative norms about a democratic and legal state. Therefore, it is relevant to substantiate the need to separate the rules (norms) of public (public) order and disciplinary responsibility for their violation from the branches of administrative legislation into a separate branch according to the postulates of law. It is appropriate that the state regulation of behavior in public (public) places should be set out in the Code of Public Order. And the norms regulating responsibility for land, forest, air, etc. misdemeanors were transferred to the basic codes regulating legal relations in the relevant spheres of socio-economic life. At the same time, the primary task is to update and reform legislation based on the postulates and axioms of legal theories. The formation and development of civil society, organized into a democratic, social, legal state, in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty, leads to changes in the very essence of delictological legal relations, a return to the postulates of legal theory (in the context of revived natural law). The separation of prescriptions and sanctioned customs of public order into an independent branch of law by including public rules regulating this order in its institutions forms a system of norms of public legal order. The proposed differentiation and systematization of legal responsibility is the basis for bringing the legal system into compliance with the axioms of the theory of law (jurisprudence) based on the postulates of Roman civil law. This will contribute to the improvement of both public order, in particular, and the development of civil society institutions, democracy, and the establishment of the rule of law in general. As well as the humanization of legal responsibility, the spread of educational and psychological measures of social (moral) responsibility, the strengthening of the discipline of social coexistence, the education of citizens’ self-discipline as a component of individual legal awareness. The transfer of norms regarding the responsibility for land offenses of private law officials and citizens to the basic land code will allow to systematize and separate the norms regarding the direct administrative responsibility of public law officials (state authorities, local self-government bodies) for illegal actions (inaction), land offenses in the field of management. Key words: legal responsibility, criminal offense, administrative offense, land offenses, land offenses in the field of management, public order, public misdemeanor.

"Unnatural resources?": parallels and distinctions between the Newfoundland Genome and traditional resource sectors.

Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) has a long history of resource development, exploitation, and frequent mismanagement. Even before joining the Canadian confederation in 1949, industries such as mining, fishing, and forestry had significantly shaped the province. Recently, a new "resource" has been recognized: NL's genetic data, often described as a "genetic gold mine" and "the new oil." These analogies reflect the perception of genetic data as a valuable resource, resonating in a province historically reliant on resource extraction. Since the early 2000s, NL's genetic data has been recognized as a unique asset, prompting provincial reports on its management. Renewed interest has emerged with a local biotechnology company aiming to leverage NL's unique genetic architecture. This paper examines the implications of conceptualizing genetic information as a resource, exploring how this fits within existing resource development frameworks and policies, and considering its potential to shape policies for managing the benefits and burdens of genetic data exploitation. I conclude that while the NL genome is not a natural resource in the traditional sense, the province nevertheless needs to take more direct responsibility for its development and to ensure that any potential benefits from exploiting it are shared with the population.