Response Speed Research Articles

A Review of the Applications and Challenges of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators in Soft Robotics

As an electrically driven artificial muscle, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are notable for their large deformation, fast response speed, and high energy density, showing significant potential in soft robots. The paper discusses the working principles of DEAs, focusing on their reversible deformation under electric fields and performance optimization through material and structural innovations. Key applications include soft grippers, locomotion robots (e.g., multilegged, crawling, swimming, and jumping/flying), humanoid robots, and wearable devices. The challenges associated with DEAs are also examined, including the actuation properties of DE material, material fatigue, viscoelastic effects, and environmental adaptability. Finally, modeling and control strategies to enhance DEA performance are introduced, with a perspective on future technological advancements in the field.

Highly Stretchable Conductive Hydrogel-Based Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Ultrasensitive Tactile Sensing

Wearable electronic devices have shown great application prospects in the fields of tactile sensing, electronic skin, and soft robots. However, the existing wearable electronic devices face limitations such as power supply challenges, lack of portability, and discomfort, which restrict their applications. The invention of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) with dual functions of energy harvesting and sensing provides an innovative solution to address these issues. This study prepared a highly stretchable conductive hydrogel using doped conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a strain sensor, demonstrating high sensitivity (GF = 4.31), an ultra-wide sensing range (0–1690%), ultra-fast response speed (0.15 s), excellent durability, and repeatability. A high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator was constructed using the hydrogel as an electrode, achieving an output performance of up to 192 V. Furthermore, the TENG fixed in the hands, wrists, legs, and feet of the human body can be used as a wearable electronic device to monitor human motion, which is conducive to promoting the development of triboelectric nanogenerators based on conductive hydrogels in strain sensors and self-powered wearable devices.

Ultrasensitive and Fast Gas Detection Based on Room‐Temperature Indium Arsenide Mid‐Wavelength Infrared Photodetectors

AbstractCombustible hydrocarbon gases, typified by methane, are invisible, odorless, and imperceptible, yet they pose significant hazards to human safety and the environment. Therefore, monitoring these gases is crucial in managing and mitigating potential hazards. Here, a gas sensing system is proposed based on the non‐dispersive infrared absorption spectroscopy (NDIR) technique. Its core component is a home‐built indium arsenide (InAs) semiconductor mid‐wavelength infrared photodetector. By material growth and device structure optimization (a peculiar potential barrier layer is designed to form a heterojunction and suppress diffusion carriers), the InAs‐based photodetectors show a low‐noise performance of 1.62 × 10−12 A·Hz−1/2 and a record high room‐temperature detectivity of 2.1 × 1010 cm·Hz1/2·W−1 with superior response speed of <40 ns. The sensing system, therefore, gains an ultra‐sensitive (<1 ppm) and fast (≈350 ms) gas detection capability of methane compared to current NDIR equipment. The method used in this study paves an avenue for designing ultrasensitive NDIR systems based on photovoltaic devices and provides a new paradigm for highly integrated gas sensing hardware.

Optimized Photochromic Performance of Spiropyran through Incorporation into Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks and Applications in Anticounterfeiting and Information Encryption.

Photostimulus-responsive fluorescent materials are promising for anticounterfeiting and UV printing due to rapid response and simple preparation. In this paper, we propose a novel strategy to prepare photostimulus-responsive materials SP@HOF-olefin by integrating the photochromic molecule spiropyran (SP) with postsynthetic modified hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOF-olefin). Compared to SP@HOF, the composites SP@HOF-olefin exhibit enhanced photochromic properties, such as a fast response speed, pronounced color contrast, and exceptional fatigue resistance. The improvements can be attributed to the reduction of residual carboxyl groups in the framework, which subsequently decreases the polarity of the framework. Besides, the SP loading content in SP@HOF-olefin was significantly enhanced. Furthermore, HOF-olefin can be transformed into HOF films via photopolymerization. These films demonstrated excellent flexibility, which can be folded and twisted at any angle ranging from 0 to 180°. By utilizing the photomask method, letters such as "Z", "T", "S", and "U", along with other patterns were successfully imprinted on the film. Besides, we investigated the utilization of these films in advanced anticounterfeiting applications. This work serves as a representative case demonstrating how functionalized HOFs improved the photochromic properties of SP, showcasing potential applications in anticounterfeiting and information encryption.

Wave‐Interference Photonic Crystals and Space Charge Engineering Enable Efficient Broadband Faint Light Detection in Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Photodetectors

AbstractNoise current, detectivity, quantum efficiency, and response speed are critical metrics in evaluating organic/inorganic photodiodes. Herein, these metrics are simultaneously advanced in poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/native SiOx/n‐Si hybrid photodetectors, achieving excellent performance in detecting broadband faint light. Wave‐interference photonic crystals, comprising periodic microstructured inverse pyramids with nanometer‐scale mesa widths, are integrated into the Si absorber to effectively couple incident light for increased absorption, thereby balancing optics and conformal contact coverage. The developed photodetector comprises a deep depletion region and interfacial SiOx layer, enabling diffusion‐mitigated broadband photocarrier transport and effective charge collection, and suppressing carrier tunneling processes for low‐noise. An ultralow reverse dark current density of ≈2.46 × 10−8 A cm−2 at −0.4 V is realized for nanowatt‐level light detection. The photodetector showcases superlative properties among reported PEDOT:PSS–based inorganic heterojunctions, including a broadband external quantum efficiency of >≈80% from 340 to 960 nm (internal quantum efficiency of >≈90% from 380 to 840 nm), detectivity of >≈1012 Jones from 300 to 1140 nm, and microsecond response speed. This study provides practical insight for combining high‐absorption microstructures with space charge engineering for the development of high‐performance organic/inorganic hybrid photodetectors.

Intelligent Upgrading of the Localized GNSS Monitoring System: Profound Integration of Blockchain and AI

With the extensive application of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), the intelligent upgrading of the GNSS monitoring system is of particular significance. Traditional GNSS monitoring systems typically rely on a centralized architecture, which possesses certain drawbacks when it comes to data tampering, fault tolerance, and data sharing. This paper presents an intelligently upgraded localized GNSS monitoring system that integrates blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) technology to achieve the deep integration of security, transparency, and intelligent processing of monitoring data. Firstly, this paper employs blockchain technology to guarantee the integrity and tamper-resistance of GNSS monitoring data and utilizes a distributed ledger structure to realize the decentralization of data storage and transmission, thereby enhancing the anti-attack capability and reliability of the system. Secondly, the LSTM model is utilized to analyze and predict the vast amount of monitoring data in real-time, enabling the intelligent detection of GNSS signal anomalies and deviations and providing real-time early warnings to optimize the monitoring effect. Based on this architecture, we also combine the trained model with smart contracts to realize real-time monitoring and early warnings of GNSS satellites. By integrating the security guarantee of blockchain and the intelligent analysis ability of AI, the localized GNSS monitoring system can offer more efficient and accurate data monitoring and management services. In the study, we constructed a prototype system and tested it in both simulated and real environments. The results indicate that the system can effectively identify and respond to GNSS signal anomalies, and enhance the monitoring accuracy and response speed. Additionally, the application of blockchain enhances the immutability and traceability of data, providing a solid foundation for the long-term storage and auditing of GNSS data. The introduction of AI algorithms, especially the application of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network in anomaly detection, has significantly enhanced the system’s ability to recognize complex patterns.

Constructing focus alternatives from context and the limits of semantic priming

Interpreting focus requires a comprehender to identify the set of alternatives intended by the speaker. Previous psycholinguistic research has characterized this process in terms of a two-stage model that initially forms an alternative set via the context-insensitive mechanism of semantic priming (Gotzner et al. 2016, Husband & Ferreira 2016). We have instead advanced a one-stage immediate-access model, in which alternatives are immediately constructed from the discourse context (Muxica & Harris to appear). In two cross-modal probe recognition task experiments, we further test our prediction that the discourse context strongly influences response speed at early moments of focus interpretation. The results are interpreted as uniquely supporting the immediate-access model.

Voltage Unbalance Control Strategy for Local Shading Photovoltaic Grid-Connected System

In view of the sudden grid voltage distortions, such as voltage sags and unbalances, that may occur in photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected systems under local shading conditions, this paper proposes a control strategy integrating a linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC)-based virtual synchronous generator (VSG) and an active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC)-based dynamic voltage restorer (DVR). To enhance the stability and response speed of the PV inverter system, a novel LADRC-based voltage–current dual closed-loop control strategy with pre-synchronization is designed, ensuring stable operation of the inverter and load. To address the overshooting issues found in traditional PI control under local shading, the ADRC-based DVR compensates for PV system voltage fluctuations, achieving rapid voltage distortion compensation and ensuring grid-connected system safety. Simulink experiments verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in improving transient voltage quality in PV systems affected by local shading. The total harmonic distortion rates of voltage and current are both less than 0.5%, which significantly improves the performance compared to existing research.

A novel dielectric elastomer with low modulus and fast response

Abstract Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are highly valued in massive fields of actuators and sensors due to their unique advantages of large actuation strain, fast response speed, high energy density and excellent elasticity. The challenge of balancing the elastic modulus, actuation strain and response speed of DE actuators to stably enhance the actuation performance remains a major issue. In this work, a novel DE was prepared by employing polyurethane acrylate (CN9021) as a crosslinker, n-butyl acrylate as a base monomer and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) as a functional flexible monomer via a UV curing method. The swelling test indicates a reduction of crosslinking density with the increment of 2-EHA concentration in EHA films. As a consequence, the elastic modulus displays a notable decline while the dielectric constant slightly rises, leading to an enhancement of the actuation sensitivity. More specifically, the elastic modulus of our fabricated EHA-1 is only one-third of the commercial VHB-4910. The developed DEs achieve an actuation strain of nearly 150% with low viscoelasticity and mechanical loss resulting in high response speed and broad operating frequency range to the input dynamic voltages. All these actuation performances are superior to VHB-4910. This work provides a promising strategy for developing DEs with balanced performance and superior actuation characteristics.

Ergonomic design and efficiency of the innovative ambulance cabin for emergency medical services: operational indicators and impact on the quality of emergency care

The relevance of improving the efficiency of emergency medical care in the context of emergency medical services (EMS) necessitates the implementation of modern solutions. As part of the study, the ambulance cabin was optimized, ergonomic zoning was introduced, equipment placement was standardized, and standard operating procedures (SOPs) were developed.The purpose of the study. To compare the efficiency of emergency medical care provided in standard and optimized ambulance cabins, assessing the impact of ergonomic and zoning modifications on the time required for procedures, the quality of care, and the working conditions of medical personnel.Research objectives. An analysis of the impact of ambulance cabin ergonomics on the speed and quality of medical procedures, as well as an examination of the working conditions of medical personnel in the updated cabin to identify the advantages of implementing a systematic approach to space design.Materials and methods. The study focuses on designing a new ambulance cabin with an emphasis on ergonomics, zoning, and optimal equipment placement to enhance the efficiency of medical procedures. Methods of ergonomic and demographic analysis were applied to evaluate the functionality of cabin zones, alongside statistical data processing using Excel, specialized software packages, and Python.Results. Test data revealed that the use of the optimized ambulance cabin enhances the efficiency of emergency medical care. The time required for medical procedures in the updated cabin was reduced, improving the response speed of the team. A decrease in personnel fatigue and increased equipment accessibility were noted due to ergonomic zoning. The results also confirmed more comfortable working conditions for the medical team and a reduction in response times compared to the standard cabin.Conclusion. The results of the study hold significant scientific and practical value for emergency medical service professionals. The data obtained confirm the potential of implementing innovative solutions in ambulance design, enabling recommendations to improve working conditions for medical personnel and enhance the efficiency of emergency medical care delivery.

Direct torque tolerant control of five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor based on super-twisting sliding mode tuned by ISSA

ABSTRACT This paper proposes a fault-tolerant direct torque control strategy based on an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) and super-twisting sliding mode control to address torque ripple and speed response issues in direct torque control (DTC) of five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). By minimising torque ripple and optimising speed response under load conditions, the traditional dual-hysteresis DTC method is improved, reducing steady-state torque ripple and overshoot in transient speed response. To handle complete rotor position sensor failures, a fault-tolerant control scheme is proposed. A super-twisting sliding mode controller is designed for the flux and torque loops of the DTC, and the improved sparrow search algorithm optimises three controller parameters for the inner and outer loops. The impact of controller complexity on the computational burden is discussed. This ensures that both speed and torque can quickly recover to normal operation after significant disturbances, effectively eliminating chattering. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces steady-state torque ripple, achieves rapid speed response, and provides fault tolerance in the event of rotor position sensor failure.

Using light to image millimeter wave based on stacked meta-MEMS chip

A stacked metamaterial MEMS (meta-MEMS) chip is proposed, which can perfectly absorb electromagnetic waves, convert them into mechanical energy, drive movement of the optical micro-reflectors array, and detect millimeter waves. It is equivalent to using visible light to image a millimeter wave. The meta-MEMS adopts the design of upper and lower chip separation and then stacking to achieve the “dielectric-resonant-air-ground” structure, reduce the thickness of the metamaterial and MEMS structures, and improve the performance of millimeter wave imaging. For verification, we designed and prepared a 94 GHz meta-MEMS focal plane array chip, in which the sum of the thickness of the metamaterial and MEMS structures is only 1/2500 wavelength, the pixel size is less than 1/3 wavelength, but the absorption rate is as high as 99.8%. Moreover, a light readout module was constructed to test the millimeter wave imaging performance. The results show that the response speed can reach 144 Hz and the lens-less imaging resolution is 1.5 mm.

Advanced Morphological and Material Engineering for High-Performance Interfacial Iontronic Pressure Sensors.

High-performance flexible pressure sensors are crucial for applications such as wearable electronics, interactive systems, and healthcare technologies. Among these, iontronic pressure sensors have garnered particular attention due to their superior sensitivity, enabled by the giant capacitance variation of the electric double layer (EDL) at the ionic-electronic interface under deformation. Key advancements, such as incorporating microstructures into ionic layers and employing diverse materials, have significantly improved sensor properties like sensitivity, accuracy, stability, and response time. This review highlights advancements in flexible EDL pressure sensors, focusing on structural designs and material engineering. These strategies are tailored to optimize key metrics such as sensitivity, detection limit, linearity, stability, response speed, hysteresis, transparency, wearability, selectivity, and multifunctionality. Key fabrication techniques, including micropatterning and externally assisted methods, are reviewed, along with strategies for sensor comparison and guidelines for selecting appropriate sensors. Emerging applications in healthcare, environmental and aerodynamic sensing, human-machine interaction, robotics, and machine learning-assisted intelligent sensing are explored. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and future directions for advancing EDL-based pressure sensors.

Fast iterative position estimation method of permanent magnet synchronous linear motor

Abstract In this paper, a Fast Iterative Phase Estimation (FIPE) algorithm is proposed for robotic grinding force control devices using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Linear Motors (PMSLM), requiring high positional accuracy and response speed. FIPE obtains optimal phase estimates through iterative searching and exhibit excellent dynamic performance. The proposed method is optimized by iterative optimization algorithms, which significantly reduces the number of iterations and enhance the response speed of position estimation. In addition, the effects of harmonics, amplitude mismatch, noise and DC errors in the raw signal on the FIPE algorithm are discussed, and a shallow neural network is introduced to compensate the periodic errors. The experimental results show that the FIPE algorithm has higher calculation accuracy and dynamic performance than the traditional PLL such as SRF-PLL, ANF-PLL and LKF-PLL, and has faster iteration speed than the traditional position estimator such as FPS-PLL.

CO2 Concentration Control in Cleanrooms Using an Improved Crested Porcupine Algorithm

Cleanrooms are widely used in various industries, where the precise control of parameters such as CO2 concentration is crucial for optimal production. Most cleanrooms utilize variable air volume (VAV) air conditioning systems, but existing proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers in VAV systems often suffer from long response delays, excessive overshoot, and difficulties in handling dynamic changes in occupant conditions. This study introduces an Improved Crested Porcupine Optimizer (ICPO) to optimize PID controller parameters, aiming to enhance the control of VAV air supply. Additionally, a CO2 concentration control system for cleanrooms was designed based on an STM32 microcontroller. The results demonstrate that the Improved Crested Porcupine Optimizer PID (ICPO-PID) controller outperforms traditional PID, Fuzzy-PID, and Crested Porcupine Optimizer PID (CPO-PID) controllers in control accuracy, response speed, and robustness. In simulation, ICPO-PID achieves a settling time of just 59 s and an overshoot of only 5.14%. In real-world performance evaluations, ICPO-PID outperforms other controllers in terms of the Integral Absolute Error (IAE) and Integral Squared Error (ISE). Furthermore, ICPO-PID reduces energy consumption by approximately 40% during air volume adjustment compared to traditional PID. These results indicate that ICPO-PID is an efficient and reliable solution for maintaining cleanroom environments with precise CO2 concentration control.

P1058 Trajectories of response in patients with moderately-to-severely active Crohn’s disease treated with mirikizumab based on biofailed status: Post hoc results from the VIVID-1 study

Abstract Background Mirikizumab, an anti-IL-23p19 antibody, demonstrated robust efficacy in improving clinical and endoscopic endpoints with an acceptable safety profile1. We explored the trajectory of response to treatment in patients with moderate-to-severely active Crohn’s disease (CD), in patients treated with mirikizumab based on biofailed status at study baseline. Methods Biofailed was defined as patients with demonstrated intolerance, inadequate response, or loss of response to an approved biologic therapy for CD (BF, N=275) and Not Biofailed (NBF, N=297) patients described previously1 were assessed via Growth Mixture Model to identify distinct clusters based on individual patient response trajectories. Change from baseline in Crohn’s Disease Activity Index total score was used in the Growth Mixture Model to identify trajectories. Modified baseline observation carried forward imputation used. Results There were four clusters identified for both the BF and NBF groups. Mirikizumab trajectory groups by baseline biofailed status: Super Responder (BF/NBF: 18.9%/17.8%), Responder (BF/NBF: 19.3%/25.3%), Delayed Responder (BF/NBF, 29.8%/29.3%), and Non/Incomplete Responder (BF/NBF, 32.0%/27.6%) (Figure 1). The overall response rate across responder groups for BF patients was 68.0% and for NBF patients was 72.4%. Conclusion Mirikizumab clinical response groups (Super Responder, Responder, Delayed Responder, and Non/Incomplete Responder) were similar for BF and NBF patients suggesting mirikizumab works consistently for BF and NBF patients, and prior biofailed status is not associated with the speed or magnitude of a MIRI-triggered clinical response.

2D Perovskite Heterojunction-Based Self-Powered Polarized Photodetectors with Controllable Polarization Ratio Enabled by Ferro-Pyro-Phototronic Effect.

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are commonly used in polarization-sensitive photodetectors (PDs) for applications such as polarization imaging, remote sensing, and optical communication. Although various methods exist to adjust the polarization-sensitive photocurrent, a universal and effective approach for continuous control of MHPs' optoelectronic and polarized properties is lacking. A universal strategy to electrically modulate the polarization ratio (PR) of self-powered polarized PDs using the ferro-pyro-phototronic effect (FPPE) in 2D perovskites is presented. By varying the amplitude and direction of ferroelectric polarization voltage, the built-in electric field in the heterojunction can be modulated, allowing for controllable PR regulation and adjustable polarization characteristics. Moreover, the polarized pyroelectric photoresponses are realized, significantly enhancing the responsivity, response speed of the polarized PDs. Both the pyroelectric currents and photocurrents exhibit obvious polarization characteristics. This method's versatility is demonstrated by creating three additional quasi-2D MHP ferroelectric-based polarized-sensitive PDs. A proof-of-concept for encrypted optical communication is achieved using the UV-sensitive PDs as light-sensing units. These findings highlight FPPE's potential to enhance ferroelectric device polarization control, enabling high-performance and self-powered polarization photodetection.

Ultrasound liquid–gel hybrid lens using acoustic radiation forces

Conventional camera modules use a mechanical system comprising moving parts to change the focal length of the lens by moving it along the optical axis, increasing the volume of the camera. Here, the potential of compact variable-focus lenses was examined to enhance response speed and robustness via a combination of viscoelastic gel films, liquids, and acoustic radiation forces. The optical properties of the lenses were evaluated using a wavefront sensor. Focal lengths could be controlled by changing the lens shape via acoustic radiation forces generated by ultrasound vibrations. The response time of the lens was dependent on the thickness of the gel film on the lens surface; a thinner film thickness resulted in a shorter response time. The response times for hybrid lenses with gel film thickness of , 0.8 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm were 58 ms, 68 ms, 82 ms, and 172 ms, respectively.

All-Optical Modulation Photodetectors Based on the CdS/Graphene/Ge Sandwich Structures for Integrated Sensing-Computing.

In this manuscript, an all-optical modulation photodetector based on a CdS/graphene/Ge sandwich structure is designed. In the presence of the modulation (near-infrared) light, the Fermi level of the graphene channel shifts, allowing for the tuning of the visible light response speed as well as achieving a broad responsivity range from negative (-3376 A/W) to positive (3584 A/W) response. Based on this, logical operations are performed by adjusting the power of the modulation light superimposed with the signal light. This facilitates more covert, all-optical, high-speed encrypted communication. The ultrahigh tunability and nearly symmetric positive and negative photoconductivity of all-optical modulation photodetectors significantly enhance the computational capacity of neuromorphic hardware. The proposed device exhibits substantial advantages in applications requiring high fault tolerance for integrated sensing-computing （ISC） and high-resolution motion object recognition, providing insights for the development of next-generation high-bandwidth, low-power-consumption ISC devices.

Implementation of Criminal Law in Combating Hoaxes to Build National Information Resilience that Supports Strengthening Infrastructure and Innovation (SDG 9)

Objective: This research aims to analyze the application of criminal law in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 Year 2024 on Electronic Information and Transactions related to the eradication of hoaxes, as well as examine its impact on the development of national information security in Indonesia in accordance with SDG 9, namely National information security involves the development of a resilient and secure information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure. Using a juridical-empirical approach, this research uses primary data through interviews with law enforcement officials and information technology experts, as well as secondary data from legal documents and literature studies. Theoretical Framework: This research draws on various concepts of criminal law, information technology, and national information security. This multidimensional approach includes legal theory, communication theory, and national resilience theory to provide a more holistic understanding of the implementation of the criminal law of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia on Electronic Information and Transactions related to the eradication of hoaxes in the eradication of hoaxes and their impact on information resilience in Indonesia. Method: This research uses Qualitative data with a Normative Juridical Approach, the type of research is analytical to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law in eradicating hoaxes, secondary data including laws and regulations, academic literature and scientific journals related to criminal law, hoaxes, and national information security. Data collection techniques are literature studies, interviews, observations, and concrete case studies of the spread of hoaxes that are handled using the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2024 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. Results and Discussion: The implementation of the Criminal Law of the Republic of Indonesia Law No. 1 of 2024 on Electronic Information and Transactions against Hoax Eradication is a significant legal instrument in dealing with the spread of hoaxes in Indonesia. National information security is highly dependent on people's digital literacy, the speed of government response, and cooperation with digital platforms in tackling the spread of false information. Efforts and strategies are needed to revise the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 1 of 2024 on Electronic Information and Transactions to clarify the definition of articles that have multiple interpretations and provide clearer implementation guidelines for law enforcement officials. Research Implications: Theoretical Implications i.e. These findings expand the understanding of the relationship between the implementation of criminal law and the concept of national information security, so that it can serve as a foundation for further research in the field of cyber law and digital literacy. Practical Implications: Law enforcement officials can use the findings of this study as a reference to improve the approach to investigation, legal proof, and the application of sanctions against hoax perpetrators. Originality/Value: This research makes a unique contribution by deeply evaluating the challenges of multiple interpretations in certain articles of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 Year 2024 on Electronic Information and Transactions and their impact on the effectiveness of law enforcement, which has not been widely discussed in previous studies.