Resources In Kazakhstan Research Articles

Problems of prevention of criminal offenses related to the use of water resources in Kazakhstan

AbstractThe protection of the environment and its elements is the responsibility of modern society for the possibility of its development in the future. That is why the issues of protection of this category of relations are relevant today in the legal plane. It is important to establish not only an effective mechanism for punishing the guilty but also for preventing the commission of criminal offenses against natural objects. The purpose of the study is to identify effective approaches for the prevention of crimes related to the use of water bodies. In the study, the methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, generalization, formal legal, and abstraction were applied. As a result, it was possible to determine that the current state of water bodies in Kazakhstan is deteriorating, so they may be at a crisis level in the future. In view of this, the paper investigated the composition of a criminal offense related to the illegal use of water bodies. This made it possible to determine the current position of the legislator on the regulation of this issue in the legal dimension. In addition, the methods and tools that are used in Kazakhstan to prevent the spread of this type of criminal offense were established. Based on this, their shortcomings were analyzed, and proposals were developed to improve the process of preventing such crimes. Therefore, the place of environmental crimes in the modern criminal law doctrine was determined, and international experience in preventing such offenses was considered. The practical value of the findings is the possibility of using them to develop new national strategies and programs aimed at countering crimes in the field of water use.

LEGAL REGULATION OF INFORMATION ON INTERNET RESOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

This article delves into the legal framework governing information on internet resources within the Republic of Kazakhstan. In contemporary times, both information and its legal regulation possess unique characteristics, particularly evident in the context of the internet. The intricate interplay between global phenomena and the internet amplifies the notion of global governance. Within this expansive system, the self-regulation of information on internet resources necessitates legal oversight.Kazakhstan serves as a case study illustrating the internet’s pivotal role as the primary and immediate source of information, facilitating interaction among numerous users. This prominence stems from the distinct characteristics of the internet when compared to traditional modes of information dissemination. A current issue in this field is conducting comprehensive research on the legal aspects of regulating information on internet resources. The goal of this study is to formulate recommendations for enhancing the legal framework governing the development of the Internet in Kazakhstan. This will be achieved through an in-depth, systematic analysis of the legal regulation of information on internet resources. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive examination of the legal regulation of information on internet resources in Kazakhstan, their systematization, and corresponding differentiation. The scientific significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the conclusions drawn for deeper theoretical research. The practical importance of this work is the potential application of its provisions to improve the existing legislation Kazakhstan and law enforcement.

Agricultural clusters: formation of food resources in Kazakhstan

Goal - main problems of ensuring food security in Kazakhstan, formation and development of agricultural clusters as a strategic direction of agriculture in the republic are considered. Methods – empirical methods of research, analysis, synthesis, comparative characteristics, generalization were used. Results - the authors indicate that agro-clusters, by facilitating cooperation between stakeholders, play a key role in diversifying agricultural production, reducing post-harvest losses and improving access to markets. From environmental and economic perspective, they are an effective integration structure that allows one to gain a competitive advantage. The realization of agricultural potential is possible through the strengthening of cooperative principles and clustering of the agricultural sector. Cluster management will be aimed at creating conditions for the active use of innovations in technology, management, marketing, as well as to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector. The main objectives of the long-term cluster policy are: stabilization of the development of AIC; increasing the share of products and services in the total volume of gross output and exports; increasing the investment attractiveness of the agricultural industry; creating favorable conditions for business activity in rural areas; increasing employment, income and quality of life of the rural population. Based on a detailed study of these issues, conclusions were drawn: the practice of spreading agricultural clusters is significantly influenced by improving the legislative framework, eliminating barriers to internal competition, promoting the expansion of sales markets, and creating specialized training programs. When creating agricultural clusters, national and regional interests must be taken into account; they become driving forces in solving issues of food supply for the region and the country as a whole.

The Impact of Climate Change on the Water Systems of the Yesil River Basin in Northern Kazakhstan

The geographical location of Kazakhstan, situated in the central part of the Eurasian continent, has played a crucial role in shaping a distinctly continental climate. This positioning has led to Kazakhstan facing a significant challenge in terms of water resource availability. The country’s water resources are highly vulnerable to the dual pressures of climate change and human activities. It is noteworthy that the Yesil River basin is the sole region within Kazakhstan’s borders where water resources are predominantly generated, while all other river basins experience substantial outflows beyond the nation’s boundaries. This research undertaking involves a comprehensive analysis of long-term climatic data collected from meteorological stations located within the confines of the Yesil basin in Northern Kazakhstan. Additionally, the study encompasses the computation of water consumption and annual runoff within this region. Historical meteorological observations spanning from 1961 to 2020 reveal notable trends. Most significantly, a 1.2 °C increase in temperature is observed during the spring season. Winters have also become relatively milder and warmer, particularly towards the end of February, where temperatures have shifted from −16.2 °C in the first 30-year period to −14.6 °C in the second period. These findings underscore the ongoing climatic changes within the region, with significant implications for the management and sustainability of water resources in Kazakhstan.

PROSPECTS FOR REGIONAL FISH FARMING IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Ability to meet the demands of the population in fish and fish products and its food security is one of the most acute problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
 Objective – the current state of the fisheries of the Republic of Kazakhstan was studied and proposals for the development of the fisheries in the West Kazakhstan region were made.
 Methods – statistical methods of data analysis were used to study the state of the fisheries of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and exclusively the catch of fish and other aquatic animals, as well as the dependency of the physical volume of fish farming production from the total amount of products made. 
 Results - the study discusses topical issues of the production capacity of fisheries and fish canneries, by types and volumes of output products, economic indicators, as well as by enterprises engaged in the purchase and sale of fish products, wholesale and retail trade, problems of marketing research in the field of fish products production and safety.
 Conclusions - creation of the laboratories and fish breeding in autonomous facilities will allow development of the innovative technologies for rearing, preservation, and replenishment of fish resources in water bodies of the region, will provide a training base for the future specialists training, will create prerequisites for preservation and multiplication of fish resources in Kazakhstan, will improve the food security of the country, and will resolve the key problems of the fish industry development.
 Artificial fish farming involves interfering with the development of organisms to increase their production, such as regular restocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.

Assessment of the Level of Development of Internet Resources in Kazakhstan: Gender Aspect

In recent years, in the pre-pandemic period, offline marketplaces are popular, and in the post-pandemic period, online marketplaces are becoming more popular. During the quarantine restriction, many enterprises began to adapt to online sales. The enterprise that was able to adapt remained active in the economy, and enterprises that were unable to adapt went bankrupt. Within the framework of this issue, the aim of the research article was to analyze the specifics of the interaction of Kazakhstani women entrepreneurs in online shopping. In the course of the study, in addition to scientific methods, the interviewing method was used. The interview was attended by 29 businesswomen from Almaty city. The business areas of women engaged in entrepreneurship included such areas as the trade in adult clothing, the sale of fabrics, fashion salons, and the sale of Korean cosmetics. The purpose of the interview is to identify the reasons, and features of the work of Kazakhstani women on online marketplaces and identify the advantages and disadvantages of trading on offline marketplaces. The results of the interview can be used to achieve efficiency in organizing the work of the online marketplace. In addition, knowing the views of women, the potential of women in the regions of the state can be used to formulate policies aimed at developing the economy. That is, with the help of online work of women, it is necessary to influence the unemployment rate in the regions, and increase the source of income and other quality of life.

Land tax as the main element of the economic mechanism for efficient land management

Object: To review the impact of land tax on the efficiency of agricultural development. To review the procedure for calculating land tax in Kazakhstan. To study the features of land tax collection. To consider improving the taxation of agricultural land resources.Methods: During the course of the study, we used statistical data analysis and methods of comparative analysis.Findings: This paper reviews the aspects of agricultural land plots taxation. We have analyzed a number of factors affecting the effective taxation of land resources in Kazakhstan. We have performed a comparative analysis of land taxation in the EAEU countries. We have identified key components affecting land taxation and the main parameters of their functional efficiency.Conclusions: This paper analyzes the current state of land taxation. We have developed proposals for the development of land taxation and improvement based on cadastral valuation. The results of the study allow us to conclude which of these aspects affect the effective land management.

Ecological problems of water resources in Kazakhstan

This paper proposes a solution to the environmental problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan associated with the provision of the population with quality water. The authors propose to use only clear scientific forecasts, practical ecological scenarios, as well as the methodology of the National Action Plan for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development. This will allow to solve the issues of desertification, salinization, water scarcity, decline in irrigation, agriculture, and the fishing industry in the future. The purpose of the article is to reveal the reasons for the insufficiency and unevenness in the provision of water resources in the republic. In the study the principle of historicism and systems analysis is used. The results of the research confirm and indicate that the growth of the economic potential in industry and the transition to market mechanisms for the development of the economy gave rise to a reduction in reserves of clean water, shallowing of mountain and transboundary rivers, the decrease in fish populations, and the emergence of a real threat of a water ecological crisis in the republic. The obtained theoretical results of the study can be applied when discussing and significantly improving the environmental issues of water resources in the country.

РЕСУРСЫ РЕЧНОГО СТОКА КАЗАХСТАНА В УСЛОВИЯХ БУДУЩИХ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ И АНТРОПОГЕННЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ

The article examines the modern influence of a complex of factors on the river flow resources within the water basins of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as their significance for the future until 2030, taking into account climatic and anthropogenic changes, the modern change in the river flow resources in Kazakhstan. To assess the impact of economic activities on river runoff and changes in climate-related runoff, complex integral methods were used, and appropriate methodologies were developed. Due to the disadvantageous geographical position in the lower reaches of transboundary river basins, the Republic of Kazakhstan is experiencing a number of external and internal threats, which are discussed in the article.

Whose World? Discourses of Protection for Land, Environment, and Natural Resources in Kazakhstan

ABSTRACT In Kazakhstan today, overt dissent is not typically tolerated. However, recent large-scale citizen protests over land use and the environment have resulted in significant concessions by the government. This paper examines the discourses and slogans of protests spaces, which invoke the (inter)national legal frameworks of the United Nations, the legacy of land and bio-species conservation in the former Soviet Union, and a nationalized moral paradigm of respect for ancestral lands, cultural heritage, and sovereignty. Protesters not only call upon government leaders to respect these existing structures of authority, but also position themselves pragmatically as agents of social and political change.

Exploring of Walnut Genetic Resources in Kazakhstan and Evaluation of Promising Selections

Kazakhstan has very rich walnut genetic resources; however there is no ongoing walnut breeding program. Kazakhstan government has several projects in cooperation with Russia, USA, Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Poland for plant breeding purposes. In the present research walnut genetic resources originated from Jabagil, Tulkibas, Sayram, Lenger, and Botanical Garden of International Hodja Ahmet Yesevi Turkish-Kazakh University of Kazakhstan were evaluated during 2015-2018. In the pre-selection stage, 47 genotypes were selected according to their lateral bearing, disease and pest tolerance. In the next step, 10 genotypes with high nut quality and high yield were selected. These genotypes were grafted onto seedling walnut rootstocks in Turkey. All of the grafted genotypes had fruit at the first year. Among 47 genotypes, we recorded nut weight between 6.21-15.18 g, kernel weight 2.36-6.64 g, kernel percentage 33.55-70.96% and average nut length 2.61-4.19 cm and nut diameter between 2.65 to 3.39 cm. The selected genotypes have been found to have very low fruit quality compared to commercial walnut varieties in the world. However, these genotypes have been evaluated as a good genetic resource for lateral bearing which can be used in breeding programs.

Consumption of products of livestock resources in Kazakhstan: Characteristics and influencing factors

The deterioration of the global ecological environment has accelerated the degradation of grassland resources, which directly affects the production of livestock resources and the lives of residents in countries or regions that treat products of livestock resources as the main food source. In Kazakhstan, one of the countries facing a serious grass-livestock conflict, maintaining its residents' demand for products of livestock resources is becoming increasingly important. To explore the characteristics of consumption of products of livestock resources in Kazakhstan and the factors that influence the consumption of these products, this paper considers data on products of livestock resources in Kazakhstan and factors such as the economic development of a region, grassland resources utilization, grassland degradation, livestock husbandry, trade balance volumes of product of livestock resources, and population distribution to obtain the following conclusions and implications. First, the most consumed product of livestock resources in Kazakhstan is milk, followed by meat and eggs; beef, in particular, accounted for the highest proportion of all meat. Second, except milk, which showed a continuous increase in consumption, other products of livestock resources showed an upward trend only after 2000, which represented a turning point. Third, the total consumption of products of livestock resources increased progressively from north to south: it is lowest in the typical grasslands, then higher in the semi-desert grasslands, and is greatest in the desert grasslands. Changes in per capita consumption were consistent with the variations in the regional livestock inventories. Fourth, the conflict between consumption and supply in desert grasslands is becoming increasingly severe. To guarantee the dynamic demand of its residents for consumption of products of livestock resources, the Kazakhstan government can make better use of grassland ecosystem resources by adjusting the structure of livestock husbandry, rotating different grasses, and introducing improved grazing animal species in a bid to maintain grassland ecosystem services and improve local residents’ well-being.

Human Resource Assessment in the EAEU Countries’ Companies

The article conducted a survey of experts in the chemical industry to assess the human resources in the EAEU countries’ companies. The hypothesis of research is due to the complex influence of the factor on human resources development, which ultimately affects the EAEU countries’ innovative development. The results of the study revealed the following negative factors that impede the formation and development of human resources in Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan, the limiting factor to the technological breakthrough in the long term is the quality of human resources. There is a tendency to increase the outflow of promising youth and qualified personnel from Kazakhstan. The development of human resources in Kazakhstan is significantly affected by the lack of interest in the business environment in the additional costs of training and professional development of workers, as well as low wages of employees.

Temporal and Spatial Dynamics Analysis of Grassland Ecosystem Pressure in Kazakhstan

Affected by climate change and policy factors, Kazakhstan is the country with the most severe ecological degradation and grassland conflicts in Central Asia. Therefore, studying the state of grassland carrying resources in Kazakhstan is particularly important for understanding the responses of grassland ecosystems to climate change and human activities. Based on Kazakhstan's remote sensing data and animal husbandry statistics, this study analyzes the patterns of changes in grassland ecosystems in Kazakhstan based on the supply and consumption of these ecosystems. The results show that: 1) From 2003 to 2017, the number of livestock raised in Kazakhstan showed a trend of sustained and steady growth. Due to freezing damage, the scale of livestock farming decreased in 2011, but a spatial difference in the livestock farming structure was not obvious. 2) The fluctuation of grassland supply in Kazakhstan has increased, while the consumption due to animal husbandry has also continued to increase, resulting in an increasing pressure on the grassland carrying capacity. 3) Between 2003 and 2017, the overall grassland carrying status of Kazakhstan have been abundant, but the grassland carrying pressure index has shown a steadily increasing trend, the grassland carrying pressure is growing, and it is mainly determined by grassland productivity. The greater pressure in lower Kyzylorda state, the southern Kazakhstan state of the cultivated land and the northern Kazakhstan state has gradually expanded to include the agro-pastoral zone and the semi-desert zone.

Cost- Effectiveness of Mammography Screening Program in a Resource-Limited Post-Soviet Country of Kazakhstan.

Objectives:To conduct cost effectiveness and benefit-cost analyses of the organized mammography-screening program in the Republic of Kazakhstan comparing women who developed breast cancer in screened and unscreened scenario. Methods:389,352 screened women were included in the study. Among these, 895 women were further diagnosed with breast cancer. Outcomes measures include life years saved, quality-adjusted life years, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and value of statistical life year. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty.Results:Compared to no screening scenario, an organized mammography yielded an additional 1,253 life years and 790 quality-adjusted life years in 2016. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was equal to 3,157 USD per one QALY saved, which is two times less than the GDP per capita in Kazakhstan in 2016. Sensitivity analysis showed that the mammography remains cost-effective in the majority of the scenarios. Conclusion:Mammography screening in Kazakhstan was found to be highly cost-effective, associated with treatment cost savings, and can be an efficient use of limited resources in Kazakhstan.

Impact of future energy policy on water resources in Kazakhstan

As part of its strategic economic and social plan, Kazakhstan has a target of increasing the share of renewables and alternative energy sources in power generation to 50% by 2050. This greatly contrasts with the current situation, where around 90% of electricity is produced from fossil fuels. To achieve the target, the introduction of between 600 and 2000 MW of nuclear power is expected by 2030. This would impact water resources, already under stress due to significant losses, heavy reliance on irrigation for agriculture, unevenly distributed surface water, variations in transboundary inflows, amongst others. This study presents an integrated analysis of the water-energy systems in Kazakhstan, to investigate the water resource availability to support such energy system transition.

Exploitation of Natural Resources in Kazakhstan: Judicial Practice for Foreign Investment

Kazakhstan is one of the few countries worldwide endowed with a wealth of diverse natural resources. However, the country has yet to fully exploit these resources, for a variety of reasons, including high levels of corruption, ambiguous laws that cause confusion to the judiciary and consumers. The aim of this paper is to explore the exploitation of natural resource in the country from an international legal perspective. The article demonstrates how corruption hinders the exploitation of natural resources in Kazakhstan. It also describes how the current law seeks to address the issue of natural resource exploitation, noting its ambiguities. The paper concludes by highlighting the provisions made in the UN Declaration concerning Rights to Exploit Natural Resources, and makes recommendations concerning how Kazakhstan’s government can promote the rights of citizens to enjoy access to the land and natural resources.

ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ ПШЕНИЦЫ НА УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ К ТВЕРДОЙ ГОЛОВНЕ

Common bunt (Tilletia caries (D.C.) Tul. & C. Tul. (syn. Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) G. Winter) and T. laevis J.G. Kuhn (syn. T. foetida (Wallr.) Liro) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat in many wheat-producing countries. Contamination of wheat with common bunt spores leads to significant (up to 40%) yield losses. Most varieties currently cultivated are susceptible to one or more common bunt races. The search for new sources of sustainability is needed. Most sources of bunt resistance have poor agronomic indicators. The challenge is to introduce resistance genes, while simultaneously eliminating bad agronomic traits. The purpose of research was the screening of bread wheat genetic resources of Kazakhstan and world breeding for resistance to common bunt and productivity in conditions of the foothill zone of Zailiysky Alatau (48° N, 77° E and 740 m above sea level). The assessment of resistance to common bunt of a wide range of bread wheat materials of local (79 varieties) and 70 accessions world breeding (СИММИТ - CBUNT-RN 2015-2016) in the foothill zone of the Zailiysky Alatau shows an ambiguous level of resistance depending on the climatic conditions of the year of research. To adapt to the needs of organic farming, CB-resistant breeding lines and registered varieties must be assessment by using spores with a certain virulence.

ЩОДО СТВОРЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО БАНКУ ДАНИХ ГЕОЛОГО-ГЕОФІЗИЧНОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ

The article suggests creation of state database of geological and geophysical information. It deals with the main problem that must be solved during creation and implementation this database. It also defined the main information resources and possible hierarchical structure of state database of geological and geophysical information Key words: Databases, state bank of geological and geophysical data, exploration, processing, interpretation

Spatial assessment of the distribution and potential of bioenergy resources in Kazakhstan

Abstract. Kazakhstan is naturally rich in fossil fuels and its economy is strongly linked to oil and gas exports. Significant coal reserves have led to an energy mix that is dominated by aging and polluting thermal power plants. Yet Kazakhstan comprises mainly grassland steppe where agriculture and livestock pastoralism dominate offering the potential for cleaner, renewable energy production from a range of agricultural and forestry wastes. Here we analyse the spatial distribution and bioenergy generation potential of different feedstocks using an ArcGIS platform and demonstrate a significant opportunity for a range of bioenergy technologies. We recommend a number of policy interventions to enable Kazakhstan to make a transition to cleaner, more accessible and locally generated supply which is also sustainable and provide a waste management solution.