Research Terminology Research Articles

Audiovisual speech perception in children: a scoping review

ABSTRACT This scoping review provides a descriptive synthesis of available evidence on children's audiovisual speech perception. We used eight databases to identify the experimental studies published 2000–2019, and reported the data using the guidelines of PRISMA-ScR designed for scoping reviews. While research conducted prior to 2000 provided a strong foundation in this area, the past two decades have brought technical advances that have allowed for more precise measurement of audiovisual speech perception. Thirty-eight studies were identified: 18 articles that focused on children with typical development, 9 focused on children with autism spectrum disorder, 8 focused on children with speech and language disorders, and 3 focused on children with hearing loss. Most of the studies identified were behavioral studies, while a minority reported on neuroanatomical correlates underlying the audiovisual speech perception. Through this scoping review, key gaps were identified that include few studies in clinical populations, a few studies on languages other than English, and variability in terminology to describe similar or overlapping concepts. Further research is needed to inform the development and mechanisms of audiovisual speech integration in children with different language development paths. In addition, the use of common terminology in future research would improve access to evidence and the communication of this knowledge for researchers and clinicians.

Assortative Matching of Tourists and Destinations: Agents or Algorithms?

We propose that assortative matching, a well-established paradigm in other industry sectors and academic disciplines, can underpin the concept of destination matching. This provides a new foundation to integrate research concepts and terminology in destination marketing and destination choice. We argue that the commercial tourism industry already applies destination matching approaches, with three historical phases. Initially, matching of tourists and destinations relied on the tacit expertise of specialist agents. This still applies in specialist subsectors. For generalist travel and accommodation, human agents were partially replaced by online travel agents, OTAs, which are customised algorithms operating only in the travel sector. These still exist, but their share price trends suggest decreasing significance. Currently, automated assortative algorithms use multiple sources of digital data to push appealing offers to potential purchasers, across all retail sectors. Digital marketing strategies for tourism products, enterprises, and destinations are now just one category of generalised product–purchaser matching, using entirely automated algorithms. Researchers do not have access to proprietary algorithms, but we can identify which components they incorporate by analysing their underlying patents. We propose that theories of destination marketing and choice need to reflect these recent and rapid real-world changes via deliberate analysis of destination matching.

Promoting the Benefits and Clarifying Misconceptions about Preregistration, Preprints, and Open Science for the Cognitive Science of Religion

Adopting newly proposed “open science” reforms to improve transparency and increase rigor is hard and can make us, as researchers, feel vulnerable. Nonetheless, these reforms are vital to improving the overall quality and confidence of our collective research. We have, through our own experiences, found that preregistration and detailed analysis plans can help to identify, and potentially avoid, errors. Prepublication has similarly helped us to collaborate and receive feedback on manuscripts, particularly during prolonged periods of peer-review. The Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) field is constituted by a diversity of scholars and disciplines, and thus faces somewhat unique challenges in its efforts to establish common practices, standards, and research terminology. In this paper we offer an introduction to the open science reforms of preregistration and prepublication specifically orientated towards the CSR field. We discuss common concerns around these practices, highlighting areas of misunderstanding while conceding and discussing genuine limitations. We conclude with voluntary, low-investment recommendations for best-practices with regards to preregistration and preprints for the field of the Cognitive Science of Religion.

Considering racial terminology in public health research.

Considering racial terminology in public health research.

Genus – Species and Whole – Part Relations in Legal Terms

The research featured the way legal terms express the genus – species relationship (hyperonyms vs. hyponyms) and whole – part relationship (holonyms vs. meronyms / partonyms). The article introduces the basic differences in the relations of these types, as well as terminological variants. The author specified the related research terminology, the specific use of hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms in the formation of a legislative definition, and the intra-text semantic correlation of concepts expressed by these relations. The author also defined the means and ways of expressing hyper-hyponymy and holonymy-meronymy: syntactic, grammatical, punctuation, numbering, graphic, speech markers, etc. The paper describes the main functions of legal hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms: structuring the terminological system of law and the textual space of the law, official legal interpretation, the formation of an interpretation strategy, synonymous correlation, etc. It also mentions nominal (subject-conceptual, attributive) and verbal (procedural, effective) semantics. The research was based on the methods of conceptual, contextual, and comparative analysis of Russian legal texts, their classification and generalization. The research was based on Russian laws, as well as the Dictionary of Legislative Terms and Concepts, compiled by the author from federal laws.

INTERPRETATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF TERMINOLOGICAL PRAGMATICS

The article clarifies the essence of the phenomenon of terminological pragmatics. Significant gaps in the study of the phenomenon of pragmatics in professional (academic) discourse are emphasized. The essence and methods of defining pragmatic components in terms are explained. The article proves that linguistic pragmatics is a discipline that studies the patterns of language use as well as speech linguistics. It is emphasized that in terminological research it is necessary some procedures: to identify and analyze the pragmatics of each terms, as well as to clarify the features of identifying the pragmatics of scientific texts (i.e. in academic discourse), which is, for example, understanding the communicative need met by the research author and in determining the dominant function performed by the text. The researcher’s need is often to start a scientific discussion about the study’s content and choose the primary function that the text performs. Although linguistic pragmatics, including terminology, does not have clear definitions, it is formed by a wide range of issues related to the subject and addressee of communication, their interaction, the situation of communication, etc. In this regard, it is emphasized that each author-researcher seeks to convey to the addressee the true information about the concept and thus forms the intention of the term-making act, which is actually pragmatics that should be understood as “the interpreter’s attitude to the term-sign”. In the proposed exploration, the concept of ‘connotation of terms’ is considered as a type of concept to the generic ‘pragmatics of terms’; ‘shade of meaning of the term’ is recognized as a variant concept to ‘connotation of terms’. It is emphasized that the phenomenon of a ‘shade of meaning’ as an element of the semantic structure of one term-concept and the phenomenon of ‘shade of meaning’ as a component and method of determining distance between meanings (synonyms, doublets, variants, etc.) are not distinguished in the work.

О российской политике колониализма: проблематика и методология изучения. Рецензия на книгу: Имперская политика аккультурации и проблема колониализма (на примере кочевых и полукочевых народов Российской империи) / науч. ред. проф. С. В. Любичанковский. Оренбург : Издат. центр ОГАУ, 2019. 480 с.

The peer-reviewed monograph is devoted to a number of topical issues, including the seizure and forced development of foreign territories and material resources, the existence of slavery, racial discrimination and even genocide of the local population. These phenomena in one form or another exist in modern reality. The merit of the author's team under the leadership of professor S. V. Lyubichankovskiy lies in the very formulation of a complex and debatable research problem: the relationship between the concepts of “acculturation” and “colonialism”, the existence of a state mechanism for the implementation of colonial policy and its evolution, the study of the phenomenon of the existence of the Russian Empire itself arouse keen interest of specialists in various branches of scientific knowledge. The authors did significant work to define the research terminology, to develop unified approaches and methods for solving tasks, which, in general, determined the quality of scientific work: the book under review can be evaluated as a major achievement of modern Russian historical science.

Возникновение микролитического производства в Монголии: исследовательская терминология и хроностратиграфическая позиция индустрий в верхнем палеолите восточной и южной части Азии

Territory of Mongolia is situated in the center of Asia, a crossroad of the potential migration routes, that connect different Eurasian macroregions. Here an example of earliest appearance and longterm existence of small blade and microblade production has been found. Beyond that, the industries, that appeared within limited area of the Middle Selenga Basin in the late MIS3 — early MIS2, contained the earliest for Northern and Central Asia geometric and non-geometric microliths. They have been found in the sediments of Kharganyn Gol 5 and Tolbor-4, — 16 and –21. They end up in LGM — post- LGM which cause depopulation in the region and following changes in the human groups, occupying this territory. An understanding of the character, causes and specifics of such early appearance of the microblade and bladelet production, and especially geometric microliths, impose the arrangement and definition of the terminology, associated with microlithic assemblages in Asia. This is due to the fact that in the archaeological definitions of both processes and the desired forms of artifacts associated with the production and use of microliths, there are significant discrepancies that complicate the understanding of the described phenomena. The article provides an overview of the research terminology of microlithization processes, and also determines the position of the microlithic complexes of Mongolia in the Upper Paleolithic system of the eastern part of Asia. Keywords: Mongolia, East Asia, Upper Paleolithic, lithic industries, microlithic technology

CONCERNING PROBLEMS OF THE MODERN TERMINOLOGY SCIENCE

The main problems of modern terminology science are being discussed. It is pointed out that due to various global processes (social, political, informational, economical, intercultural, emigrational, etc.) and the number of quality terminological literature drastically dropped there is no methodical coordination of terminological research. The authors suggest a number of promising directions of typological studies of national, branch and specialised terminologies alongside with comparative interdisciplinary and multilingual analyses of special languages.

COVID 19-RELATED STIGMATIZATION: A HUMAN RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH

The aim: The article attempts to analyze what are legal responses to such Covid-19 related challenge like stigmatization. Materials and methods: Given the specifics of the topic and goals, during the writing of the article were used methods of terminological research of the phenomena “stigma”, “stigmatization”, comparative method, formal-legal method (in the study of international documents). The following materials were used to reveal the topic: scientific papers (articles, book chapters, analytical materials, reports, etc.), international legal acts, court decisions (decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, decisions of the US Supreme Court, decisions of national courts of different countries). Conclusions: More than a year after the spread start of Covid-19, it has become clear that in addition to the extremely catastrophic impact on human health and life, the pandemic, as well as the resulting quarantine restrictions, have profound and sometimes radical social consequences. Stigmatization of based on their infection with Covid-19 (including possible) has become one of these. The current international human rights framework allows for the assessment of such processes according to its standards. Implications of dignity and privacy as the highest social values pave the way to finding legal mechanisms to protect people who are carriers of a disease from being stigmatized. This is demonstrated by the legal justifications developed by the courts – the ECtHR as supranational and national Supreme and federal courts, which have been the subject of analysis within this article.

Terminology in Media Discourse: A Case Study of Terms Denoting Phobia Types in English, Lithuanian and Norwegian News Media Sites

The paper presents the trilingual (English – Lithuanian – Norwegian) analysis of the terms denoting phobia types in mass media discourse. The aim of the paper is threefold: to perform conceptual categorisation of the terms, establish the term formation patterns in the investigated languages, as well as to determine which phobia types were most often discussed in the selected news media sites (“The Guardian”, “DELFI” and “Dagbladet”) over a 10-year period. For the purposes of the research, a trilingual comparable corpus was compiled, from which 268 terms were manually extracted, matched and investigated. The findings of the research provide important information on conceptual, linguistic and social aspects of the phobia terms which may contribute to terminology research in the psychiatry domain.

Principles of digital technologies introduction in the cultural and artistic practice

Purpose of the Article. The study is related to the study of the current state of culture and best practices in using the latest digital technologies in the cultural and artistic process. The author analyzes the specifics of the works created through the use of "artificial intelligence" technology. The methodology is based on an integrated approach and analytical (in the analysis of philosophical, art history, cultural literature on the subject of research), historical (in clarifying the stages of the formation of algorithmic art as a modern art form) and conceptual (in analyzing and characterizing the conceptual and terminological research system) research methods. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the specifics of using digital technologies, in particular artificial intelligence, in the field of art, is considered. The article discusses the role of digital technology in the process of creating works of art. Conclusions. It was revealed that artificial intelligence is a technology that can only produce invariants of already created masterpieces, the recombination of what has already been created by man. Using digital technology, you can create not only static images in the form of paintings printed on a 3D printer but also dynamic video installations. The principles of the functioning of artificial intelligence technology in the process of creating works of art are considered. It was revealed that with the help of artificial neural networks commercial projects related to the recognition of images and sound information are successfully implemented.

Raising students’ awareness of the importance of terminology in translation. A case study

The paper draws on the practical applications of terminological research and it relies on an experiment conducted by the author at 1 Decembrie 1918 University of Alba Iulia. The experiment involved students enrolled in the Translation and Interpreting undergraduate programme and with a view to preparing future translation professionals to carry out terminological research. The participants were assigned the task of compiling corpora and their choices were sundry: legal, business, technical, medical. Based on their findings, they had to elaborate terminological entries i.e., compile glossaries of specialised terms. The experiment combines both terminological and terminographical work, during it students had to extract terminology and to elaborate specialised glossaries. The interdisciplinary character of the experiment lies in the fact that it brings together the methods of terminology and the tools of corpus linguistics.

Statutory Rape: Case Characteristics When Offenders are Younger Than 21 Years of Age Versus Older.

Statutory rape laws are intended to protect adolescents from harm as a result of sexual activity with older individuals. In this pursuit, many, but far from all, states' statutory rape laws differentiate younger and older offenders. In effect, many of these states differentiate offenders who are 21 and older from those who are under 21. It is unknown, however, whether and how the dynamics of statutory rape vary depending on the age of the offender. To explore the contribution of offender age to the dynamics of statutory rape, data were collected from the records of 105 statutory rape cases referred to a child abuse assessment center over a 63-month period. Records included detailed reports on case history and victims' family history, mental health and health-risking behaviors, medical examination results, and forensic interview summaries. Cases of offenders11.Because these cases are under investigation, "offenders" here refers to "suspects." For ease of reading, we use "offenders" to be consistent with prior research terminology. under 21 were compared to the cases of offenders 21 years and older. Compared to cases of younger offenders, cases of offenders 21 years and older more often involved slightly older adolescent victims. Independent of age, victims with offenders 21 and over compared with offenders under 21 were over six times as likely to have a prior history of a high, versus low, number of psychosocial problems and were seven times more likely to experience multiple forms of coercion versus no coercion by the offender. Findings suggest that statutory rape prevention, policy and response strategies should consider the critical ways that case characteristics and victims differ according to this key offender attribute.

HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS DEPENDENCE ON VIRTUAL SOCIAL NETWORKS: DEFINITION AND INDICATORS

This article underlines the problem of high school students' dependence on virtual social networks as a result of cybersocialization process uncontrolled impact, the lack of a holistic real self-image and the dominance of the virtual component in their lives. The author aims to formulate the key concept of the research «dependence of high school students on virtual social networks», as well as justification and identification of key indicators that allow to recognize the dependence in a person aged 15-18, studying at high school. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: analysis and systematization of foreign and domestic sources; analysis of the terms «network», «social network»; clarification and systematization of the following definitions «Internet addiction», «dependence on virtual social networks» and identification of specific social characteristics inherent in high school students prone to a state dependent on virtual social networks. The results of the research are to determine the methodological basis of the concepts of «dependence» and «addiction», including a clear distinction between approaches (prevention and correction) to overcome the relevant conditions. Separately, to conduct the systematic analysis of the terms «network» at the philosophical and «social network» at the intersectoral methodological levels, created a scientific basis for substantive aspects revealing «virtual social networks» and specifying this definition in order to further develop the research terminology. Concretization of the definitions «Internet addiction», «dependence on virtual social networks» and the identification of specific social characteristics inherent in high school students prone to virtual social network status allowed to make an attempt to justify the concept «high school students' dependence on social networks» and to identify the key criteria of 15-18-year-olds social development (cognitive, emotional-volitional, motivational-valuable, behavioral) and the corresponding to them indicators («I-real», «I-virtual»), which allow to recognize the dependent state of high school students. Further scientific research on this problem is considered appropriate in the direction of developing a socio-pedagogical program for the prevention of high school students' dependence on virtual social networks.

TAXONOMY PROBLEMS OF VERBAL INFLUENCE TACTICS AND STRATEGIES

Human communication has been a relevant area of social research for last 50 years. It attracts the attention of psychologists, sociologists, culturologists, and, of course, linguists. The theory of verbal influence, which arose at the intersection of argumentation, rhetoric, and pragmatics, is now at the stage of forming its own terminological research vocabulary, as is evidenced by the lack of an elaborate system of tactics and strategies. The article highlights leading approaches to this problem within the framework of various scientific disciplines. It is worth mentioning that special contribution to the development of persuasion theory was made by marketers, by specialists in behavioral economics, by social psychologists and psychotherapists, that is, scholars and practitioners who did not study linguistic problems properly. The proposed conclusions make it possible to use theoretical achievements of related humanitarian disciplines to enrich the linguistic theory of persuasion.

ЛЕКСИЧНІ ТРУДНОЩІ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ЮРИДИЧНОЇ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ

The article deals with the main concepts of legal translation; the peculiarities of the translation of legal terminology; the definition of the “term”, “legal term”; the characteristics of the legal term, and features of legal translation; the difficulties of translating legal terminology. The database and dictionaries of legal terms of the German-Ukrainian direction of translation are involved in the translation analysis. The content of this article confirms that terminology in scientific research appears as an object of translation studies. In the fields of lawmaking, judiciary, jurisprudence and education use a legal term. Legal term is a word or phrase that expresses the concept of the legal sphere of public life and has a definition in the legal literature (laws, legal dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias, scientific papers etc.). Particular attention is paid to the classification of legal terms and the difficulties that often hinder translators. The translation of a legal text causes many difficulties related to the uniqueness of the legal language, linguistic and cultural inequality between the original language and the language of translation, the difference in the legislative systems, and linguistic traditions. Difficulties due to the legal nature of the term and inconsistencies in the legal systems of different countries play a special role. We have suggested ways to overcome language difficulties through lexical-semantic transformations and techniques. These are techniques such as transcoded borrowing, calquing, analog replacement, descriptive and explanatory translation, modulation, concretization, generalization, addition, omission. These methods help to preserve the meaning of terminological units with a possible replacement of their structure. In our opinion the most expedient solutions to translation language problems are descriptive translation, addition, calquing. These methods preserve the semantic meaning of the original term and reproduce it as clearly as possible in the target language. The article indicates the need to continue further development in a certain direction on the material of German-language legal discourse and the search for new ways to overcome difficulties in the translation of German-language legal terminology.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ СЕТЬ КАК СРЕДСТВО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СЛОЯ ЛЕКСИКИ МОНОГРАФИИ ДЖ. ДЬЮИ «THE CHILD AND THE CURRICULUM»

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ СЕТЬ КАК СРЕДСТВО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СЛОЯ ЛЕКСИКИ МОНОГРАФИИ ДЖ. ДЬЮИ «THE CHILD AND THE CURRICULUM»

Colorative Challenges in English Economic Terminology

The paper focuses on multicompound English economic terms with colorative components that constitute a large lexis group, creating constant challenges for translators of economic literature. The introductory part briefly outlines the cognitive aspects of terminology research and discusses advantages of descriptive approach toward economic terminology. Then, it is demonstrated that terminology displays emotive and expressive content by means of connotations as well as such tools as colour-related metaphors. The general trend within this terminological group is the diversity of metaphorical associations that influenced term-formation and the diversity of translating keys that can give the right semantic insight to the translator. Finally, colorative term compounds in economic terminology are regarded as a challenge posed in the context of translation.

Development of alternative dependability terminology

Aim. This paper contains a brief historical overview of the evolution of the technology dependability theory. The evolution of the concept of dependability reflects the unsolved problem of presentation of the scope and content of concepts in the dependability theory of technical objects. It is proposed to logically elaborate and deduce the terms based on the pseudophysical propositional logic. The paper presents an approach to solving the problem of introduction of the concept of an object’s intended use and deduction of alternative basic definitions of dependability. The aim of the paper is to examine the feasibility of applying the modern technology dependability theory to subsequent theoretical developments and practical application of the concept of reliability of organizations, social groups and individuals. Methods. The problem of the terminology and years-long search for the definitions of dependability consists in the deficiency of the academic development of the subject matter in philological, philosophical and logical terms. Certainly, such research is to be conducted by experts in the appropriate fields of knowledge. Let us make our own contribution as regards the subject matter of this paper. The author suggests a structural approach to terminological research. Essentially, it consists in the following. If identifying the signs of the concept content is complicated, structuring the concept scope may be an option. The structuring is done using universal observation bases: time, space, groups and their combinations: time-space, time-group, spacegroup. For that purpose, a special terminology is required. The category of “intended use” as an object’s property is introduced. The concept of intended use is large in scope, is more abstract than the concept of dependability. Let us note that quality standards were developed under the assumption that the intended use is the compliance of an object’s characteristic with the requirements. Russian standards prioritized the dependability concept, where the regulatory descriptions, definitions, such as “the ability to perform the required (specified) functions, (an object’s) ability to function”, “to function as and when required”, “functional dependability”, “parametric dependability”, “requirements specified in the documentation” are simply generalized by the category of intended use Such descriptions are none other than an indication of the property of an object’s intended use. For instance, an object’s ability to move in space is a property of the intended use, not dependability. Thus, all the terminological searches in terms of dependability standardization demonstrate an unjustified reduction of the concept of intended use to the concept of dependability. The introduction of the category of intended use solves the problems of terminology in the dependability theory. The author suggests the following definition of intended use. Intended use is the property of an object defined by the natural origin or designed application. Dependability is a set of states as the measure of concordance with the intended use of an object. Conclusion. The evolution of the concept of technology dependability reflects the unsolved terminological problem in the dependability theory of technical objects. The problem of terminology largely consists in the ambiguous use and confusion of ontological terms. Deduction of such terms based on pseudophysical logic and introduction of the category of object’s intended use is the main result of this paper in terms of the introduction of an alternative noncontroversial structure and content of dependability-related terms. The suggested approach is recommended to be used for revision of the existing standards.