Research Interviews Research Articles

Dialogues with AI: Comparing ChatGPT, Bard, and Human Participants’ Responses in In-Depth Interviews on Adolescent Health Care

This study explores the feasibility of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and Bard as virtual participants in health-related research interviews. The goal is to assess whether these models can function as a “collective knowledge platform” by processing extensive datasets. Framed as a “proof of concept”, the research involved 20 interviews with both ChatGPT and Bard, portraying personas based on parents of adolescents. The interviews focused on physician–patient–parent confidentiality issues across fictional cases covering alcohol intoxication, STDs, ultrasound without parental knowledge, and mental health. Conducted in Dutch, the interviews underwent independent coding and comparison with human responses. The analysis identified four primary themes—privacy, trust, responsibility, and etiology—from both AI models and human-based interviews. While the main concepts aligned, nuanced differences in emphasis and interpretation were observed. Bard exhibited less interpersonal variation compared to ChatGPT and human respondents. Notably, AI personas prioritized privacy and age more than human parents. Recognizing disparities between AI and human interviews, researchers must adapt methodologies and refine AI models for improved accuracy and consistency. This research initiates discussions on the evolving role of generative AI in research, opening avenues for further exploration.

Learning to govern: A typology of ministerial learning styles

AbstractA quirk of the Westminster system is that Ministers invariably have to “learn on the job”. Yet “learning” has been surprisingly understudied in work on executive government in Britain especially. In this paper, we offer a systematic account of Ministerial learning based on a comprehensive analysis of the Ministers Reflect archive—the largest dataset of research interviews with former Westminster ministers ever assembled. We identify six distinct learning styles—incremental, risk‐averse, managerial, creative, instrumental and instinctive—and assess the implications for how Ministers adjust to the challenges of high political office. We conclude by showing what an appreciation for this variety of Ministerial learning styles can offer the study and practice of executive government in Britain and beyond.

Assessing the Quality of Employee Service from the Competency Sector and Organizational Culture

This study aims to determine the effect of competence and organizational culture partially and simultaneously on the quality of service at the West Bandung Regency Education Office. This type of research is quantitative research with data collection techniques through library research, field research (observations, interviews, and questionnaires). The population in this study were all consumers (service recipients) at the West Bandung Regency Education Office, totaling 50 people. Determining the number of samples in this study using saturated sampling technique. 50 consumers (service recipients) were sampled as respondents at the West Bandung Regency Education Office. Methods of data analysis using multiple linear regression analysis with t-test and F-test. The results of the study concluded that there is an influence of competence on service quality, there is an influence of organizational culture on service quality and there is an influence of competence and organizational culture together on service quality in the Office West Bandung Regency Education.

A phase III multisite randomised controlled trial to compare the efficacy of cannabidiol to placebo in the treatment of cannabis use disorder: the CBD-CUD study protocol

BackgroundCannabis use disorder (CUD) is increasingly common and contributes to a range of health and social problems. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid recognised for its anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects with no habit-forming qualities. Results from a Phase IIa randomised clinical trial suggest that treatment with CBD for four weeks reduced non-prescribed cannabis use in people with CUD. This study examines the efficacy, safety and quality of life of longer-term CBD treatment for patients with moderate-to-severe CUD.Methods/DesignA phase III multi-site, randomised, double-blinded, placebo controlled parallel design of a 12-week course of CBD to placebo, with follow-up at 24 weeks after enrolment.Two hundred and fifty adults with moderate-to-severe CUD (target 20% Aboriginal), with no significant medical, psychiatric or other substance use disorders from seven drug and alcohol clinics across NSW and VIC, Australia will be enrolled.Participants will be administered a daily dose of either 4 mL (100 mg/mL) of CBD or a placebo dispensed every 3-weeks. All participants will receive four-sessions of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) based counselling. Primary endpoints are self-reported cannabis use days and analysis of cannabis metabolites in urine. Secondary endpoints include severity of CUD, withdrawal severity, cravings, quantity of use, motivation to stop and abstinence, medication safety, quality of life, physical/mental health, cognitive functioning, and patient treatment satisfaction. Qualitative research interviews will be conducted with Aboriginal participants to explore their perspectives on treatment.DiscussionCurrent psychosocial and behavioural treatments for CUD indicate that over 80% of patients relapse within 1–6 months of treatment. Pharmacological treatments are highly effective with other substance use disorders but there are no approved pharmacological treatments for CUD. CBD is a promising candidate for CUD treatment due to its potential efficacy for this indication and excellent safety profile. The anxiolytic, antipsychotic and neuroprotective effects of CBD may have added benefits by reducing many of the mental health and cognitive impairments reported in people with regular cannabis use.Trial registrationAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: ACTRN12623000526673 (Registered 19 May 2023).

Application of the Discovery Learning Model to Improve Students' Science Process Skills on Virus Material

Based on the results of a researcher interview with one of the biology teachers at SMAN 3 Gorontalo, science process skills have been applied before, but in their implementation they do not get maximum results so that science process skills in students do not develop. The purpose of the study was to improve the science process skills of students who used the Discovery Learning model on virus material. This type of research is descriptive quantitative with Pre-Experimental Design research methods and One group pretest and posttest designs. The subjects in this study were 31 students of grade X-4 SMA Negeri 3 Gorontalo. The indicators of science process skills observed in this study consist of aspects of observing, interpreting, applying concepts, grouping, and communicating. The results obtained the average pretest score was 45.21%, and the average posttest score was 77.75%. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the science process skills of grade X students of SMA Negeri 3 Gorontalo can be improved through the application of the Discovery Learning model

Combined and sequential exposure to prenatal second hand smoke and postnatal maternal distress is associated with cingulo-opercular global efficiency and attention problems in school-age children

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to secondhand (environmental) tobacco smoke (SHS) is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, including altered functional activation of cognitive control brain circuitry and increased attention problems in children. Exposure to SHS is more common among Black youth who are also disproportionately exposed to socioeconomic disadvantage and concomitant maternal distress. We examine the combined effects of exposure to prenatal SHS and postnatal maternal distress on the global efficiency (GE) of the brain's cingulo-opercular (CO) and fronto-parietal control (FP) networks in childhood, as well as associated attention problems. MethodsThirty-two children of non-smoking mothers followed in a prospective longitudinal birth cohort at the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) completed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ages 7–9 years old. GE scores were extracted from general connectivity data collected while children completed the Simon Spatial Incompatibility functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task. Prenatal SHS was measured using maternal urinary cotinine from the third trimester; postnatal maternal distress was assessed at child age 5 using the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI-D). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) measured Attention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) problems at ages 7–9. Linear regressions examined the interaction between prenatal SHS and postnatal maternal distress on the GE of the CO or FP networks, as well as associations between exposure-related network alterations and attention problems. All models controlled for age, sex, maternal education at prenatal visit, race/ethnicity, global brain correlation, and mean head motion. ResultsThe prenatal SHS by postnatal maternal distress interaction term associated with the GE of the CO network (β = 0.673, Bu = 0.042, t(22) = 2.427, p = .024, D = 1.42, 95% CI [0.006, 0.079], but not the FP network (β = 0.138, Bu = 0.006, t(22) = 0.434, p = .668, 95% CI [−0.022, 0.033]). Higher GE of the CO network was associated with more attention problems (β = 0.472, Bu = 43.076, t(23) = 2.780, p = .011, D = 1.74, n = 31, 95% CI [11.024, 75.128], n = 31) and ADHD risk (β = 0.436, Bu = 21.961, t(29) = 2.567, p = .018, D = 1.81, 95% CI [4.219, 39.703], n = 30). ConclusionsThese preliminary findings suggest that sequential prenatal SHS exposure and postnatal maternal distress could alter the efficiency of the CO network and increase risk for downstream attention problems and ADHD. These findings are consistent with prior studies showing that prenatal SHS exposure is associated with altered function of brain regions that support cognitive control and with ADHD problems. Our model also identifies postnatal maternal distress as a significant moderator of this association. These data highlight the combined neurotoxic effects of exposure to prenatal SHS and postnatal maternal distress. Critically, such exposures are disproportionately distributed among youth from minoritized groups, pointing to potential pathways to known mental health disparities.

“Why not the thoub and the abaya?”An interactional sociolinguistic approach to the interplay between nationality, gender, and professional identity in the Qatari academic workplace

Although identity is recognized as an important topic in Arabic sociolinguistics, little attention has been paid to how major structural changes impact different forms of identity, especially in professional and workplace contexts. In this article we tackle this gap to investigate how Qatari junior academics give meaning to their professional identities as they negotiate the roles they claim to fulfil vis-à-vis their students in a particularly complex workplace context characterized by processes of internationalization and nationalization. More specifically, we work from a social constructionist perspective and adopt the “narrative as social practice” approach ( De Fina & Georgakopoulou 2008 ) to carry out micro-oriented linguistic analyses of research interviews with female Qatari junior academics. Our findings indicate that the interviewees often present themselves in their stories as “role-models,” not only as and vis-à-vis women but also, and even more importantly, as and vis-à-vis Qataris. This invocation of the intersectionality of their identities reflects the complexity of this changing academic workplace. Finally, this article points at the importance of investigating identities of people who are directly affected by organizational change, as it uncovers the in situ effects on the micro-level of processes on the macro-level.

“You Can’t Go to the Dance Because You Don’t Have a Male Role Model in Your Life”: Heteronormativity, Stigmatization, and Daddy-Daughter Dances

ABSTRACT Gender-specific community and school events such as father-daughter dances are being challenged across the United States for stigmatizing diverse families. Taking the cue from communities that have problematized gender-specific events, the authors investigated the function and impact of these events and how excluded families perceived and responded to their stigmatization. The authors conducted archival media research and semi-structured interviews with parents and stakeholders. The archival research finds that gender-specific events produced formal and informal exclusion through a stigmatizing ideology of heteronormativity and gender stereotyping. The interview research finds the exclusion of children and families produced experiences of emotional distress, devaluation, and missed social opportunities. Parents challenged gender-specific events to disrupt heteronormative stigmatization for themselves and their communities and because they believed public institutions should practice inclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study on gender-specific community and school events in the United States. By bringing together stigma process and stigma management theories, the findings reveal the multifaceted harm gender-specific events can cause and suggest a need for policy changes to create more equitable school and community practices. This study reveals how communities can improve equity, as well children and families’ well-being, by adapting gender-specific events to be inclusive.

금융 메타버스 플랫폼의 혁신저항과 수용의도에 관한 연구

Recently, as the metaverse market has grown rapidly, there has been a movement to strategically link metaverse in various fields such as distribution, manufacturing, and finance. The financial sector is actively using the metaverse platform and is conducting executive meetings, opening virtual branches, training new employees, and providing financial education services on the financial metaverse platform. The number of financial companies providing services linked to the metaverse is increasing due to expectations that the financial metaverse platform can improve information delivery of financial products and customer convenience. In particular, because financial consumers can use financial services without visiting a store through metaverse, financial companies are also accelerating the construction of their own metaverse platforms. In this way, the financial metaverse platform goes beyond the limitations of smartphones and is fundamentally changing the work methods, customer needs, and services of the financial industry based on the technical characteristics of online and offline connectivity.
 The purpose of this study is as follows. From the perspective of financial consumers, literature research and metaverse-related expert interview survey methodology were used to derive the benefits gained by accepting the metaverse platform and the sacrifice factors such as investment losses and security risks that occur to acquire value. As a result of the study, the utility factors gained by accepting the financial metaverse platform include perceived relative advantage, perceived suitability, and perceived usability. Cost factors included perceived privacy risk and perceived complexity. In addition, perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, and remote presence were presented as benefit factors of the financial metaverse platform service, and technical complexity, perceived cost, and perceived security risk were presented as sacrifice factors.

Face value: Recruitment lessons for research interviews

Advances in online data collection spurred on by a pandemic springboard have been well recognised, but less attention has been given to corresponding approaches in recruitment. This article addresses this gap by examining whether recruitment challenges can be overcome by utilising personalised recordings to recruit interviewees. Developed to engage elite interviewees in challenging circumstances, this innovation opens up methodological considerations of recruitment. Drawing on researchers’ and participants’ reflexive accounts, the advantages and limitations are considered of employing online recruitment videos which centre on the researcher to initiate connection. The contribution of this analysis is to foreground multiple goals of recruitment and expose the complexity of establishing recruitment efficacy. Moreover, it identifies three challenges of recruitment methods concerned with alienation, exclusion, and researcher well-being. Notwithstanding such shortcomings, this article argues videos offer an alternative recruitment method appropriate for the digital age that could be utilised for both online and in-person interviews.

Influence of Early Tang Dynasty Calligraphy Education to Current Pedagogy

Calligraphy has been listed as a first-level discipline by the Ministry of Education, but calligraphy education is particularly important. The calligraphy education in the early Tang Dynasty was very comprehensive and had a significant impact on current education. This study aims to summarize the calligraphy education model in the early Tang Dynasty, sort out the theory and practice of calligraphy education in the early Tang Dynasty, analyze the teaching strategies of teachers in calligraphy education in the early Tang Dynasty, as well as the learning ability of students, summarize the best practices of calligraphy education in the early Tang Dynasty, and evaluate their impact on current calligraphy teaching methods. This article adopts the qualitative research interview method and thematic analysis method, with 6 professors participating in the interview. Important research findings have found that the best educational practices during the early Tang Dynasty have a significant impact and reference value on current teaching methods.

‘We’re an Organization that Does Stuff’: The International Organization for Migration, Logistics and Expert Authority in Migration Governance

ABSTRACT This article advances accounts of expertise as a source of power in migration governance by examining how the International Organization for Migration (IOM) has cultivated authority as a logistical expert. Analyses of expert authority in global governance have traditionally focused on the production and control of information, particularly research and data. In contrast, this study demonstrates that logistical expertise was pivotal to the organisation’s early successes and long-term survival, and shows how logistical prowess and values associated with the logistical frame – such as efficiency and flexibility – have underpinned IOM’s expansion in significant ways. Drawing on extensive archival research and in-depth interviews, the article traces how IOM’s logistical operations have diversified over time, from interventions explicitly intended to facilitate the movement of (selected) migrants to a contemporary focus on a much wider range of activities such as humanitarian aid, returns, and data collection, that apply logistical techniques to manage or control mobility. The contribution is two-fold. First, the article advances understanding of IOM as an increasingly influential player in global migration governance by offering a concertedly historicised perspective focused on its logistical activities and identity. Second, by bringing scholarship on expertise and critical logistics into conversation, this work illuminates how logistics functions as a form of expertise, and demonstrates the power, risks and limitations of logistics as a source of expert authority in migration governance.

Managing Organisational Change: The Role of Polyphony and Emotional Reflexivity

Despite the profound impact of polyphonic practices in helping leaders and organisational members to achieve a successful organisational change effort, many organisations are still unable to engage in excellent change communication activities. As such, the organisations will face difficulties in achieving their short and long-term goals, create more misunderstandings among employees, and diminish both employees and customers’ trusts. Previous research studies have also progressively highlighted cultural factors has been one of the influential factors that affect the communication behaviours of organisational members and leaders during change. Since research that focuses on middle managers’ polyphony practices especially those in a collectivistic society has been minimal, this research was conducted to examine how polyphonism is practiced by the studied organisation during organisational change. Using middle managers’ conversations on emotional reflexivity during change, this research was conducted to obtain a rich understanding on the studied phenomenon. Communicative Constitution of Organisations the Montreal School (CCO TMS) theory was used to guide the present research and semi-structured in-depth interviews with thirty middle managers of a Malaysian (aerospace component manufacturing) organisation were carried out. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. The data revealed polyphony are strongly enforced by the respondents and their leaders through five steps of practice: mutual recognition, mutual trust, dialogic sessions, mutual understanding, and mutual agreement. The respondents also acted as polyphonous leaders: leader and decision maker of subordinates’ interactions, and leader for ideas’ diversity. The themes also reflected the emotional reflexivity practiced by the respondents which are self-consciousness, empathy, self-control, motivation and social skills. This research helped to contribute new traits to the unique face of Malaysians’ identities. It also shows the importance in attending to middle managers’ conversations on change since middle managers’ acceptance towards change are being influenced from their emotional reflexivity and organisation’s polyphony practice.

Action and understanding in the semi-structured research interview: Using CA to analyse European research scientists’ attitudes to linguistic (dis)advantage

The semi-structured research interview is commonly used in EAP research to gain emic or insider perspectives. However, critics suggest that simplistic approaches to interview are pervasive, and that interview data is over-used and under-analysed by qualitative researchers. In this study, I consider the interactional nature of the EAP research interview by using the Conversation Analysis (CA) lens of action and understanding to enhance a more traditional qualitative analysis of interview data from semi-structured interviews with six European research scientists. I examine how the scientists position attitudes to the proposition that non-native English speakers are disadvantaged in writing for publication compared to their native speaker counterparts. The analysis focuses on how the scientists use pronominal subject + cognitive verb discourse markers (e.g., you know, I mean, I guess) to mark stance, shift focus, and renegotiate the linguistic (dis)advantage proposition. In doing so, they move beyond the native/non-native binary and introduce non-discursive factors as barriers to research publication success. The study highlights how an analysis of both the structure and the content of interview talk can enrich understanding of the worldviews of interview participants. It also illustrates how EAP researchers might address existing methodological critiques concerning the simplistic use of interview data.

Self‐awareness, empathy, and inclusion: A powerful trio

Leading with empathy is a hallmark of many leadership strategies. As members of the 2021–2022 cohort of the Senior Leadership Academy (SLA) run by the Council of Independent Colleges (CIC) and the American Academic Leadership Institute (AALI), we set out to understand what leading with empathy should look like. Simultaneously, as part of our introversion and leadership group project, we conducted both secondary research and primary research interviews with introverted leaders on our group members’ campuses. Our examination happened during a time in which colleges and universities were just beginning to sort out what postpandemic higher education would look like. Events such as the murder of George Floyd were also putting a spotlight in higher education on diversity, equity, and inclusion. This context only served to highlight for us the need to center empathy in leadership conversations and reinforced lessons we were learning from our personal experiences, from our institutions, from our SLA colleagues, and from each other. Here we present some of the lessons we have learned about understanding ourselves as leaders and how that understanding can inform the way we respond to those we lead with empathy.

Exploration of the Art of Rodat Dance: How Social Education and Character Education Collaborate with Cultural Students?

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this research is to determine the form of revitalization carried out by the Sumber community in maintaining and developing local culture in Sumber Village, as well as to determine the form of social capital as a form of encouragement for the community to revitalize local culture.
 Methodology: The research used in this research is qualitative with phenomenological methods. The populationthis research is all the Sumber Village community who are involved efforts to revitalize Rodat Dance. Data collection used this research interview sheets and documentation. Data analysis using content analysis, interviews and observation notes. Data collection carried out through in-depth interviews with community, dance artists, village government representatives.
 Main Findings: The results of the research are the revitalization process carried out by the Sumber community in reviving Rodat culture by forming new Rodat members, carrying out activities and discovering new characteristics of Rodat dance, introducing culture the younger generation, holding cultural festivals as first step revitalization. Efforts carry out local cultural revitalization activities in Sumber Village are seen based three basic elements of social capital, namely trust in preserving cultural heritage, building social networks to carry out cultural festival activities.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The novelty of applying local wisdom in social education creates promising new paradigm in understanding and overcoming social problems. By integrating local wisdom into the social education curriculum, this approach emphasizes relevance and depth students' understanding of the social reality around them. This is not just about providing information about social issues, but also exploring and utilizing existing local knowledge.

Strategies to mitigate moral distress as reported by eldercare professionals

ABSTRACT Eldercare workers experience higher levels of moral distress than other health and social care service workers. Moral distress is a psychological response to a morally challenging event. Very little is known about moral distress in the context of eldercare and about the mechanisms of preventing or mitigating moral distress. This qualitative study was conducted as part of the “Ensuring the availability of staff and the attractiveness of the sector in eldercareservices” project in Finland in 2021. The data were from 39 semi-structured interviews. This qualitative interview data were examined using two-stage content analysis. The key finding of this study, as reported by eldercare professionals, is that strategies to mitigate moral distress can be found at all organizational levels : organizational, workplace and individual. The tools that emerged from the interviews fell into four main categories: 1) organizational support and education 2) peer support 3) improving self-care and competence and 4) defending patients. The main identified categories confirmed the earlier findings but the qualitative, rich research interview data provided new insights into a little-studied topic: mitigating moral distress in eldercare. The main conclusion is that, in order to mitigate moral distress, ethical competence needs to be strengthened at all organizational levels.

Self‐awareness, empathy, and inclusion: a powerful trio

Leading with empathy is a hallmark of many leadership strategies. As members of the 2021–2022 cohort of the Senior Leadership Academy (SLA) run by the Council of Independent Colleges (CIC) and the American Academic Leadership Institute (AALI), we set out to understand what leading with empathy should look like. Simultaneously, as part of our introversion and leadership group project, we conducted both secondary research and primary research interviews with introverted leaders on our group members’ campuses. Our examination happened during a time in which colleges and universities were just beginning to sort out what postpandemic higher education would look like. Events such as the murder of George Floyd were also shining a spotlight in higher education on diversity, equity, and inclusion. This context only served to highlight for us the need to center empathy in leadership conversations and reinforced lessons we were learning from our personal experiences, from our institutions, from our SLA colleagues, and from each other. Here we present some of the lessons we have learned about understanding ourselves as leaders and how that understanding can inform the way we respond to those we lead with empathy.

Decoding tourist experiences in the digital age: An introductory guide to conducting interviews in smart tourism research

<p>This paper introduces a comprehensive interview guide aimed at enhancing smart tourism research. It discusses the integration of digital technology in tourism, highlighting the importance of understanding tourists’ experiences in this evolving landscape. By focusing on qualitative research through interviews, the study delves into tourists’ perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors toward technology in tourism. It underscores the necessity of a flexible and thorough interview guide for capturing the complexities of digital transformation in the tourism industry, providing valuable insights for improving smart tourism experiences. This research contributes to the academic discourse on smart tourism, offering a systematic approach to exploring technology’s impact on tourism and suggesting future research directions to enrich the field further.</p>

Reconstruction of Caesarean Section Service Rates for National Health Insurance Patients

RSIA Permata Bunda as a JKN provider is paid according to the INA-CBG rate by BPJS Kesehatan, the amount of which does not match the costs incurred by the hospital so that there is a negative difference between the hospital section caesarea (SC) rate and the INA-CBG rate which reached 2 billion in 2021. The aim of this study was to reconstruct the SC service rate for JKN patients so that efficiency occurs. This study was an explanatory sequential mixed method design, preceded by quantitative research with unit cost calculation using the activity based costing (ABC) method and the average fee for service rate for hospital SC services and then qualitative research for interviews with informants. The unit cost calculated using the ABC method is lower than hospital package rates, fee for service rates but higher than INA-CBG rates for SC severity level I services in treatment classes I, II and III which causes losses for the hospital. Efficiency efforts that can be carried out by hospitals are through tariff reconstruction by adjusting LOS (length of stay), optimizing drug use and supporting examinations according to clinical pathways and changing the calculation of medical services from fee for service to a package system.