Russian Research Research Articles

Алгоритмизация управленческих процессов медицинской организации для создания цифровой модели функционального прототипа регионального проекта в отрасли здравоохранения.

Currently, the issues of algorithmization of various systems, objects, phenomena and processes for their subsequent digitalization are relevant. The essence of this approach is associated with the active development of information technology. The purpose of the study is to identify processes (algorithms) for preparing and creating a digital model of a project prototype, starting with an examination of the object (managerial processes of the project activity of a medical organization) in all functional states under the influence of external factors and the existing communication environment of the system. Materials and methods. The theoretical basis of the review was the scientific works of Russian and foreign researchers devoted to the study of the processes of algorithmization, prototyping and mathematical modeling. More than 30 literature sources were analyzed. The research methods were: system analysis, comparison, systemic and integrated approaches, as well as the method of problem modeling and abstraction. Results. The project-oriented orientation of the healthcare industry dictates the need to develop a practical system methodology and a holistic approach to the creation of digital prototypes of medical organization projects, which will rationalize the constant search for new management models to optimize project processes. The authors made the assumption that in order to visualize design processes by selecting optimal variants of prototype models, it is possible to create a digital prototype by algorithmizing management processes. To visualize the process algorithms (mechanisms) of the prototype(s) of project management processes, researchers proposed using a matrix that allows one to correlate the formalized processes of the project model with the processes of system functioning through the stages of the project life cycle. Conclusions. The transfer of management activities into a digital format implies clear formalization and codification using pre-formed prototypes of standard management processes for further digitization and development of digital (native) prototypes. In the next article, the authors plan to analyze in detail the matrix output data obtained from the formalization of project management processes in order to obtain information that complements the results of full-scale tests of a real system, and to obtain forecasts for the evolution of the project system over time.

Technology for production of bakery products using hop yeast

The modern bakery industry is one of the steadily developing food industries. It is characterized by a significant development of the assortment, the complexity and variety of the initial properties of raw materials and materials, the introduction of new directed technologies for the preparation of bakery products, the application of a new assessment of their quality and safety. The quality of food and the balance of the human diet as a whole are crucial for the state of health and quality of life. The scientific foundations of baking technology have also been significantly expanded by new fundamental research by domestic and foreign authors. Bread is one of the most important food products. It has many features, Nature has placed in wheat and rye grain a complex of vital nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, mineral compounds, etc., which retain their biological activity for a long time. The article provides an overview of the scientific works of Russian and foreign researchers on the promising worldwide direction of expanding the range of fortified products, namely fortified bread products using non-traditional raw materials in the production, including hops. The results of the study may be interesting and useful to researchers and manufacturers in the development of new recipes and technologies for bread products using non-traditional raw materials.

EcoClimate and ESG Disputes: Practice, Risks, Prospects

The ecoclimate or «green» agenda, largely constituted through the concept of «sustainable development» and the system of ESG standards, has captured the world and is changing society, generating new social patterns, and ceasing business and management models. This encourages rethinking the legal superstructure, adapting new regulatory arrays to the current legal taxonomy, which is not always possible, taking into account the positivist approach to law and a significant amount of «soft» law rules and sources of non-state regulation within the framework of «green» regulation. The ecoclimate agenda has a number of dimensions in the context of law and jurisprudence, one of which is the practice of ecoclimate and ESG disputes, often of a cross-border nature. Very little attention is paid to this issue in the Russian research space, while the volume of relevant lawsuits in the world is growing rapidly. The object of the study within the framework of this work covers the risk-oriented nature of the above-mentioned issues, the licensing risks of mainly cross-border contracts, the assessment of companies’ activities in the field of sustainable development in the context of possible judicial or arbitration proceedings. The paper provides a classification of ecoclimate and ESG disputes, gives examples of judicial and arbitration practice, and makes some conclusions regarding mitigation of litigation risks generated by the companies’ activities.

Научная рецензия на академическое издание: Актуальные проблемы грамматики и лексики славянских языков: сб. научных статей / отв. ред. О. А. Остапчук. М.: МАКС Пресс, 2024. 260 с.

The articles in this collection are based on presentations by Russian and foreign researchers at an international scientific conference dedicated to the memory of Professor Emeritus of Lomonosov Moscow State University and Doctor Honoris Causa of Charles University in Prague, the founder of the Russian school of Czech studies and long-time head of the Department of Slavic Philology A. G. Shirokova. The articles in the collection correspond to A. G. Shirokova’s multifaceted scientific interests: Czech and Slavic studies in synchronic and diachronic aspects, as well as comparative studies both within individual Slavic languages and in the case of comparing a particular Slavic language with a non-Slavic one.

Determinants of the morbidity of the rural population in Russia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a regional aspect

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as statistical materials from the digest “Rural Healthcare in Russia in 2021”, provided by the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Research Institute of Health” of the Russian Ministry of Health were the main sources of information for this study. Analytical procedures included Pearson correlation analysis, factor analysis (principal component method), hierarchical cluster analysis, multiple linear regression with backward elimination method for selecting variables. RESULTS: Six typological groups of regions of the Russian Federation were identified based on the variations in the morbidity rates of the rural population across certain classes of diseases including infectious and parasitic diseases, neoplasms, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the respiratory system, digestive system, and external causes. It has been established that there was a differentiation in the regions of Russia in terms of factors influencing the morbidity rate of the rural population by the main classes of diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Healthcare system, medical and social factors had the greatest impact on the overall morbidity in the regions of the fourth and fifth classification groups, on the detection of some infectious and parasitic diseases in the regions of the second, fifth and sixth groups, and respiratory and digestive diseases in the third classification group. The housing quality in the regions of almost all groups was one of the most significant social factors. Economic conditions had a significant impact on the incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases in the regions of the third and sixth groups, as well as on the level of injuries and some consequences of external causes in the regions of the first and third groups. Environmental factors were significant determinants of morbidity in the regions of the fifth group. At the same time, regression analysis showed associations between selected factors for all classification groups of regions for some infectious and parasitic diseases. The smallest number of models has been defined for the incidence of neoplasms and circulatory organs. CONCLUSION: Contribution of socioeconomic, demographic, environmental and natural factors to rural public health should guide the development of policies aimed at development of rural healthcare taking into account regional characteristics.

Female Entrepreneurship in the Focus of Russian and Foreign Empirical Research

Female Entrepreneurship in the Focus of Russian and Foreign Empirical Research

Science Studies as an educational discipline: experience of reconstruction

Introduction. The paper presents a reconsideration of the foundations of the discipline of Science Studies, taking into account post-non-classical ideas about science. This approach positions Science Studies not only as a scientific field but also as an educational discipline aimed at novice researchers. Aim. The present research aimed to assess the current state of science as a scientific and educational discipline in the Russian and Euro-American scientific traditions. It also aimed to present the project of teaching the discipline of Science Studies as a rigorous science, encompassing both its fundamental and applied aspects, and utilising quantitative and qualitative research methods. Methodology and research methods. The synthesis of universal evolutionism approaches (including deterministic chaos concepts) and the methods of quantitative and qualitative content analysis were employed. Results. A quantitative analysis of the state of science in Russia was conducted. The analysis revealed an increase in the interest of Russian researchers in scientific issues. However, it also highlighted a lack of clear understanding of its disciplinary parameters. Scientific novelty and practical significance. It is proved that Science Studies can be a significant incentive for the growth of scientific knowledge in Russia. The work has led to an understanding of the role of epistemological (cognitive) and social mechanisms in the development of science.

Пьеса «Бесприданница» и образ Ларисы в русском литературоведении

“Without a Dowry” by A.N. Ostrovsky is a new genre of psychological drama in Russian dramaturgy of the 19th-century. In Russia, the study of this play and the image of its heroine has a long history, with Russian researchers offering various interpretations. This article mainly explores the perceptions of the play “Without a Dowry” and the understanding of Larisa's image by Russian literary scholars. The analysis reveals contradictory interpretations of the heroine's image: some view her as a romantic, poetic figure with features of the Heavenly Maiden archetype, akin to the image of Katerina, a prisoner of the "dark kingdom". In contrast, others see her as a will less, weak, naive, inactive, and exalted heroine. Identifying the peculiarities of Larisa's reception in Russian literary studies is a necessary step for studying the reception of Ostrovsky's play in China and expanding these perceptions. This is because there is a tradition in Chinese literary studies to view Larisa's image as a variation of Katerina's image from “The Storm.” Moreover, in the context of China's historical and cultural situation in the 1940s, “Without a Dowry” is often understood as a social play.

Моделирование структуры лаборатории эргодизайнерских систем искусственного интеллекта на основе анализа отечественных и зарубежных исследований

The article analyzes the theoretical aspects of the importance of creating and developing ergonomic scientific laboratories based on domestic universities and research institutes. The paper considers modern technologies for modelling scientific structures in the organizations (institutions) subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and describes the main models of initiating and operating scientific laboratories created at Russian universities and research organizations. To demonstrate the relevance of building a laboratory in the field of ergonomics, the authors conduct an analysis of the availability of laboratories in this profile at the world’s leading universities.

Effectiveness of demographic policy measures in addressing population decline in contemporary Russia

Demographic policy is one of the key tasks of almost any state at the present time. It correlates with the solution of pressing problems in the economic and social spheres, directly depends on the state of healthcare, education, migration policy and other factors and directly affects the socio-economic development of both individual regions and the country as a whole. Many Russian and foreign researchers believe that demographic indicators very accurately reflect the socio-economic and political situation of the state. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that for the progressive socio-economic development of any country, positive demographic dynamics are necessary. The main sign of the negative demographic situation that has developed in modern Russia and a number of countries, primarily European, is the growing scale of depopulation (population extinction). The purpose of this work was to analyze the existing demographic policy of Russia and compare demographic trends in Russia and other countries. The work uses methods of statistical data analysis, comparison of statistical indicators of fertility, mortality, natural population decline, migration, marriage rates in Russia and the Republic of Srpska, methods of retrospective analysis, research of the institutional environment created by the action of state and national programs “Demography”, “Providing accessible and comfortable housing and public services for citizens of the Russian Federation”, “Strategy of socio-economic development for the period until 2024”, Presidential decrees, etc. Research has shown that despite measures taken to overcome the demographic crisis, Russia’s population continues to decline. According to the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat), as of 1 January 2023, 146.45 million people lived in Russia. By 1 January 2046, according to a Rosstat forecast published in October 2023 the country’s population will decrease to 138.77 million people. To solve demographic problems in the Russian Federation, a national project “Demography” was developed and approved. The government has allocated more than 3 trillion rubles for its implementation. However, it is not possible to completely overcome the negative trend. The authors proposed a number of economic and ideological measures within the framework of agglomeration, migration, and family support policies that can be used within the framework of socio-economic development strategies and national programs aimed at overcoming the demographic crisis.

Анализ заболеваемости глаукомой населения регионов Черноземья за 2014–2021 годы.

The aim of the study is to analyze the dynamics of glaucoma prevalence and incidence in population of Black Earth regions in 2014–2021. Materials and methods. The dynamics of glaucoma incidence and prevalence was studied by data of medical aid appealability of population of Black Earth regions. Analysis covered the period from 2014 to 2021. The study of morbidity rates was based on data from statistical digests of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and Russian Research Institute of Health. Results. The research findings showed the increase in glaucoma prevalence in 2014–2021 in population of Black Earth regions in general (by 0,5%) and in the Voronezh Region (by 21,7%), the Kursk Region (by 24,9%) and the Tambov Region (by 7,1%). Two Black Earth regions showed the decrease in glaucoma prevalence – the Belgorod Region (by 7,0%) and the Lipetsk Region (by 3,7%). Glaucoma incidence rate during analyzed period is characterized by downward trend in Russia as a whole (by 22,4%), as well as in all the Black Earth regions: the Lipetsk Region by 63,4%, the Tambov Region by 32,6%, the Belgorod Region by 23,4%, the Kursk Region by 20,1%, the Voronezh Region by 1,8%. Conclusions. The increase in glaucoma prevalence and incidence in the population of Russia, the Voronezh Region, the Kursk Region, the Tambov Region indicates the accumulation of a patient population with previously diagnosed glaucoma due to increased expectation of life and decreased detection of new glaucoma cases. The decrease in glaucoma prevalence and incidence in the Belgorod Region and the Lipetsk Region indicates the decreased access of medical services for patients with ophthalmic disease in public medical establishments of these regions.

Разговоры на письме: эпистолярный архив Н.А. Бердяева

The essay examines the book published in 2023 “Nikolai Berdyaev: An Epistolary Conversation. Archival Materials”, containing bilateral correspondence between N.A. Berdyaev and S.L. Frank, as well as letters to Berdyaev from N.O. Lossky and Yu.M. Panebrattsev. This book covers the chronological period from 1922 to 1948, during which Berdyaev was living in exile. The main focus of the book is the correspondence between Berdyaev and Frank, which covers a wide range of topics, including the fate of Russian philosophical research abroad, educational and publishing institutions in Germany and France, as well as the daily challenges faced by Berdyaev during the 1920s and 1940s. A significant portion of the correspondence also discusses the ideas behind Berdyaev’s philosophical works, the process of preparing and publishing them, and the history of “Way” journal (1925–1940). Lossky’s letters (unfortunately, Berdyaev’s reply letters have not yet been found) are more formal and distant, but they also reflect the long-term collaboration between the philosophers, their attention to each other’s work, and their perception of the intellectual life in Soviet Russia as continuing in many ways, both in relation to the past and in connection with emigration. Of particular interest are the letters written by Yu.M. Panebrattsev (1900–1937) from Soviet Russia to Paris between 1930 and 1931, expressing the intense philosophical quest of a relatively young man seeking advice and guidance from Berdyaev. Panebrattsev’s letters provide an interesting insight into how, at the very beginning of the 1930s, he synthesized the trends of Russian idealistic philosophy from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, while also appealing to the great philosophical traditions of Europe, consciously avoiding the influence of official philosophy. The reviewed publication makes a valuable contribution not only to the study of Berdyaev’s life and works, but also to the history of the Russian emigration of the first wave

Psychological analysis of promising research on the resource-prognostic determination of personal and professional development of a teacher

Introduction. In the modern global geopolitical situation of Russia, in order to ensure independence, self-sufficiency and competitiveness, advanced development rates, breakthrough technologies and human resources are needed as the main potential of the state. In solving this strategic task, the central place belongs to education aimed at preparing young people for the challenges of the time, thanks to teachers who have not only knowledge and experience, but, most importantly, the potential (reserves, resources, meta-resources) for an adequate assessment and analysis of the situation, constructive resolution of emerging problems and intrapersonal contradictions and forecasting the future in accordance with their own values, meanings and moral principles. In this regard, researchers are faced with the question of the need for a psychological analysis of individual (different) areas of study of resourcing, characterized by insufficient integration of these areas. Conceptual synthesis is necessary for meaningful filling of the concept of psychological resources, obtaining new knowledge and new technological solutions. The purpose of the study is to conduct a psychological analysis, synthesis and conceptualization of the most promising research results aimed at determining the conditions and means of resource-predictive determination of personal and professional development of a teacher. Materials and methods. The methodological toolkit contains an analysis of Russian and foreign research on the resource approach in various fields of psychology, the study and systematization of psychological potentials of personal and professional development of a teacher. Results. Based on the analysis of scientific papers the concept of resource-predictive determination of personal and professional development of teachers was developed. The conceptual provisions make it possible to present the meta-resource determination of the personal and professional development of teachers as a system of interrelated structural and functional components: reflective design, constructive coping, emotional and value involvement. Conclusion. The psychological analysis of research, the development of the concept have become the evidence base for the assertion that meta-resources are a predictor of personal and professional development of a teacher and contribute to improving the effectiveness of his activities.

Regional peculiarities of training teachers for education systems of multicultural regions: Substantiation of the forecasting model

Introduction. The authors investigate the problem of how initial teacher education is developing in the context of dynamic ethnocultural processes. The purpose of this study is to identify regional peculiarities of preparing prospective teachers for working in education systems of multicultural regions in order to substantiate a forecasting model of the framework program. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the ideas of system-based and integration-based approaches. The authors use the following methods: content analysis, method of precedents and modeling. Results. The authors presented the following results: studies conducted by Russian and international researchers on the problems of preparing teachers to work in education systems of multicultural regions are reviewed; regional specifics of educational systems of multicultural regions (Voronezh, Samara and Omsk regions) are revealed and the best regional practices of training teachers to solve professional tasks in the conditions of dynamic ethnocultural processes are described; the forecasting model of the framework program for teacher training in the education system of multicultural regions is presented. Conclusions. The study concludes about the forecasting model of the framework program for training teachers who would be able to solve professional tasks in the education system of regions with dynamic ethnocultural processes.

To justification of concrete strength criterion at biaxial compression

Introduction. Numerous experimental data from Russian and foreign researchers indicate that the classical plasticity hypotheses do not take into account the different resistance to uniaxial tension and compression, the influence of the spherical tensor. At the same time, experiments show that the ultimate resistance depends on the type of stress state, and hydrostatic pressure increases the strength and plasticity of solids. Aim. To establish the dependence of the influence of the second component of stresses during biaxial compression of concrete on the parameters of the complete diagrams of deformation of the material σbR and εbR it is necessary to describe these diagrams, and to construct a closed curve on the plane of the main stresses (concrete strength criterion). Materials and methods. Based on the experimental materials of foreign and domestic researchers, including the experiments of the authors of the article, methods of mechanics of deformed solids, limit curves and a closed curve on the plane of the main stresses in the form of a chain line forming the smallest area strength surface in the form of a catenoid are proposed. Results. The article provides an analysis of the known strength criteria from the point of view of their geometric interpretation in the stress space. It is shown that these studies relate mainly to metals and metal structures, and for the design of reinforced concrete and steel-concrete structures in a complex stress state, it is necessary to develop an appropriate criterion for the strength of concrete. Conclusions. As a result, the proposed limit curves and the surface (material strength criterion) on the plane of main stresses in the form of a catenoid accurately reflect the behavior of concrete under conditions of uniform and uneven flat stress state, and the equation of the surface in the form of a catenoid is a generalization of the equations of limit curves for each of the three types of flat stress state. At the same time, there is no overestimation of strength in the "compression – compression" area in this case.

Преимущества и риски использования ChatGPT в системе высшего образования: теоретический обзор

The author of this review publication has set himself the task of generalizing the ideas of Russian and foreign educational researchers regarding the advantages and disadvantages of using neural networks, namely, the large language model ChatGPT, in the higher education system. 130 of the latest printed and electronic sources in Russian and English on pedagogy and humanitarian disciplines, which date back to 2023 and the first half of 2024, served as the material for the analysis. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the most effective methods for assessing the didactic potential and determining the problems of introducing artificial intelligence technologies in education as exemplified by the use of ChatGPT, including the SWOT analysis method, considered as an effective analytical tool for assessing the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats of using ChatGPT for educational purposes. As a result, the universal trends and features of the implementation of ChatGPT as an innovative pedagogical technology are revealed. The problems of ChatGPT application in the higher education system are analyzed from the point of view of compliance with ethical standards, prevention of academic dishonesty, formation of cognitive abilities and research competencies of students, deepening of individualization of the educational process, development of critical and creative thinking, increase in the level of information literacy and improvement of universal competencies and professional skills of students. The prospects and risks of ChatGPT application in higher education are described.

QUALITY OF LIFE: ESSENCE AND MEASUREMENTS

Quality of life remains an important measure of socio-­economic development and the effectiveness of public policy in this area. At the same time, there is still no clear answer to the question of measuring quality of life. Both academic science and the professional expert community that develop various quality of life ratings offer significantly different interpretations. And this, of course, harms the effective use of quality of life as a goal and result of state activities. The purpose of the article is to propose and test for systematization of existing approaches in assessing the quality of life the matrix of “four qualities of life” by R. Veenhoven, which has not previously been considered in Russian economic science. The article analyzes approaches to defining and measuring the quality of life, considers and analyzes R. Veenhoven’s approach itself, and also demonstrates the possibilities of its application to the systematization of quality of life measures proposed by Russian researchers. The results presented in the article will be useful for bringing together existing approaches to assessing quality of life and developing a consensus understanding of the essence and measures of quality of life, for subsequent application in public administration practice.

CIVILIZATION WARS OF RUSSIA IN XX AND XXI CENTURIES: CAUSES AND EFFECTS FOR ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The article considers historic foundations of the world civilization dynamics, reveals crucial phases of this dynamics in the form of civilization wars when one civilization is intent on destroying the other. The article characterizes modern conditions of the world society as one being in global crisis. One of the crisis’ causes is contradictions of different civilization systems. The article pays special attention to such notions as “civilization”, “civilization war”, “civilization development”. The specifies different aspects of civilization wars imposed on our country in XX and XXI centuries. The article pays special attention to the question of measurement system aimed to strengthen national sovereignty in economics and technologies, which is necessary in the conditions of war and isolation of Russia from economic and finance markets of the western world. Therefore, the article specifically analyzes the provisions of the Technological Development Concept up to 2030. The article suggests options for answering civilization calls that, on the one hand, considers interactions with Asia, Latin America and Africa, on the other hand — ​strengthening economic and technological sovereignty of Russia. This approach addresses to political, economic and ideologic aspects. The article specially examines the ideas and views of contemporary Russian researchers and analysts in terms of diverse ways and forms of international relations’ normalization, the world community “self-organization” being in the opposition to the hegemonic policy of the collective West headed by the USA.

Desmin degradation in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic critical illness

Critical illness myopathy (CIM) is a primary myopathy that develops in critically ill patients. Histologic features of CIM include a general decrease in muscle fiber cross-sectional area and a predominant loss of the motor protein myosin. These features are observed in the absence of inflammatory infiltrates but with detectable cytokine activation. The purpose of this study was to examine the state of the extracellular matrix of the human soleus muscle under conditions of CIM caused by chronic impairment of consciousness. Incisional muscle biopsies were taken from the soleus muscle of 6 patients who were in a chronic critical condition and were treated in the Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation at the A.L. Polenov Russian Research Institute - branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Center. The study included patients with a chronic impairment of consciousness lasting at least 2 months. Muscle biopsies taken from healthy men were used as controls. The biopsies were obtained using needle biopsy under local anesthesia. Using histological staining of tissue sections, it was determined that patients with CIM exhibited a significant increase in collagen area, surpassing the control value by 82%. An increased mRNA content of collagens I, III, and VIa was also observed, along with an increase in the protein content of collagen I and III. At the same time, we did not observe any changes in the content of fibronectin and extracellular tissue growth factor mRNA. However, we did observe an increase in the mRNA of the integrin A7 subunit. The results obtained indicate significant skeletal muscle fibrosis under CIM conditions. Further studies on the signaling pathways that regulate this process are needed.

RESEARCHES OF RUSSIAN MILITARY ORIENTALISTS ABOUT THE POPULATION OF AFGHANISTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

In this article it is explained that the Russian military orientalists recorded in their reports valuable information about the geographical location of Afghanistan, its political and administrative management system, as well as detailed information about the various peoples and tribes living in the country, the population of the regions, and their topographical location in their reports. The information of the Russian researchers about the ethnic composition of the Afghan population and their characteristics will later serve as a source for many studies. Most importantly, these data were collected and analyzed by Russian orientalists directly, without any tools, during their trips to the country.