5G Requirements Research Articles

Policy-Based Security Management System for 5G Heterogeneous Networks

Advances in mobile phone technology and the growth of associated networks have been phenomenal over the last decade. Therefore, they have been the focus of much academic research, driven by commercial and end-user demands for increasingly faster technology. The most recent generation of mobile network technology is the fifth generation (5G). 5G networks are expected to launch across the world by 2020 and to work with existing 3G and 4G technologies to provide extreme speed despite being limited to wireless technologies. An alternative network, Y-Communication (Y-Comm), proposes to integrate the current wired and wireless networks, attempting to achieve the main service requirements of 5G by converging the existing networks and providing an improved service anywhere at any time. Quality of service (QoS), vertical handover, and security are some of the technical concerns resulting from this heterogeneity. In addition, it is believed that the Y-Comm convergence will have a greater influence on security than was the case with the previous long-term evolution (LTE) 4G networks and with future 5G networks. The purpose of this research is to satisfy the security recommendations for 5G mobile networks. This research provides a policy-based security management system, ensuring that end-user devices cannot be used as weapons or tools of attack, for example, IP spoofing and man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. The results are promising, with a low disconnection rate of less than 4% and 7%. This shows the system to be robust and reliable.

A survey on authentication and access control for mobile networks: from 4G to 5G

The next generation of mobile networks, 5G, is expected to support a set of multiple requirements and use cases that will create an improved user experience. 5G will also be able to provide a high level of security by considering a variety of security aspects, such as authentication and access control mechanisms. The current protocol in 4G designed to address security is 4G AKA. It presents some weaknesses and vulnerabilities that negatively affect operators’ networks and their subscribers’ security. In designing an authentication and access control mechanism for 5G, it is crucial to evaluate both 4G AKA’s weaknesses and the new requirements of 5G. In this paper, we survey the vulnerabilities of the 4G AKA protocol, as well as the current 5G architectural answers brought by the 3GPP.

Guest Editorial

The latest generation of mobile networks, the 5G, is expected to unlock many new services and to provide a platform for growth in many industries. The key requirements for 5G are to provide ubiquitous connections to billions of devices and to enable multi-Gb/s wireless data transmission aiming to achieve 1000 times greater capacity compared with the existing systems. To bring 5G to reality, there are countless challenges lying ahead, ranging from spectral regulation to system architecture through to network management. Many of the most difficult scientific challenges are located at the “physical layer,” due to some fundamental limitations imposed by the nature of the electromagnetic energy used. As a result, significant research is required to enable advanced signal processing, energy-efficient RF and microwave circuits and systems, and smart hardware implementations to achieve a working system, in particular within the transceiver front end.

Addendum to “Channel-reuse bidirectional transmission at 10 Gb/s/[formula omitted] in long-reach DWDM-PON employing self wavelength managed tunable laser” [Opt. Commun. 343 (2015) 107–114

Providing a low-cost, reliable and end-to-end quality of service (QoS) guaranteed connectivity is going to be a major challenge in optical transport due to the immense growth in number of connected devices and traffic volume triggered by fifth-generation mobile networks (5G) and cloud networks. First, we discuss the architectures of the 5G transport network and the data center network, to capture the full value of connectivity. The paper offers an overview of the network requirements and how the integrated photonic platforms, along with the advanced modulation formats, play a key role to support the unprecedented requirements of 5G and massive cloud deployment. Second, we provide an overview of the recent work on the development of high-speed silicon photonic (SiPh) modulators to generate and transport PAM-4 signals. Third, recent advancements of the photodetectors, optical hybrids, and integrated coherent receivers on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform are also described. The results suggest that, in the first access and aggregation segments of the network, integrated silicon-based modulators aided by PAM-4 modulation formats can support the stringent requirements of new generation transport networks in terms of speed, footprint and power consumption.

A short survey on next generation 5G wireless networks

Current 4G - the fourth-generation wireless communication, which exists in most countries, represents an advance of the previous 3 generation wireless communication. However, there are some challenges and limitations, associated with an explosion of wireless devices, which cannot be accommodated by 4G. Increasing the proliferation of smart devices, the development of new multimedia applications, and the growing demand for high data rates are among the main problems of the existing 4G system. As a solution, the wireless system designers have started research on the fifth-generation wireless systems. 5G will be the paradigm shift that could provide with ultra-high data rate, low latency, an increase of the base station capacity, and the improved quality of services. This paper is a review of the changes through the evolution of existing cellular networks toward 5G. It represented a comprehensive study associated with 5G, requirements for 5G, its advantages, and challenges. We will explain the architecture changes – radio access network (RAN), air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud RAN, and HetNet. Furthermore, it discussed physical layer technologies, which include new channel modes estimation, new antenna design, and MIMO technologies. Also, it discussed MAC layer protocols. The article included three kinds of technologies: heterogeneous networks, massive multiple-input and output, and millimeter-wave. Finally, it explained the applications, supported by 5G, new features, various possibilities, and predictions.

Silicon-based optical links using novel direct detection, coherent detection and dual polarization methods for new generation transport architectures

Providing a low-cost, reliable and end-to-end quality of service (QoS) guaranteed connectivity is going to be a major challenge in optical transport due to the immense growth in number of connected devices and traffic volume triggered by fifth-generation mobile networks (5G) and cloud networks. First, we discuss the architectures of the 5G transport network and the data center network, to capture the full value of connectivity. The paper offers an overview of the network requirements and how the integrated photonic platforms, along with the advanced modulation formats, play a key role to support the unprecedented requirements of 5G and massive cloud deployment. Second, we provide an overview of the recent work on the development of high-speed silicon photonic (SiPh) modulators to generate and transport PAM-4 signals. Third, recent advancements of the photodetectors, optical hybrids, and integrated coherent receivers on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform are also described. The results suggest that, in the first access and aggregation segments of the network, integrated silicon-based modulators aided by PAM-4 modulation formats can support the stringent requirements of new generation transport networks in terms of speed, footprint and power consumption.

A survey on 5G massive MIMO localization

Massive antenna arrays can be used to meet the requirements of 5G, by exploiting different spatial signatures of users. This same property can also be harnessed to determine the locations of those users. In order to perform massive MIMO localization, refined channel estimation routines and localization methods have been developed. This paper provides a brief overview of this emerging field.

Customization and Trade-offs in 5G RAN Slicing

The heterogeneity of the requirements for 5G necessitate a versatile 5G radio access network (RAN); slicing offers a way of realizing a flexible RAN through customized virtual subnetworks. In this article, we focus on how enabling lower-layer flexibility in the RAN affects the development of RAN slicing, particularly in relation to ensuring isolation between RAN slices. We first examine how RAN slices may be individually tailored for different services. We follow this up with an examination of the potential time-frequency resource structure of the RAN, focusing on the trade-off between flexibility and the overhead related to ensuring coexistence between contrasting RAN slices. Based on this analysis, we suggest an approach that permits the allocation of resources to a service-type to be performed separately to resource allocation for individual services belonging to that type.

Stability and Delay of NDMA-MPR Protocol in Rice-Correlated Channels with Co-Channel Interference

This paper investigates backlog retransmission strategies for a class of random access protocols with retransmission diversity (i.e., network diversity multiple access or NDMA) combined with multiple-antenna-based multi-packet reception (MPR). This paper proposes NDMA-MPR as a candidate for 5G contention-based and ultra-low latency multiple access. This proposal is based on the following known features of NDMA-MPR: (1) near collision-free performance, (2) very low latency values, and (3) reduced feedback complexity (binary feedback). These features match the machine-type traffic, real-time, and dense object connectivity requirements in 5G. This work is an extension of previous works using a multiple antenna receiver with correlated Rice channels and co-channel interference modelled as a Rayleigh fading variable. Two backlog retransmission strategies are implemented: persistent and randomized. Boundaries and extended analysis of the system are here obtained for different network and channel conditions. Average delay is evaluated using the M/G/1 queue model with statistically independent vacations. The results suggest that NDMA-MPR can achieve very low values of latency that can guarantee real- or near-real-time performance for multiple access in 5G, even in scenarios with high correlation and moderate co-channel interference.

Performance Analysis of the Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) Waveform for 5G System

In the 5th generation mobile communication (5G) system, it is required to provide three different types of services, including enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC).To meet all those demand in 5G, the waveform is crucial. Although the CP-OFDM waveform has been wildly used in 4G, it is hardly to satisfy the requirements of 5G.A lot of candidate waveforms are discussed for 5G system, including UFMC, FBMC, F-OFDM etc. In this paper, the UFMC waveform is discussed, the different filters and different frequency width of the subband in UFMC system are studied and appropriate parameters for the system are recommended.

MIMO Antenna System for Multi-Band Millimeter-Wave 5G and Wideband 4G Mobile Communications

A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system is proposed for fifth generation (5G) and fourth generation (4G) mobile communication. The design meets all of the requirements of both 5G and 4G antennas using only a single structure. Since 5G will work at millimeter-wave (mm-Wave), the proposed design serves triple bands at mm-Wave (28, 37 and 39 GHz) for 5G in addition to 2 GHz band (1.8–2.6) for 4G. Each MIMO element consists of a slot-based antenna, fed by two microstrip feeders for the 5G and 4G bands. The design works as a tapered slot antenna at mm-Wave offering end-fire radiation for 5G and works as an open-ended slot antenna for a 2 GHz band offering omni-direction radiation for 4G. The slot antenna type used in the proposed design produces wide bandwidths for the 5G and 4G. The overall volume of each MIMO antenna element is $0.21\times 0.10 \times 0.003\,\,\lambda ^{3}$ , where $\lambda $ is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency. As a proof of concept, a prototype is developed and tested. The measured results show a wide impedance bandwidth of $|S_{11}| −10 dB covering the band 27.5–40 GHz for 5G, and impedance bandwidth of $|S_{11}| −6 dB covering the band 1.8–2.6 GHz for 4G.

A Survey on 5G Millimeter Wave Communications for UAV-Assisted Wireless Networks

In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have received considerable attention from regulators, industry and research community, due to rapid growth in a broad range of applications. Particularly, UAVs are being used to provide a promising solution to reliable and cost-effective wireless communications from the sky. The deployment of UAVs has been regarded as an alternative complement of existing cellular systems, to achieve higher transmission efficiency with enhanced coverage and capacity. However, heavily utilized microwave spectrum bands below 6 GHz utilized by legacy wireless systems are insufficient to attain remarkable data rate enhancement for numerous emerging applications. To resolve the spectrum crunch crisis and satisfy the requirements of 5G and beyond mobile communications, one potential solution is to use the abundance of unoccupied bandwidth available at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies. Inspired by the technique potentials, mmWave communications have also paved the way into the widespread use of UAVs to assist wireless networks for future 5G and beyond wireless applications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on current achievements in the integration of 5G mmWave communications into UAV-assisted wireless networks. More precisely, a taxonomy to classify the existing research issues is presented, by considering seven cutting-edge solutions. Subsequently, we provide a brief overview of 5G mmWave communications for UAV-assisted wireless networks from two aspects, i.e., key technical advantages and challenges as well as potential applications. Based on the proposed taxonomy, we further discuss in detail the state-of-the-art issues, solutions, and open challenges for this newly emerging area. Lastly, we complete this survey by pointing out open issues and shedding new light on future directions for further research on this area.

The Design and Applications of High-Performance Ray-Tracing Simulation Platform for 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: A Tutorial

The application scenarios and requirements are more diverse in the fifth-generation (5G) era than before. In order to successfully support the system design and deployment, accurate channel modeling is important. Ray-tracing (RT) based deterministic modeling approach is accurate with detailed angular information and is a suitable candidate for predicting time-varying channel and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel for various frequency bands. However, the computational complexity and the utility of RT are the main concerns of users. Aiming at 5G and beyond wireless communications, this paper presents a comprehensive tutorial on the design of RT and the applications. The role of RT and the state-of-the-art RT techniques are reviewed. The features of academic and commercial RT based simulators are summarized and compared. The requirements, challenges, and developing trends of RT to enable the visions are discussed. The practices of the design of high-performance RT simulation platform for 5G and beyond communications are introduced, with the publicly available high-performance cloud-based RT simulation platform as the main reference. The hardware structure, networking, workflow, data flow and fundamental functions of a flexible high-performance RT platform are discussed. The applications of high-performance RT are presented based on two 5G scenarios, i.e., a 3.5 GHz Beijing vehicle-to-infrastructure scenario and a 28 GHz Manhattan outdoor scenario. The questions on how to calibrate and validate RT based on measurements, how to apply RT for mobile communications in moving scenarios, and how to evaluate MIMO beamforming technologies are answered. This tutorial will be especially useful for researchers who work on RT algorithms development and channel modeling to meet the evaluation requirements of 5G and beyond technologies.

KPI/KQI-Driven Coordinated Multipoint in 5G: Measurements, Field Trials, and Technical Solutions

The fifth generation (5G) systems are expected to be able to support massive number of wireless devices and intense demands for high data rates while maintaining low latency. Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) is advocated by recent advances and is envisioned to continue its adoption in 5G to meet these requirements by alleviating inter-cell interference and improving spectral efficiency. The higher requirements in 5G have raised the stakes on developing a new CoMP architecture. To understand the merits and limitations of CoMP in 5G, this article systematically investigates evaluation criteria including key performance indicators (KPIs) and key quality indicators (KQIs) in 5G, conducts empirical measurements and field tests, and then proposes a KPI/KQI-driven CoMP architecture that fulfills KPI requirements and provides KQI guarantee for each user.

PAPR Analysis of Fifth Generation Multiple Access Waveforms for Advanced Wireless Communication

This paper describes the aspects of multiple access for emerging (5G) Wireless Communication Systems. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is best suited for fourth generation (4G) but it suffers from the problem of high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) & Side band leakage. Single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) has worked like an alternative to OFDMA only in the uplink process and PAPR was reduced. OFDM based 4G network is not capable of supporting diverse applications and these applications can be implemented by 5G. High traffic requirements of 5G can be evaluated by using multiple access schemes, namely filter-bank multi-carrier (FBMC), universal-filtered multi-carrier (UFMC), generalized frequency-division multiplexing (GFDM). Comparison of PAPR reduction is done based on Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF), for various multiple access 5G waveforms.

Synchronization Requirements for 5G: An Overview of Standards and Specifications for Cellular Networks

This article studies the importance, requirements, and trends of synchronization for radio communications. Fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication is expected to be a forthcoming revolution in the wireless world, achieving communications with a high peak rate, high spectral efficiency, multiple device connectivity, low end-to-end latency, and high reliability. From a historical perspective, we review the synchronization required for first-generation (1G) to fourth-generation (4G) mobile communications to achieve performance metrics and provide various new services. New synchronization specifications and standards may depend on specific new applications and are, therefore, more service oriented. This article surveys the progress and trends of synchronization requirements in standardizations and specifications.

All Technologies Work Together for Good: A Glance at Future Mobile Networks

The astounding capacity requirements of 5G have motivated researchers to investigate the feasibility of many potential technologies, such as massive multiple-input multiple-output, millimeter- wave, full-duplex, non-orthogonal multiple access, carrier aggregation, cognitive radio, and network ultra-densification. The benefits and challenges of these technologies have been thoroughly studied either individually or in combinations of two or three. It is not clear, however, whether all potential technologies operating together lead to fulfilling the requirements posed by 5G. This article explores the potential benefits and challenges when all technologies coexist in an ultra-dense cellular environment. The sum rate of the network is investigated with respect to the increase in the number of small cells, and results show the capacity gains achieved by the coexistence.

The Physical Layer Technologies in 5G Mobile Communication System

The continuously increasing demand of wireless communication impels the fast development of the next generation wireless communication technology. The fifth generation wireless mobile communication network (5G) has been proposed and is becoming a hot topic in academic and industrial field. Now, many countries or many corporations have completed the first step of 5G development which according to ITU requirements for future 5G. The 5G era is a highspeed network era of the interconnection of all things; it can load the many terminals access and high data transfer rate. However, the 5G communication technology which is scheduled to be commercialized around 2020 is still in its earlier stage. In order to solve the shortage of current radio waves resources and improve the capacity of system, two key technologies of physical layer (millimeter-wave and massive MIMO) were introduced and remarked. The best characteristics of millimeter wave technique are extremely-short wavelength and extremely-broad bandwidth. Its merits are narrow wave beam, good directivity and high antenna gain, the weakness is propagation on range of visibility. When these merits and weakness are applied to the 5G, it can solve many needs of 5G networks.

Fronthaul Network Modeling and Dimensioning Meeting Ultra-Low Latency Requirements for 5G

Enabling the transport of fronthaul traffic in next-generation cellular networks [fifth-generation (5G)] following the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architecture requires a redesign of the fronthaul network featuring high capacity and ultra-low latency. With the aim of leveraging statistical multiplexing gains, infrastructure reuse, and, ultimately, cost reduction, the research community is focusing on Ethernet-based packet-switch networks. To this end, we propose using the high queuing delay percen-tiles of the G/G/1 queuing model as the key metric in front-haul network dimensioning. Simulations reveal that Kingman's exponential law of congestion provides accurate estimates on such delays for the particular case of aggregating a number of evolved Common Public Radio Interface fronthaul flows, namely functional splits and II D . We conclude that conventional 10 G, 40 G, and 100 G transponders can cope with multiple legacy 10–20 MHz radio channels with worst-case delay guarantees. Conversely, scaling to 40 and 100 MHz channels will require the introduction of 200G, 400G, and even 1T high-speed transponders.

Dual PHY Layer for Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Transceiver in 5G Networks

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a promising multiple access technique, proposed in literature for the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks. The NOMA system model consists of the conventional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), as a pulse shaping technique in conjunction with a variable power domain for various users, allocated in proportion to each user’s channel gain. OFDM technique based on wavelet filter banks, namely wavelet OFDM (WOFDM) has been utilized in digital communication to improve the system robustness to noise and adjacent channel interference, and is therefore anticipated to be adopted for the NOMA technique. WOFDM in NOMA (WNOMA) outperforms OFDM-based conventional NOMA (CNOMA) with reference to interference mitigation, bandwidth efficiency, spectral confinement, and multi-user capacity. Most of the fourth generation (4G) networks are based on OFDM and its variants. Therefore, in this paper, keeping in view the interoperability with the 4G networks and the latency requirements in 5G, a dual physical layer based on conventional OFDM and WOFDM as pulse shaping methods, is proposed for the NOMA transceiver. Performance of WNOMA and CNOMA is analyzed for bit error rate in the presence of channel impairments including additive noise and IQ imbalance and multiuser capacity is also computed. Comparison of various parameters indicates the advantage of adopting WNOMA over its conventional counterpart for relatively poor channel conditions.