Representatives Of Different Ethnic Groups Research Articles

Ethnic stereotypes and prejudices of modern Russian youth

The article examines the theoretical foundations of the analysis of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices that have developed in modern sociological and socio-psychological science. The patterns of this phenomenon characteristic of modern society are highlighted. The results of the authors’ own empirical study of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices of modern Russian youth are presented that made it possible to identify the regional specificity of the manifestation of this phenomenon among Perm youth and to compared it with the Moscow youth. The specificity was identified according to behavioural (behaviour in the process of interethnic conflict; existence of interpersonal relationships with representatives of another ethnic group; orientation towards a certain type of relationship with representatives of another ethnic group), cognitive (knowledge about representatives of their own and other ethnic groups; trust in services provided by representatives of different ethnic groups and by migrants; trust in representatives of different ethnic groups) and emotional parameters (emotional attitude to the culture and traditions of another ethnic group; emotional attitude to interethnic conflict). The main factors influencing the formation of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices among Perm and Moscow youth are clarified. These results can be used for further study of regional characteristics of interethnic relations and ethnic stereotypes, prejudices, their dynamics and effective interaction of ethnophors as well as to optimise the process of interethnic relations.

TRANSLATION AND THE FORMATION OF KAZAKHSTAN IDENTITY: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

The interaction and mutual influence of language and culture is a field of intensive research, as a result of which, along with a number of new disciplines and concepts, the concept of a linguistic and ethnic barrier has emerged, which appears as a discrepancy in linguistic terms and in terms of cultural differences. The intercultural approach allows and forces a new look written translation and translation activities. It is well known that the peculiarities of the culture and social life of a people are reflected in their language and in the totality of the background knowledge of a native speaker. Therefore, translation is not a simple comparison of two different language systems, but also the contact of two different cultures. Culture arises and operates in a specific niche and consists of local and common components. It is obvious that it is precisely due to local components that nationally specific differences in the linguistic picture of the world are formed, leading to intercultural misunderstanding. However, Kazakhstan’s experience in building a multicultural society allows us to confidently speak about the possibility of local cultural development, in which the culture of each nation harmoniously interacts with other cultures. Of course, translation plays a special role in this, facilitating the exchange of oral and shift information, cultural code between representatives of different ethnic groups, forming a bridge between different cultures.

THE ROLE OF THE HISTORICAL MEMORY OF ETHNIC GROUPS OF THE REPUBLIC IN STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL POLICY AND INDEPENDENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article analyzes the history of repressed peoples, which became the basis for the consolidation of Kazakhstan's society, the role and significance of the historical memory of the republic's population in the progressive development of the state. The study analyzes the reasons for the departure of representatives of different ethnic groups during the period of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper considers the search of the state and scientists for those social and political basis that served as a unifying foundation in the construction of a new national policy and strengthening the citizenship of the population of the republic. The sources for the study and the evidence base of the study were the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, statistical materials reflecting the dynamics of emigration of people from the country in the 1990s, specific measures taken by the state leadership to unite the inhabitants of our country and stabilize ethno-demographic and ethno-political processes. It is concluded that the tragic pages of the history of ethnic groups of Kazakhstan, historical memory has become the basis for consolidating the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present stage.

Векторы интеграции и дезинтеграции Азиатской России: перспективы будущего и дискуссия о настоящем

The article raises the problem of the lack of strategic planning in relation to the development of territories in the east of Russia. The author highlights the special status of the Siberian macro-region in terms of the integrity of the Russian Federation as well as the heuristic value of the concept “Asian Russia”, referring to the geopolitical risks of the early 20th century. The author analyses the challenges of its development that have not been overcome so far. These include the geographical remoteness of the center from the territorially vast periphery, the social alienation of the provinces from the capital enclaves, and the cultural distance between representatives of different ethnic groups. The resources of human potential in the east of Russia, the civilizational multi-vector nature of its Ural-Siberian core, and the stability of interethnic communities are designated as opportunities for the accelerated development of the macroregion. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of V.L. Tsymbursky “Island of Russia”. On the basis of Rosstat data and the discursive analysis of the “Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Siberian Federal District until 2035”, the risks of underestimation of human capital for the future of Asian Russia and the country as a whole are shown. The main management risk in the long term may be the focus on “raw materials” specialization, which threatens to depopulate vast areas. It is concluded that there is no alternative to a real “turn to the East” and the accelerated development of the Asian regions of Russia as the core of the “Great Eurasia” project.

Social aspects of manifestations of regional identity in toponymic nicknames

The article is devoted to an actual problem that reflects a clearly visible crisis of communicative culture, which hides a deeper conflict of social values, manifested in the breakdown of patterns formed in the past, standards of action in specific situations of communication between representatives of different ethnic groups, cultures, confessions, etc. A surge in the birth of new ethnopholisms, acting as the most expressive ethnonyms, coincided with the rise to a new level of hate speech, in which the most diverse socially colored nicknames turn into a powerful tool for political stigmatization of any persons or communities that are different from the subject of this process.The study of such a phenomenon is interdisciplinary in nature and is impossible without knowledge of the facts of history, culture, language, economic life of different ethnic groups. The study of ethnopholisms in the form of toponymic nicknames allows us to find out the reasons for the ambivalent attitude towards the trend of regionalization, when, on the one hand, it is under pressure from the same social, economic, political and spiritual processes that caused the collapse of global projects, however, on the other hand, the proximity of regional actions to local conditions, provides a basis for predicting the possibility, through the strengthening of identity, to create both a stronger socio-economic basis for the development of regional communities, and to find a new model for their interaction in the global space.

Research field of demographic security in the multi-ethnic space of narratives of students

The demographic situation in Russia is characterized by a persistently narrowed type of population reproduction, which certainly actualizes the study of narratives on demographic security and involves understanding the attitudes and risks associated with demographic behavior. Kazan universities are a good platform for studying the demographic behavior of student youth, where mutual influence of the attitudes of the Turkic world and the Russian mental context occurs. The article discusses the features of using the focus group method in the research field of demographic security, with students of Kazan in a multiethnic youth environment. As a result of conducting 16 cases using the focus group method and based on 50 free interviews with its participants, which were conducted 7 days after each focus group, the key attitudes of demographic behavior (reproductive, self-preservation, migration and matrimonial) of student youth in a multi-ethnic environment were identified and the image of the future in demographic security narratives. The focus group method is presented as a platform that makes it possible to create a certain “meta-story”, where the demographic attitudes of young educated representatives of different ethnic groups are realized, the degree of their compatibility, and a search for ways of a possible joint future is developed..

Epstein-Barr virus (Herpesviridae: Lymphocryptovirus) types 1 and 2 and other viral markers in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in two geographically and ethnically distinct regions of Russia

The discovery of two types of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (EBV-1 and EBV-2) that have different biological properties stimulated the search for neoplasms associated with each type of the virus. The aim of the work is to study the nature of the association of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) with EBV-1 and EBV-2, serological activity for each viral type and the concentration of EBV DNA in the blood plasma of two gender, age and ethnic groups of NPC patients that represent geographically and climatically different regions of Russia,. In the blood plasma of patients with NPC and other non- EBV associated tumors of oral cavity (OTOCEBV-) from the North Caucasian (NCFD) and Central (CFD) Federal Districts of Russia, the types of EBV and the concentration of viral DNA were determined using respectively «nested» and real time PCR; titers of IgG and IgA antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA) were measured in indirect immunofluorescence assay. The blood plasma samples testing showed that NPC and OTOCEBV- patients were infected with both types of EBV in approximately equal proportions. In two groups of NPC patients infected with one of the virus types only, EBV-1 or EBV-2, respectively, no statistically significant differences were found between the geometric mean values of IgG and IgA anti-EBV antibody titers and viral DNA concentrations in blood plasma. The distribution of virus types was not affected by either patient gender or ethnogeographic origin. The difference was found only between age groups: EBV-2 dominated in NPC patients up to 60 years, and EBV-1 was prevalent in patients over 60 years. The lack of the predominance of one of EBV types in NPC patients that are the representatives of different ethnic groups from geographically and climatically different regions, suggests that none of these factors play an important role in the NPC carcinogenesis. Evidently, each type of EBV, EBV-1 or EBV-2, if the necessary conditions arise, are able to exhibit its oncogenic potential to initiate tumor development.

Development of time perspective in nenets, Sami and Russian adolescents: A comparative analysis

This paper is concerned with the issue of studying specific features of the development of time perspective in adolescents representing different ethnic groups living in the North of Russia. The study includes a comparative analysis of the development of time perspective in Nenets, Sami, and ethnic Russian male and female adolescents. The current article presents the results of an empirical study conducted using the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. The respondents in the empirical study were 99 Nenets adolescents aged 12-15 years (54 boys and 45 girls); 79 Sami adolescents aged 12-15 years (41 boys and 38 girls); 121 ethnic Russian adolescents aged 12-15 years (63 boys and 58 girls). The comparative analysis of the development of time perspective in Nenets, Sami, and ethnic Russian adolescents has shown the presence of similar trends characteristic of the age group in general, and specific features at the same time. The results of the study enrich the scientific understanding of the phenomenon of time perspective, supplement and expand the understanding of the process of personality formation in representatives of different ethnic groups living in the North of Russia. The identified features of time perspective in adolescents will help to supplement the programs of psychological assistance and support for adolescents in the aspect of building life strategies, implementing capabilities of forecasting life prospects and managing time resources.

Formation of Intercultural Tolerance in the Course of Study of the History of Kyrgyzstan

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the importance of history education in the formation of intercultural tolerance of students, which is a topical problem of our time in the era of globalization. It considers the place of the history of Kyrgyzstan in education of tolerant personality, positive attitude to cultural traditions and customs of other peoples, accepting the diversity of the world and integrating into the surrounding world. Kyrgyzstan has a long history, whose society has always consisted of representatives of different ethnic groups, and its cultural heritage provides an opportunity to see the ethnic and confessional diversity.

Non-verbal Communication as an Indicator of the Cultural and National Specificity of a Literary Text

The article is a description of the stylistic function of various means of non-verbal communication in literary texts. The authors objectify the idea that the mutual understanding of representatives of different ethnic groups involves both the acquisition of languages ​​and the awareness of cultural national codes that inform about native speakers and about the special ways of intercultural communication that are available. The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the identification of national and cultural stereotypes of the mentality of ethnic groups in the modern globalized space is a socio-political, economic, psychological and historical factor in the formation of a nation as a linguistic community. The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of Kazakh, Russian and non-linguistic forms of communication, the identification of full, partial equivalents in the compared languages ​​and the analysis of non-equivalent gestures, facial expressions, signs of non-verbal communication. The value of the study is determined by the understanding that non-verbal forms of communication capture and reflect the social and cultural experience of the linguocultural community, are reflected both in the universal, common for all mankind, and in the unique, national-cultural, picture of the world, characterize the common and peripheral core, reflecting the national and cultural specifics of the Kazakh and Russian philosophical worldview and showing a unique perception of the surrounding reality. The practical significance of the results of the work is determined by the possibility of introducing this material into the teaching of disciplines of postgraduate education (master's and doctoral studies), which are associated with cognitive, intercultural, linguoculturological aspects of language learning: «Ethnolinguoculturology», «Russian language and intercultural communication», «Theory and practice of intercultural communication».

The Ethnic Factor in the Activities of African Political Parties

The article summarizes the characteristics of the active influence of the ethnic factor on political processes in some African countries, where this phenomenon is among the most difficult to solve intra-national problems. The reasons for its persistence include state borders artificially created in colonial times without considering the interests of ethnic groups living in specific territories and inequal opportunities for the representatives of large and small ethnic groups to participate in the socio-political and other spheres of life of African states. Examples of the formation of power structures based on the belonging of statesmen to a certain ethnic group are given in the paper. The authors draw attention to the fact that ethnic ties often permeate all social relations, especially clearly manifested in state administration and the activities of opposition structures, as well as playing an important role in the life of the army. To date, there are long-established mutual negative perceptions and stereotypes in interethnic contacts, which make it extremely difficult for representatives of different ethnic groups to have a dialogue. In addition, traditional relations, which are primarily based on ethnicity, do not fit well into the framework of Western socio-political standards. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing general instability in the majority of multi-ethnic states of the African continent, leading to the aggravation of long-standing problems of the socio-political spectrum. The authors conclude that the role of ethnic ties in the formation and activity of political structures in different regions of Africa is currently very significant.

ЭТНИЧЕСКАЯ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ГОРОДА САМАРЫ И САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ: ОСНОВНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ В ВОСПИТАНИИ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ

The proposed research presents the results of the study of the peculiarities of ethnic identity of the population of Samara and the Samara region, analyzes and highlights its influence on the formation of the ethnic tolerance and self-awareness of the residents of this region. The article contains a general outline of the main provisions of existential social work. Ethnic identity within the framework of the article is interpreted as a socio-psychological category, as a dynamic and multidimensional formation, which characterizes the feeling (implicit component) and awareness (explicit component) of a person as a member of a certain ethnic group/community. In accordance with this interpretation, the purpose of the study was to identify socio-psychological determinants that determine the formation of the ethnic identity of the population of Samara and the Samara region. According to the results of the conducted research with the participation of 300 respondents representing 6 ethnic groups (Russians, Mordva, Chuvash, Tatars, Kazakhs and Armenians) and 2 territories of residence (the city of Samara and other settlements). Samara and other settlements of the Samara region), and the use of 5 diagnostic techniques (“Draw a planet”, “Unfinished sentences”, “Semantic differential”, “Who am I”, “Social distance scale”) it was found that in general among the representatives of the population of Samara and the Samara region the tendencies of ethno-relativism dominate. This is determined by the maintenance of a positive image of representatives of different ethnic groups, efforts to form regional self-awareness (relatively higher importance of the role of a resident of the Samara region in the structure of social roles), as well as educational and pedagogical efforts to increase ethnic tolerance in the region (adequate social distance between ethnic groups). In addition, some differences in the type of the ethnic identity and the expression of socio-psychological formation in representatives of different ethnic groups living on the territory of Samara and the Samara region have been established. Prospects for further psychological, pedagogical and socio-psychological efforts to foster ethnic tolerance in a multi-ethnic region are identified.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН И ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТИ В СРЕДНЕМ ПОВОЛЖЬЕ

The study, the results of which are published in the proposed scientific article, touches upon the problem of ethnic identity formation of six ethnic groups living in the Republic of Tatarstan. In the course of the study of ethnic identity, psycho-pedagogical conditions of its formation were also described, taking into account the specifics of the macro-region – the Middle Volga region. Ethnic identity within the framework of the article is treated as a socio-psychological category. Accordingly, the main purpose of the study was to identify those socio-psychological determinants that are associated with the process of formation of ethnic identity of the population in the region of the Republic of Tatarstan, which is an example of a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-confessional region. According to the results of the conducted research with the participation of 300 respondents, equivalently representing 6 ethnic groups (Russians, Mordva, Chuvash, Tatars, Kazakhs and Armenians) living in the Republic of Tatarstan, and using a set of diagnostic techniques it is established that in general among the representatives of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan the tendencies of ethno-relativism dominate, which are supported by a number of socio-al-psychological factors. The positive influence of psychological and pedagogical efforts aimed at: maintaining a positive image of representatives of different ethnic groups according to the factor “evaluation”, maintaining a high level of ethnic tolerance in the Republic, the emotive determinant (emotional perception of representatives of their ethnic group), as well as the transmission of ethnic characteristics to future generations, as well as the maintenance of linguistic diversity. The differences in the type of ethnic identity among representatives of different ethnic groups living in the region, which have their own social-psychological determinants, have been revealed. Further prospects of psychological, pedagogical and socio-psychological work to maintain ethnic tolerance in a poly-ethnic, bi-lingual and multi-confessional region have been determined.

РАЗВИТИЕ ЭТНОМЕДИАЦИИ КАК ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО СПОСОБА ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ И УРЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ КОНФЛИКТНОЙ НАПРЯЖЕННОСТИ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ

Historically, the Republic of Kazakhstan is a multicultural country, where more than 100 representatives of ethnic groups live, and at the state level, special attention is paid to strengthening national unity. Over the years of Independence, a stable institutional framework has developed in the country, various technologies and mechanisms aimed at peaceful coexistence of different cultures have been developed and actively used. Taking into account the era of globalization, the situation in the geopolitical space, as well as in the whole world, the process of strengthening and developing national unity in the country remains continuous. This article is devoted to ethnomediation as an effective way to prevent and resolve conflict tensions between representatives of different ethnic groups.

Common features of the individual artistic worldviews by Elena Garro and Serhiy Osoka (based on the short stories "What time is it...?" and "Midnight guest")

The modern world of communication between representatives of different ethnic groups often requires a deeper understanding of the realities and peculiarities of the cultural worldview by each of the subjects of communication. The linguistic conceptualization of the world of each ethnic group, in turn, is reflected in literature in the form of an individual artistic worldview realised by the author on the pages of his works. That is why the study of the common and distinctive features of different writers' worldview is of interest, especially if at first glance their linguistic, cultural and historical origins seem to be significantly different. The purpose of the article is to analyze the artistic worldview of representatives of Mexican and Ukrainian literature based on the material of two selected stories and to establish their common features. Elena Garro (1916-1998) was a Mexican writer, journalist, and screenwriter. She is considered to be a representative of magical realism in Latin American literature and a champion of feminism. Serhiy Osoka (b. 1980) is a contemporary of ours, a Ukrainian poet and writer from Poltava region, a member of the Ukraine’s National Union of Writers. His prose often refers to rural life or compares rural and urban lifestyles. Nevertheless, in the stories "¿Qué hora es...?" and "The Midnight Guest" by these completely different authors, as a result of the conducted research, the following common features of artistic worldviews were established: - the main characters in both stories are women whose axis of being is love for a man. It is a recurring motif that is closely intertwined with the concept of "waiting"; - distorted perception of time. For both protagonists, time is cyclical and limited to one day. For the other characters, time is linear, which is why the protagonists' behaviour is strange and is perceived by others as a sign of a mental disorder; - both stories are dominated by a sensory perception of reality: there are many descriptions of visual images, smells, and tactile sensations; - both characters are marked by oneiric states (dream and reality are closely intertwined); - both stories have an unexpected ending. The analysis of common features in the individual artistic pictures of the world of both authors indicates the presence of the characteristics inherent to the philosophy of magical realism. However, if magical realism is a widespread phenomenon in Mexican and other Spanish-language literature, it is not typical for Ukrainian literature. Hence the promising problem of further research into the root causes of such closeness of the author's worldview of representatives of Ukrainian-speaking and Spanish-speaking cultures arises.

Этнические стереотипы в восприятии рекламы молодыми людьми

Background. Stereotyping is an important part of social cognition. Therefore, it attracts a lot of attention from psychologists and sociologists. Ethnic stereotypes are not only a reflection of established prejudices and false ideas, but also a kind of social "barometer" indicating possible social problems. Modern studies have revealed the relationship between stereotypes and real ethnic diversity, and also indicate that the subjective feeling of disadvantage is a breeding ground for the emergence and existence of ethnic stereotypes. Objective. The article aims to substantiate theoretically, to identify empirically, as well as to classify ethnic stereotypes in the perception of advertising by young people, representatives of four ethnic groups. Sample. The study involved 88 people, representatives of 4 countries. Methods. The study simulated a situation of interethnic interaction, in which the participants acted as the “authors” of 6 advertising messages and 3 commercials. They had to write stories selecting the “main characters”, whose participation would illustrate the attractiveness of the advertised product or service. A set of typical images of representatives of different ethnic groups was proposed. Psychological diagnostics was aimed at establishing differences between groups. were An express questionnaire “Tolerance Index” (G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A. Shaigerova) and emotional empathy questionnaire (Emotional Empathic Tendency Scale, EETS) designed to determine the level of empathic tendencies, the ability to empathize as a personal trait by A. Mehrabian and N. Epstein were used. Results. Areas of social practices where autostereotypes and heterostereotypes appear were identified. Themes where new stereotypes appear were identified. The diagnostics showed that there is no statistically significant difference in the indicators of tolerance and empathy between representatives of the 4 groups. Conclusions. The results of the study can be explained by the fact that participants demonstrated the unity of social group, the youth. The results obtained can be interpreted as evidence that for modern young people, the decisive factor in the formation of stereotypes is information transmitted through various means, which clearly acquires a transnational character.

Trade in the structure of private entrepreneurship on the territory of the South Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire (second half of the 19tth beginning of the 20th century)

The aim of the article: to find out the role of representatives of different classes and ethnic groups of the population of the Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces of the Russian Empire in the development of stationary trade in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, to determine the number and conditions for the functioning of various trading establishments in the region, the level of their profitability. Research methods: historical-genetic, comparative-historical, retrospective. Main results: it is noted that the trade sphere of activity concentrated in the post-reform period the bulk of business, enterprising people of the southern Ukrainian provinces. At the same time, the number of trading establishments that were in sole ownership or the property of trading houses in the territory of Kherson and Yekaterinoslav provinces at the end of the 19th century was approximately 19.5 thousand. It was found that representatives of the business circles of the region most often created guild stores that sold manufactory, haberdashery, etc. And the stores of Kherson region had the most significant income among such establishments – 25.9 thousand rubles per year. According to social characteristics, among the merchants of the South of Ukraine in the modern period, there were representatives of the merchant class with a significant margin from others. It is noted that representatives of almost all groups of the multinational population of the South were involved in trading activities, although this primarily concerns Russians, Jews, Germans and Mennonites. At the same time, no doubt, the role of business people of Ukrainian origin was also noticeable in this. One way or another, the entrepreneurial activity of representatives of different ethnic groups of the population of the region was primarily aimed at making a profit, which means that economic interest naturally dominated among all businessmen. Concise conclusions: it is noted that the development of private entrepreneurship in the field of trade played a decisive role in the formation of the capitalist market in the region, the genesis of commodity-money relations in the post-reform period. The practical significance: is to create a proper basis for a systemic reconstruction of the history of the development of entrepreneurship in the southern Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Originality: the author used a wide range of published (both act and narrative) sources and carried out their comprehensive analysis. Scientific novelty: A regional-sectoral approach to the study of entrepreneurship in the trade sphere of Ukraine in the imperial period is proposed. For the first time, the main directions of business strategies of entrepreneurs of the South in the trade sector at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries are presented comprehensively, their class, property and ethnic composition are characterized. Type of article: research article.

Vectors of the State Language Policy of Russia and China in Relation to the National Language and Dialects (Comparative Aspect)

The status of state languages is fixed in the official documents of a particular country. In the Russian Federation, the Russian language is recognized as such, in some subjects, languages that are titular for representatives of different ethnic groups receive such status. In China, the language policy is aimed at the widespread promotion of the national Putonghua language, despite the fact that its status has not been constitutionally approved. The forms of language existence include literary (normative) the language and its dialect varieties. Together they represent the national language of a certain linguistic and cultural community. Dialects of Russian and Chinese have unique features expressed at all levels of the system. As a result of a long historical development, they demonstrate the linguistic richness and diversity of languages, as well as the most valuable cultural heritage of states. The language policy of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China is based on the concept of national unity and is aimed at creating a common cultural space through the unification of language standards and the popularization of the language of interethnic communication.

Из истории заселения русскими Урянхайского края

Introduction. The article deals with the Russian colonization of Uryankhay Krai (present-day Tyva Republic) prior to the establishment of Russian protectorate. Goals. The paper aims at analyzing migration flows to have accompanied the peopling of Uryankhay Krai. Materials and methods. The source base for the study was a wide range of materials, among which a significant proportion is occupied by pre-revolutionary publications, including periodicals (Siberia, Minusinsk Territory, Minusinsk Leaf, Yenisei Thought, Krasnoyarsk Voice, etc.), containing information on the topic under study. The methodological basis of the article was the general scientific principle and methods of scientific knowledge. Data on the demographic composition of migrants are limited. Results. A total of three Russian population inflows — gold mining, agricultural, and commercial ones — can be traced. Earliest messages about gold mining in Uryankhay date back to 1837 when Russians started exploiting gold mines in upper reaches of the Sistikema River. Tuvans worked in the mines, panned for gold. By the 1910s, there were 15 operating mines in Uryankhay. Gold mining was hindered not only by roadless terrain but also by the 1903 decree obliging Russian gold miners to leave their mines upon receipt of any restrictive resolution from the Chinese Government. Those were Old Believers who had arrived in Uryankhay earliest (around the 1860s) in search of Belevodye kingdom. Those were first Russians to have started cultivating land in the region. Periodicals were depicting Tuvan-inhabited lands as fertile, and after the expulsion of the Chinese a campaign popularizing ‘rich soils’ was organized among Minusinsk peasants and across territories adjacent to the Siberian railway. By 1914, over 3,000 dessiatins were occupied by Russian crops. Earliest merchants to have arrived in region were delivering ‘goods in their bosom’ exchanging knives, matches, tobacco and other commodities for livestock and furs. The bulk of Russians moved to Uryankhay from nearest provinces and the migration could be characterized as replacement one: bordering peasants suffering from lack of plough-land and aware of Uryankhay’s resources chose to move therein to be replaced by migrant Minusinsk peasants. Ethnic and social structure of immigrants from Russia was not that homogeneous. So, representatives of different ethnic groups — Russians, Tatars, Khakas, Latvians, Poles — came from different social classes, e.g., merchants, Cossacks, peasants. This attests to a high migration mobility in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As of the establishment of Russian protectorate in 1914, over 5,5 thousand Russians were living in the region. Conclusions. Russian colonization — from the arrival of Old Believers and to the official protectorate of Russia — was complete in less than 60 years. The rapid and successful process was facilitated by a number of factors, namely: geographical location, lack of an exact borderline between the two countries, China’s political situation, and economic opportunities for Russian population in the region.

Epstein-Barr virus in Adygeans and Slavs in Russia: virus types, <i>LMP1</i> variants, and malignant tumors

Introduction. It is known that the structural features of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) affect the manifestation of its biological properties. Based on differences in the sequences of the EBNA2, EBNA3A, -B, and -C genes, two types of the virus, EBV-1 and EBV-2, have been identified that have different ability to transform B cells in vitro and possibly playing certain role in the development of EBV-associated neoplasms.Aim. To study the prevalence of EBV-1 and EBV-2 in two ethnic groups, Аdygeans and Slavs, as well as the contribution of EBV-associated tumors to the overall incidence of malignant neoplasms certain organs and tissues.Materials and methods. DNA samples were extracted from 59 oral lavages of ethnic Аdygeans from Republic of Adygea and 40 such from oral cavity of ethnic Slavs of Moscow city. These samples were used for amplification of EBV DNA, determination of the concentration of viral DNA copies per 1 cell washout, as well as for amplification of EBV LMP1 followed by sequencing of the resulting gene samples and determination of their protein variant (LMP1).Results. Studies have shown that among the representatives of the Аdygeans the 2nd EBV type prevails, and among the Slavs, the 1st one. Epstein-Barr virus isolates in representatives of the two ethnic groups also differed in the structure of LMP1. Among the Slavs, a set of its LMP1 variants (B95.8/A, China, Med- and NC) was identified. However, among the Adygeans, the only variant - B95.8 and its subtype - B95.8/A was identified. EBV-1, which prevails among the representatives of the Slavs and has the ability to transform B-cells, was projected onto a higher incidence of tumors of the pharynx, stomach, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (where EBV-associated cases cam occur) in the population of Moscow than in the population of the Republic of Adygea. However, the differences between incidence rates for these neoplasms (with the exception for the stomach tumors) were not statistically significant (p >0.5). A higher and statistically significantly different incidence rate of stomach cancer in residents of Moscow city, compared with that in residents of the Republic of Adygea, in our opinion, is not due to EBV-1 type and/or LMP1 variants, but rather is associated with a genetic predisposition the population of Moscow city to this tumor.Conclusion. The fact that two ethnic groups of Russia were found to be prevails by different types of EBV raises the question of their ethno-geographical association and their role in the induction of EBV-associated tumors. To resolve this issue additional studies in other geographical regions of Russia among representatives of different ethnic groups are required.