Relief Structures Research Articles

Reconfiguring Colors of Single Relief Structures by Directional Stretching.

Color changes can be achieved by straining photonic crystals or gratings embedded in stretchable materials. However, the multiple repeat units and the need for a volumetric assembly of nanostructures limit the density of information content. Inspired by surface reliefs on oracle bones and music records as a means of information archival, here, surface-relief elastomers are endowed with multiple sets of information that are accessible by mechanical straining along in-plane axes. Distinct from Bragg diffraction effects from periodic structures, trenches that generate color due to variations in trench depth, enabling individual trench segments to support a single color, are reported. Using 3D printed cuboids, trenches of varying geometric parameters are replicated in elastomers. These parameters determine the initial color (or lack thereof), the response to capillary forces, and the appearance when strained along or across the trenches. Strain induces modulation in trench depth or the opening and closure of a trench, resulting in surface reliefs with up to six distinct states, and an initially featureless surface that reveals two distinct images when stretched along different axes. The highly reversible structural colors are promising in optical data archival, anti-counterfeiting, and strain-sensing applications.

Experimental studies of the kinematics flow and bottom’s reformations in the area of bridge pier during the construction of the bridge crossing

The results of laboratory modeling of bottom reformations in the area of bridge pier crossing over water barriers are presented. The basics of hydraulic modeling are described taking into account the similarity criteria. The flow around a rectangular box (tongued-and-grooved protection of a constructed pier) is experimentally studied, the pattern of erosion if an ice-cutter device is installed in front of the box in the form of a triangle directed at an acute angle towards the flow is considered. The structure of the bottom relief in the vicinity of the tongued-and-grooved box is experimentally studied under the conditions of the bottom erosion. Two cycles of experiments were performed for different values of the flow depth and specific discharge of water. Localization and quantitative characteristics of washouts and alleviation of sandy soil in the vicinity of the streamlined design are established. It is noted that the main mechanism for the formation of the bottom relief is a horseshoe vortex at the base of the pier. A stagnation zone is formed inside the horseshoe. In the absence of an ice cutter, the main zones of soil erosion occur in the corners of the frontal bezel of the box, alluvium forms in the rear unit of the design. By installing an ice-cutter device in front of the box, the erosion zones move to the vicinity of the corners lying at the base of the triangular ice-cutter facing the box. The alluvium remains in the wake of the box. At the same time, the absolute values of the erosion depth and the height of the alluvium under installing the ice-cutter close to the box are reduced. The data of velocity measurements on the free surface and in the flow thickness are also given.

Colorful Transparent Silicon Photovoltaics with Unprecedented Flexibility

AbstractIntegrated photovoltaics are regarded as next‐generation photovoltaic technologies that can generate electricity in urban areas with limited available land while also serving as aesthetic architectural elements. The criteria for integrating photovoltaics into buildings and electronic devices are flexibility, color tunability, efficiency, scalability, and stability. It is very challenging for integrated photovoltaics to demonstrate all‐around performance benefits because photovoltaic performances exist in a trade‐off relation, such as that between transparency and efficiency. Here, great all‐around transparent solar cells (TSC) featuring high flexibility and high transparency with color‐tunable solar cells are demonstrated. The TSCs exhibit an efficiency of 7.38% and 5.52% at the average visible transparencies of 45% and 60%, respectively. Moreover, by introducing a periodic hole array structure, the flexibility of TSCs is dramatically improved. The minimum bending radius decreases to 6 mm; it further decreases to 3 mm after PDMS embedding. The results of the numerical simulation show that the periodic hole array structure uniformly distributes the stress across the entire area as a self‐stress relief structure. The PDMS‐embedded TSCs demonstrate unprecedently high flexibility and long‐term stability without significant degradation even after cyclic bending deformations up to 1000 cycles and 1500 h of the standard damp heat test.

NATURE-LEARNING AND GEO-ARCHEOLOGICAL ROUTES OF THE EASTERN PART OF LVIV

Geomorphological and geological features of the eastern part of Lviv have been analyzed. A new, extremely picturesque and informative tourist, recreational and geo-educational route has been developed, namely “Chatovi Rocks – Vynnykivske Lake –Medova Pechera”, which forms an extension of “Vysokyi Zamok – Chatovi rocks” tourist route. Picturesque relief, exposure of sediments of various ages and genesis, as well as rich archeological monuments occurring along the routecan perform educational, educational, cognitive, ecological, and aesthetic functions. Archaeological memorials, little known to the general public, are extremely valuable, too, because they illustrate the history of populating the city of Lviv and its neighborhood. Mostly inanimate objects located along the route are well accessible for exploration; however, today they are not very popular among Lviv residents. This is primarily due to the lack of proper infrastructure – marked trails, information stands, etc. Anthropogenic impact on the objects located along the proposed route is extremely diverse and large-scale. Some sites (such as Chatovi Rocks and Medova Pechera) are affected heavily, as they are actively used for hiking, mountaineering, etc. Others (for example, Zhupan and Lysivka archeological monuments) virtually do not experience it. The monuments of Mlynivtsi I and II are exposed to the greatest threat, up to complete destruction. They are endangered due to the extensive construction of a new sports and recreation complex, deployed around Vynnykivsky Lake. The refore, the condition of these facilities needs to be monitored continuously. On the other hand, the said complex will open up new prospects for the use of picturesque relief, complex geomorphological and geological structure of the eastern part of Lviv in the future recreational and geo-educational activities. There is no doubt that the new center of attraction, created by the sports and recreation complex, will increase the attendance of Vynnykivsky Forest Park. Therefore, the need to establish appropriate tourist, recreational, geo-educational infrastructure along “Chatovi Rocks – Vynnykivske Lake – Medova Pechera” route is obvious today. Key words: nature-learning and geo-archeological route; Upper Cretaceous marls; Neogene sands and sandstones; woods, travertines; archeological monuments.

RELIEF AND GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF CARPATHIAN BIOSPHERE RESERVE

The relief and geological structure of Carpathian Biosphere Reserve represent the features of the geological and geomorphological structure of the four geomorphological regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The block mid-mountains of the Polonynsko-Chornohirsky Carpathians (Chornohora, Svydovets, and Uholsko-Shyrokoluzhansky massifs) and the folded mid-mountains of Marmarosy crystal massif (Marmarosy and Kuziy-Trybushansky massifs) are well protected within the reserve. The analysis of the morphostructure and morphosculpture of the reserve is carried out taking into account the longitudinal (NW–SE) and transverse divisions of the Ukrainian The analysis of the morphostructure and morphosculpture of the reserve is carried out taking into account the longitudinal (NW–SE) and transverse divisions of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The longitudinal division is associated with morphostructures of higher orders, such as second and third. The transverse division is associated with the fourth and fifth orders of morphostructures. In the analysis of morphosculpture of the reserve, the types characterized for all regions of Flysch and Crystal Carpathians are allocated. All mountain massifs and ridges could be characterized by an asymmetrical structure, such as steep northeastern slopes and acclivous southwestern slopes. The relic morphosculpture is represented by: 1) fragments of denudation surfaces of different ages such as Polonynska, Pidpolonynska, and riparian; 2) ancient glacial and extra glacial landforms; 3) areas of ancient longitudinal valleys. River valleys with a complex of different age terraces represent inherited morphosculpture. Modern morphodynamic processes are represented by height (tier) differentiation. The processes of sheet erosion, deflation, and rill erosion play an important role in the relief modeling for the tiers of strongly dissected mid-mountain relief. The lower tier of the terraced and non-terraced bottoms of the valleys are associated with the processes of leaching and erosion as well as a significant accumulation of erosion products and mudflows. Stabilized and active displacements are the most recorded among the gravitational processes and block motions. Key words: Carpathian Biosphere Reserve; Ukrainian Carpathians; relief; morphostructure; morphosculpture.

Highly conductive and stretching-insensitive films for wearable accurate pressure perception

Stretchable conductors that enable device to achieve a large deformation and high integration density at a curved surface are considered as a critical element for stretchable electronics. However, developing the conductor with high and stable electrical conductivity under stretching strains remains a challenge. Here, a highly conductive and stretching-insensitive titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene/Ag nanowires film is achieved by the design of mechanical structure. Benefited from the structure of regular mesh and automatic relief of concentrated stress, the electrical conductivity of this film is comparable to that of reported noble metal based stretchable conductors and can keep a stable value within the range of 0 ∼ 80% stretching strain. Moreover, a wearable and stretching-insensitive pressure sensor (WSPS) is designed based on this film. The electrical responses of WSPS for the same normal pressure are nearly identical and its sensing properties remain constant for 0 ∼ 60% stretching strain. WSPS has an ultralow stretching-sensitivity of 2.3% at the wide pressure regime of 6.8 ∼ 19.6 KPa, which achieves the accurate pressure perception. WSPS integrated with a microcontroller acts as the wearable monitoring system to assess human health in real time. These results illuminate the paths to design exceptional performance conductors and develop high precision wearable electronics.

Nano-Second Laser Interference Photoembossed Microstructures for Enhanced Cell Alignment

Photoembossing is a powerful photolithographic technique to prepare surface relief structures relying on polymerization-induced diffusion in a solventless development step. Conveniently, surface patterns are formed by two or more interfering laser beams without the need for a lithographic mask. The use of nanosecond pulsed light-based interference lithography strengthens the pattern resolution through the absence of vibrational line pattern distortions. Typically, a conventional photoembossing protocol consists of an exposure step at room temperature that is followed by a thermal development step at high temperature. In this work, we explore the possibility to perform the pulsed holographic exposure directly at the development temperature. The surface relief structures generated using this modified photoembossing protocol are compared with those generated using the conventional one. Importantly, the enhancement of surface relief height has been observed by exposing the samples directly at the development temperature, reaching approximately double relief heights when compared to samples obtained using the conventional protocol. Advantageously, the light dose needed to reach the optimum height and the amount of photoinitiator can be substantially reduced in this modified protocol, demonstrating it to be a more efficient process for surface relief generation in photopolymers. Kidney epithelial cell alignment studies on substrates with relief-height optimized structures generated using the two described protocols demonstrate improved cell alignment in samples generated with exposure directly at the development temperature, highlighting the relevance of the height enhancement reached by this method. Although cell alignment is well-known to be enhanced by increasing the relief height of the polymeric grating, our work demonstrates nano-second laser interference photoembossing as a powerful tool to easily prepare polymeric gratings with tunable topography in the range of interest for fundamental cell alignment studies.

Etalon for Nanometrology Produced by Anisotropic Etching

Possibilities and results of using relief structures produced by anisotropic etching as etalons for linear measurements in nanorange are discussed. Two types of the structures with different profiles and with two approaches to estimation of influence of its sophistication degree on measurement results are considered. Analyze of methods and means of measurements of its geometric parameters and comparison of uncertainness of measurement results are conducted. The important condition for diminishing the measurements uncertainness is taking into account irregularities of a sample surface. These irregularities were evaluated by TEM and CD-AFM. Results of harnessing these types of structures are different also. The bureau International des Poids et Mesures recommended the structure with rectangular profile and its attestation procedure as an example for all national committees on linewidth metrology in nanorange. The structure with trapezoid profile that induced hopes for decision of basic tasks of nanometrology in past is occurred to be poorly in demand even on national scale.

Molecular Dynamic Investigation of the Anisotropic Response of Aluminum Surface by Ions Beam Sputtering

Aluminum optics are widely used in modern optical systems because of their high specific stiffness and high reflectance. With the applied optical frequency band moving to visible, traditional processing technology cannot meet the processing precision. Ion beam sputtering (IBS) provides a highly deterministic technology for high-precision aluminum optics fabrication. However, the surface quality is deteriorated after IBS. The interaction between the bombard atoms and the surface morphology evolution mechanism are not clear, and systematic research is needed. Thus, in this paper, the IBS process for single crystal aluminum with different crystallographic orientations are studied by the molecular dynamics method. The ion beam sputter process is firstly demonstrated. Then, the variation of sputter yield of the three crystal faces is analyzed. The sputter yield difference of different crystal surfaces causes the appearance of the relief structure. Then, the gravel structure generates on the single crystal surfaces and dominates the morphology evolution. The state of the atom diffusion of the specific crystal surfaces will determine the form of the gravel structure. Furthermore, the form and distribution of subsurface damage and stress distribution of three different crystal surfaces are analyzed. Although there are great differences in defect distribution, no stress concentration was found in three workpieces, which verifies that the ion beam sputter is a stress-free machining method. The process of IBS and the mechanism of morphology evolution of aluminum are revealed. The regularity and mechanism will provide a guidance for the application of IBS in aluminum optics manufacture fields.

Formation of effective concentration of film forming superhydrophobic coatings based on silicon dioxide

The object of research is the hydrophobization of a coating based on styrene-acrylic copolymer and cellulose acetate butyrate with pyrogenic silicon dioxide. The hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of a surface depends mainly on the chemical structure of the surface and its roughness. A relief hydrophilic surface will be wetted much more easily than a flat surface of the same material, and vice versa – an increase in the roughness of a hydrophobe is accompanied by a more pronounced repulsion of water. The size and number of irregularities significantly affect the wetting characteristics of the investigated surface. The combination of low surface energy and relief structure forms a superhydrophobic surface. Such surfaces have found application in self-cleaning, frost-resistant, antifriction, electrically conductive and oil-sorbing coatings. In this work, styrene-acrylic copolymer and cellulose acetate butyrate were used as a film former. Pyrogenic silicon dioxide Aerosil R 972, which was hydrophobized with dimethyldichlorosilane, was used as a nanofiller. In this work, the compositions were applied to laboratory glasses by dip coating. The determination of surface energy was carried out using glycerin and diiodomethane. The hydrophobic properties of the coatings were evaluated by measuring the contact angles with water using a goniometer. The analysis of the morphological structure of the coating surface with photographs of a scanning electron microscope has been carried out. The energy state of the surface of the created superhydrophobic coatings has been determined and their surface energies have been calculated using the technique based on the Owens-Wendt model. The process of hydrophobization of polymer-based coatings is investigated, which occurs both due to chemical modification with the introduction of silicon dioxide and due to the creation of nanoroughness of the surface layer of the coatings. The dependences of this process on materials are investigated using an electron microscope and the determination of their surface energy depending on the SiO2 filling. The values of the critical concentration of the modifier for the transition of polymers to the superhydrophobic state have been determined. As a result, the influence of polymer crystallinity on hydrophobization was determined by comparing changes in the surface energy of materials during their modification.

Formation of the asymmetric pattern of a river lithological catchment basin in relation to specific features of the tectonic structure of the territory

A digital terrain model of the Izh River lithological catchment basin located within the Russian Plain was developed on the basis of the ESRI ArcGIS 10.4 technologies using the SRTM 30 data. The Hydrology tool of the Spatial Analyzer set was applied to vectorize the river network and boundaries of the individual catchments forming the Izh River basin. The basin area was evaluated by a complex of morphometric indicators, such as geometrical indices (the area, the basin length, and width, the length of erosion network, the roundness coefficient) and geomorphologic indices (mean absolute elevation of the basin and the altitudinal difference, the basin slope, gradient and density of the river network, the energy of relief). The analysis of morphometric indices proved that the right bank is structurally most pronounced in relief and differs from the relatively flattened left bank in a number of indicators, namely absolute elevation difference, surface slope, gradient of the river network, and ruggedness of relief. The highest asymmetry coefficient suggests the asymmetric configuration of the basin which is due to the left-hand shift of the catchment towards the right bank. The spatial analysis of geological-tectonic organization of the basin revealed heterogenic tectonic structures and showed the correlation of relief structure of the Izh River with the spatial pattern of tectonic structures. It is argued that the basin asymmetry is, on the one hand, due to the difference in tectonic structures of its right and left bank areas, and, on the other hand, owing to the intrusion of several right-bank tributaries of the Kama River, which is the main watercourse of the 1st order, into the left-bank part of the Izh River basin. Thus, it is shown that the asymmetry of the basin could be explained by the presence of tectonic contacts, which separate geological structures different in lithological composition, genesis and age, in which the rivers have channeled their ways.

Flexible Evanescent Wave Interference Lithography System for Sub-half-Wavelength Complex Relief Structures Fabrication

Surface microstructures impart various useful properties to objects, for example, improving optical characteristics, wettability, and sliding properties. It is well known that biomimicking relief structures are effective in making such properties arise and have been studied to be applied to various devices. Furthermore, they are expected to be utilized not only for improving a particular property but also for adding more complex functions on a device's surface by fabricating different multi-functional structures on a single surface in the future. However, to begin with, artificially fabricating such biomimicking special functional relief is difficult. One typical feature of biomimicking surfaces is the dual-scale structure, the smaller one of which is less than 200 nm. Moreover, in the case of realizing the more complex devices, it is necessary to fabricate various forms as changing process conditions dynamically. In this study, we proposed and developed a flexible evanescent wave interference lithography system as a novel fabrication method, which allows us to realize the fabrication of sub-half-wavelength complex relief structures. Firstly, we theoretically analyzed the fundamental behavior of the fabricated structure and found that the proposed concept has the potential to realize one of the target complex structures. Secondly, we developed the proposed system with high process flexibility, in which the number of beams, the azimuth angles, and the polarization can be simply manipulated. Finally, we validated the concept of the designed system by some experiments, where we fabricated dual-scale structures with 840-nm and 190-nm fringe patterns simultaneously.

Plasmon-driven light harvesting in poly(vinyl alcohol) films for precise surface topography modulation.

Efficient light harvesting is essential for advanced photonic devices. Complex micro/nano surface relief structures can be produced via light-triggered mechanical movement, but limited in organic active molecular units. In this Letter, we propose to embed noble-metal particles into light-inactive polyvinyl alcohol matrix to construct a light harvesting system driven by plasmon for inscription of surface relief gratings. Ultra-small-sized silver nuclei are generated in the polymer by pre-thermal treatment, acting as an accelerator for the subsequent photoinduced particle growth, hydrogen group cleavage, and matrix softening. Based on such properties, a complex plasmonic array carrying ultra-high-density information is achieved with peristrophic multiplexing holography. This Letter paves a bright way to realize data storage, information encryption, and optical microcavity.

Frequency-dependent fatigue damage in polycrystalline copper analyzed by FIB tomography

Pure polycrystalline copper has been subjected to cyclic loading with frequencies from 4 Hz to 20 kHz. With increasing frequency, the S-N curve was shifted to a higher number of cycles to fracture. Quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests were performed to identify the strain rate sensitivity corresponding to the increase of the cyclic frequency in order to explain the shift of the S-N curve with the frequency.Surface relief evolution has been studied in specimens cycled with various stress amplitudes and frequencies. Scanning electron microscopy inspection of the surface and the perpendicular cuts produced by focused ion beam sectioning allowed characterizing the surface relief and internal structure of the individual specimens subjected to cycling. Characteristic types of slip bands were found. In all cases, cavities formed in or around the primary slip plane below the slip markings. Focused ion beam slicing and image recording with subsequent 3D reconstruction allowed obtaining the distribution of cavities below the slip markings. A close relation was established between the distribution of cavities and resulting surface relief. Formation of cavities in the slip band led to the development of extrusions and in some cases also to tiny intrusions. Both rough surface relief and the cavity distribution below the surface along the slip plane contributed to the initiation of the fatigue cracks. Localized cyclic straining with a high strain rate has been analyzed in terms of vacancy generation within the slip band leading to cavity formation.

Photo-induced changes in azobenzene-containing soft materials

Photocontrol of molecular alignment is an exceptionally-intelligent and useful strategy. It enables us to control optical coefficients, peripheral molecular alignments, surface relief structure, and actuation of substances by means of photoirradiation. Epoxy linear polymers with azobenzene and alkyl side groups were synthesized and studied. They showed interesting and variable photo-response upon visible-light irradiation due to trans–cis–trans photoisomerization of the azobenzene units. The influence of physical crosslinks between alkyl chains on optical and mechanical properties was also investigated. Mechanical characterization of the polymers was done by nanoindentation. Light induced reversible or irreversible changes in the polymer after being irradiated with visible light, depend on the polarization states of light used. When using circularly polarized light, reversible mechanical response is observed. Permanent structural changes in films are related to anisotropic alignment of azobenzene molecules (after being illuminated with linear polarized light) and/or physical crosslinks of alkyl chains. This study demonstrated the importance of the polymer architecture and the presence of domains of alkyl chains on the potential photo responsiveness.

MORFOMETRIA DE DEPRESIONES KÁRSTICAS A ESCALA DETALLADA: EL CEDRAL, COZUMEL - MÉXICO

<p><strong>Background.</strong> The morphological study of the relief allows an adequate classification of the shape and structure of the karst relief developed over time. Nowadays, there is a classification of the karstic relief that differentiates the units according to the dimension of its X, Y axis, in 3 main categories: poljes, uvala and doline (compactness index). <strong>Objective.</strong> Analyze and classify the karst depressions of the area known as El Cedral, located on the island of Cozumel, Mexico, as an alternative in understanding the evolution of the insular relief of the Caribbean. <strong>Methodology.</strong> The karstic relief was analyzed from the construction of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained from the construction of a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data mosaic, derived from the nearest neighbor interpolation method applied to a cloud of points generated from the LAS. This model has a data resolution of 5 m for the X, Y axes, and 0.50 cm for the z axis; 45 cenotes were georeferenced from the field database and another 190 depressions were identified through remote sensing, taking as a criterion a minimum depth of 1m; in addition, the longitudinal profiles were generated by interpolating altitude data through the X axis of the depression, and the longitudinal profile was visualized and interpreted, which was drawn manually in 232 depressions. <strong>Results.</strong> Thus, a typological of the depressions is presented, based on the morphology of the profile in plan (in "<strong>V</strong>", "<strong>U</strong>" and "<strong> LI</strong> " forms), the depth and the gradient of the slopes. The main results are: The major axis oscillates from 31 to 434 m, with an average of 106 m; the maximum depth is 10.75 m and the minimum is 1.45 m, being the average 7.60 m; In the configuration, it is recognized that 56% corresponds to depressions of type V, 27% of type U and 17% to box type profiles; these last one’s present bottom in contact with the phreatic mantle and 70% with processes of permanent flooding. <strong>Implications.</strong> Geomorphological analyses of this type applied to places of low altitude contrast are scarce, many applied on a larger scale, adapting to the inputs available. The closest classification to this type of study, based on the profiles, is done in valleys, where the scale is larger and the altitude contrast is much greater. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> The distribution of these depressions is of a radial nature, which highlights the dissolution process associated with the original geological structure.</p>

Composição e diversidade florística de um trecho da BR-316 no município de Satuba/AL

RESUMO: Atividades antrópicas crescem desordenadamente gerando impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. Em diversos municípios o paisagismo urbano ganha destaque, principalmente pelo investimento ofertado para arborização. Através da fitossociologia, que se podem conhecer as espécies mais importantes dentro de uma comunidade, bem como, estabelecer graus de hierarquia entre as espécies. Sendo fundamental a avaliação da flora urbana local, pois contribui para o desenvolvimento de planos de arborização. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento florístico das espécies arbóreas das margens da BR-316, localizada no município de Satuba – AL. A vegetação da intermediação da área de estudo é diagnosticada como floresta ombrófila aberta, sua estrutura de relevo é integrante da unidade dos tabuleiros costeiros. Foram mensurados o CAP (circunferência à altura do peito) ≥ 15 cm e a estimativa da altura dos indivíduos arbóreos. As espécies foram identificadas por especialistas do Campus de Engenharias e Ciências Agrárias (CECA-UFAL). Os dados foram inseridos em planilha para avaliação e a diversidade florística foi estimada de acordo com os índices de Riqueza de Espécie e de Diversidade de Shannon. No levantamento florístico realizado na BR-316 no município de Satuba, foram computados 97 indivíduos, com distribuição em 8 famílias botânicas, foi avaliada a predominância de indivíduos entre as famílias Fabaceae e Bignoniaceae. Dentre todos os espécimes deste trabalho, somente 4 indivíduos são encontrados naturalmente no bioma da região. O teste de diversidade de Shannon é dos mais requeridos para avaliação da estrutura e composição florística em locais arborizados, avaliando condições específicas como número de espécies e sua distribuição.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Arborização; Paisagismo; Espécies nativas.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ РЕЛЬЕФА И ДИНАМИКИ БЕРЕГОВОЙ ЛИНИИ АККУМУЛЯТИВНЫХ ФОРМ ПО ДАННЫМ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ЗОНДИРОВАНИЯ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ГЕОСИСТЕМЫ КОСЫ ДОЛГАЯ

The study of the relief of large coastal accumulative forms, based on modern technologies, is rele-vant for solving many applied problems. Coastal and underwater bars, shoals, banks are characteristic elements of large coastal accumulative forms’ geosystems. Previously existing methods of relief re-searches, especially underwater, were labor-intensive and expensive. Accordingly, the development and implementation of new methods of geographical research are necessary. The Dolgaya Spit, includ-ing its underwater shoal and the Elenin Bank, is one of the largest accumulative forms of the Sea of Azov. The purpose of our work was to obtain new information on the relief structure and the shoreline dynamics of the Dolgaya Spit based on the use of new research methods. Digital models of surface and underwater relief were built on the basis of processing Sentinel-2 satellite images and data from unmanned aerial photography. The subsequent analysis allowed identify regularities that reflect the current and previous hydro-lithodynamic conditions that determined the transformation of the Dolgaya Spit during its evolution. The fulfilled studies confirmed the possibility of successful use of modern remote methods for studying the relief of coastal accumulative forms.

Partial 'Global Peace': Federalism and the Long Tail of Remedies in Opioid Litigation

The Opioid Litigation yields important insights for federalism and for remedies in complex multi-party and multi-prong cases. This sprawling set of cases underscores that essentialized ideas of a set of fixed “state” and “federal” interests do not capture the diverse and often conflicting goals of states and subunits or of the national government. Likewise, this litigation serves as a reminder of the need to reframe assumptions about the role courts ought to play when considering settlements aiming for “global peace.” Large-scale litigation is often thought to be a two-step process entailing a first decision to aggregate and a second step of either a trial or a settlement. But these forms of lawsuits do not end there. Law needs to clarify that a third step is needed because, even when interests are sufficiently homogenous to warrant aggregation at a litigation’s inception and conclusion, differences can emerge thereafter when implementing remedies. Judges should use their authority to ensure that aggregated plaintiffs continue to have access to courts during all three phases of large-scale litigation. Recognition is needed that resolutions are partial because, after liability issues have been resolved, additional information often emerges about the individuals and entities to whom remedies are supposed to flow, and readjustments may be needed in the structure and allocation of relief.

Wpływ czynników geogenicznych na kopalne fauny wioślarek (Cladocera) zbadanych w stanowiskach Jany i Klenica (Polska Zachodnia)

The article discusses the impact of the relief and geological structure of a large river valley on the quality of material in two cores of organic deposits. The location of both sites was highlighted, the relief of the physicographical mesoregion in which the research was carried out and the geomorphology of the immediate surroundings of the sites were characterised, and geological conditions were discussed in more detail. Sequences of changes in Cladocera subfossil fauna at both sites were presented and the obtained record of their transformations was interpreted. Additionally, the results of analyses of five selected physicochemi-cal parameters of the tested organic compositions were considered, and the obtained data were interpreted. It was concluded that the location of the studied cores in the valleys of large rivers had a significant impact on the quality of material analysed, which ultimately affects the certainty with which environmental changes and increasing human impact can be inferred and the reliability with which they can be reconstructed.